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We prove that every Lindel\"of scattered subspace of a $\Sigma$-product of first-countable spaces is $\sigma$-compact. In particular, we obtain the result stated in the title. This answers some questions of Tkachuk from [Houston J. Math. 48 (2022), no. 1, 171--181].

We prove that a compact space $K$ embeds into a $\sigma$-product of compact metrizable spaces ($\sigma$-product of intervals) if and only if $K$ is (strongly countable-dimensional) hereditarily metalindel\"of and every subspace of $K$ has a nonempty relative open second-countable subset. This provides novel characterizations of $\omega$-Corson and $NY$ compact spaces. We give an example of a uniform Eberlein compact space that does not embed into a product of compact metric spaces in such a way that the $\sigma$-product is dense in the image. In particular, this answers a question of Kubi\'s and Leiderman. We also show that for a compact space $K$ the property of being $NY$ compact is determined by the topological structure of the space $C_p(K)$ of continuous real-valued functions of $K$ equipped with the pointwise convergence topology. This refines a recent result of Zakrzewski.

Using methods of descriptive set theory, in particular, the determinacy of infinite games of perfect information, we answer several questions from the literature regarding different notions of bases in Banach spaces and lattices. For the case of Banach lattices, our results follow from a general theorem stating that (under the assumption of analytic determinacy), every $\sigma$-order basis $(e_n)$ for a Banach lattice $X=[e_n]$ is a uniform basis, and every uniform basis is Schauder. Moreover, the notions of order and $\sigma$-order bases coincide when $X=[e_n].$ Regarding Banach spaces, we address two problems concerning filter Schauder bases for Banach spaces, i.e., in which the norm convergence of partial sums is replaced by norm convergence along some appropriate filter on $\mathbb N$. We first provide an example of a Banach space admitting such a filter Schauder basis, but no ordinary Schauder basis. Secondly, we show that every filter Schauder basis with respect to an analytic filter is also a filter Schauder basis with respect to a Borel filter., Comment: A clarification on the coincidence of order basis and sigma-order basis for separable Banach lattices has been included

Assume $\text{MA}(\kappa)$. We show that for every real chain of size $\kappa$ in the quotient Boolean algebra $P(\omega)/fin$ we can find an almost chain of representatives such that every $n\in\omega$ oscillates at most three times along the almost chain. This is used to show that for every countable discrete extension of a separable compact line $K$ of weight $\kappa$ there exists an extension operator $E:C(K)\longrightarrow C(L)$ of norm at most three.

We prove that order convergence on a Boolean algebra turns it into a compact convergence space if and only if this Boolean algebra is complete and atomic. We also show that on an Archimedean vector lattice, order intervals are compact with respect to order convergence if and only the vector lattice is complete and atomic. Additionally we provide a direct proof of the fact that uo convergence on an Archimedean vector lattice is induced by a topology if and only if the vector lattice is atomic., Comment: 13 pages

The class of $L\Sigma(\leq\omega)$-spaces was introduced in 2006 by Kubi\'s, Okunev and Szeptycki as a natural refinement of the classical and important notion of Lindel\"of $\Sigma$-spaces. Compact $L\Sigma(\leq\omega)$-spaces were considered earlier, under different names, in the works of Tkachuk and Tkachenko in relation to metrizably fibered compacta. In this paper we give counterexamples to several open questions about compact $L\Sigma(\leq\omega)$-spaces that are scattered in the literature. Among other things, we refute a conjecture of Kubi\'s, Okunev and Szeptycki by constructing a separable Rosenthal compactum which is not an $L\Sigma(\leq\omega)$-space. We also give insight to the structure of first-countable $(K)L\Sigma(\leq\omega)$-compacta., Comment: 4 figures

We study the class of compact spaces that appear as structure spaces of separable Banach lattices. In other words, we analyze what $C(K)$ spaces appear as principal ideals of separable Banach lattices. Among other things, it is shown that every such compactum $K$ admits a strictly positive regular Borel measure of countable type that is analytic, and in the nonmetrizable case these compacta are saturated with copies of $\beta\mathbb N$. Some natural questions about this class are left open., Comment: With respect to previous version: just minor changes to conform to the final published paper

It is known that a Banach space contains an isomorphic copy of $c_0$ if, and only if, it can be equivalently renormed to be almost square. We introduce and study transfinite versions of almost square Banach spaces with the purpose to relate them to the containment of isomorphic copies of $c_0(\kappa)$, where $\kappa$ is some uncountable cardinal. We also provide several examples and stability results of the above properties by taking direct sums, tensor products and ultraproducts. By connecting the above properties with transfinite analogues of the strong diameter two property and octahedral norms, we obtain a solution to an open question from [8]., Comment: 23 Pages

We prove that if $M$ is an infinite complete metric space then the set of strongly norm-attaining Lipschitz functions $\SA(M)$ contains a linear subspace isomorphic to $c_0$. This solves an open question posed by V. Kadets and O. Rold\'an.

Given two Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$, we analyze when the projective tensor product $X\widehat{\otimes}_\pi Y$ has Corson's property (C) or is weakly Lindel\"of determined (WLD), subspace of a weakly compactly generated (WCG) space or subspace of a Hilbert generated space. For instance, we show that: (i) $X\widehat{\otimes}_\pi Y$ is WLD if and only if both $X$ and $Y$ are WLD and all operators from $X$ to $Y^*$ and from $Y$ to $X^*$ have separable range; (ii) $X\widehat{\otimes}_\pi Y$ is subspace of a WCG space if the same holds for both $X$ and $Y$ under the assumption that every operator from $X$ to $Y^*$ is compact; (iii) $\ell_p(\Gamma)\widehat{\otimes}_\pi \ell_q(\Gamma)$ is subspace of a Hilbert generated space for any $1< p,q<\infty$ such that $1/p+1/q<1$ and for any infinite set $\Gamma$. We also pay attention to the injective tensor product $X\widehat{\otimes}_\varepsilon Y$. In this case, the stability of property (C) and the property of being WLD turn out to be closely related to the condition that all regular Borel probability measures on the dual ball have countable Maharam type. Along this way, we generalize a result of Plebanek and Sobota that if $K$ is a compact space such that $C(K\times K)$ has property (C), then all regular Borel probability measures on $K$ have countable Maharam type. This generalization provides a consistent negative answer to a question of Ruess and Werner about the preservation of the $w^*$-angelicity of the dual unit ball under injective tensor products.

A recent result of T.~Abrahamsen, P.~H\'ajek and S.~Troyanski states that a separable Banach space is almost square if and only if there exists $h\in S_{X^{****}}$ such that $\|x+h\|=\max\{\|x\|,1\}$ for all $x\in X$. The proof passes through a sequential version of being almost square which we call being \textit{sequentially almost square}. In this article we study these conditions in the nonseparable setting. On one hand, we show that a Banach space $X$ contains a copy of $c_0$ if and only if there exists an equivalent renorming $| \cdot |$ on $X$ for which there exists $h\in S_{X^{****}}$ such that $|x+h|=\max\{|x|,1\}$ for every $x\in X$. On the other hand, although it is unclear whether the aforementioned result of T.~Abrahamsen et al. holds in the nonseparable setting, we show that, under the existence of selective ultrafilters, if $X$ is a sequentially almost square Banach space then there exists $h\in S_{X^{****}}$ such that $\|x+h\|=\max\{\|x\|,1\}$ for all $x\in X$.

A well-known classical result states that $c_0$ is linearly embeddable in a Banach lattice if and only if it is lattice embeddable. Improving results of H.P.~Lotz, H.P.~Rosenthal and N.~Ghoussoub, we prove that $C[0,1]$ shares this property with $c_0$. Furthermore, we show that any infinite-dimensional sublattice of $C[0,1]$ is either lattice isomorphic to $c_0$ or contains a sublattice isomorphic to $C[0,1]$. As a consequence, it is proved that for a separable Banach lattice $X$ the following conditions are equivalent: (1) $X$ is linearly embeddable in a Banach lattice if and only if it is lattice embeddable; (2) $X$ is lattice embeddable into $C[0,1]$.

In this article we deal with the free Banach lattice generated by a lattice and its behavior with respect to subspaces. In general, any lattice embedding $i\colon \mathbb{L} \longrightarrow \mathbb{M}$ between two lattices $\mathbb{L} \subseteq \mathbb{M}$ induces a Banach lattice homomorphism $\hat \imath\colon FBL \langle \mathbb{L} \rangle \longrightarrow FBL \langle \mathbb{M}\rangle$ between the corresponding free Banach lattices. We show that this mapping $\hat \imath$ might not be an isometric embedding neither an isomorphic embedding. In order to provide sufficient conditions for $\hat \imath$ to be an isometric embedding we define the notion of locally complemented lattices and prove that, if $\mathbb L$ is locally complemented in $\mathbb M$, then $\hat \imath$ yields an isometric lattice embedding from $FBL\langle\mathbb L\rangle$ into $FBL\langle\mathbb M\rangle$. We provide a wide number of examples of locally complemented sublattices and, as an application, we obtain that every free Banach lattice generated by a lattice is lattice isomorphic to an AM-space or, equivalently, to a sublattice of a $C(K)$-space. Furthermore, we prove that $\hat \imath$ is an isomorphic embedding if and only if it is injective, which in turn is equivalent to the fact that every lattice homomorphism $x^*\colon \mathbb{L} \longrightarrow [-1,1]$ extends to a lattice homomorphism $\hat x^*\colon \mathbb{M} \longrightarrow [-1,1]$. Using this characterization we provide an example of lattices $\mathbb{L} \subseteq \mathbb{M}$ for which $\hat \imath$ is an isomorphic not isometric embedding.

In this work we consider natural generalizations of local complementation in Banach spaces, which include Lipschitz-local complementation. We show that all these notions are indeed equivalent to the classical notion of local complementation of Banach spaces. As an application, we show that local complementation is naturally preserved under certain free constructions in Functional Analysis, including Lipschitz-free spaces and free Banach lattices.

A result of G. Godefroy asserts that a Banach space $X$ contains an isomorphic copy of $\ell_1$ if and only if there is an equivalent norm $|||\cdot|||$ such that, for every finite-dimensional subspace $Y$ of $X$ and every $\varepsilon>0$, there exists $x\in S_X$ so that $|||y+r x|||\geq (1-\varepsilon)(|||y|||+\vert r\vert)$ for every $y\in Y$ and every $r\in\mathbb R$. In this paper we generalize this result to larger cardinals, showing that if $\kappa$ is an uncountable cardinal then a Banach space $X$ contains a copy of $\ell_1(\kappa)$ if and only if there is an equivalent norm $|||\cdot|||$ on $X$ such that for every subspace $Y$ of $X$ with $dens(Y)<\kappa$ there exists a norm-one vector $x$ so that $||| y+r x|||=|||y|||+\vert r\vert$ whenever $y\in Y$ and $r\in\mathbb{R}$. This result answers a question posed by S. Ciaci, J. Langemets and A. Lissitsin, where the authors wonder whether the previous statement holds for infinite succesor cardinals. We also show that, in the countable case, the result of Godefroy cannot be improved to take $\varepsilon=0$.

It follows from a theorem of Rosenthal that a compact space is $ccc$ if and only if every Eberlein continuous image is metrizable. Motivated by this result, for a class of compact spaces $\mathcal{C}$ we define its orthogonal $\mathcal{C}^\perp$ as the class of all compact spaces for which every continuous image in $\mathcal{C}$ is metrizable. We study how this operation relates classes where centeredness is scarce with classes where it is abundant (like Eberlein and $ccc$ compacta), and also classes where independence is scarce (most notably weakly Radon-Nikod\'ym compacta) with classes where it is abundant. We study these problems for zero-dimensional compact spaces with the aid of Boolean algebras and show the main difficulties arising when passing to the general setting. Our main results are the constructions of several relevant examples.

Given a Banach space $X$, we say that a sequence $\{x_n\}$ in the unit ball of $X$ is $L$-orthogonal if $\Vert x+x_n\Vert\rightarrow 1+\Vert x\Vert$ for every $x\in X$. On the other hand, an element $x^{**}$ in the bidual sphere is said to be $L$-orthogonal (to $X$) if $\|x+x^{**}\|= 1+\Vert x\Vert$ for every $x\in X$. A result of V. Kadets, V. Shepelska and D. Werner asserts that a Banach space contains an isomorphic copy of $\ell_1$ if and only if there exists an equivalent renorming with an $L$-orthogonal sequence, whereas a result of G. Godefroy claims that containing an isomorphic copy of $\ell_1$ is equivalent to the existence of an equivalent renorming with $L$-orthogonals in the bidual. The aim of this paper is to clarify the relation between $L$-orthogonal sequences and $L$-orthogonal elements. Namely, we study whether every $L$-orthogonal sequence contains $L$-orthogonal elements in its weak*-closure. We provide an affirmative answer whenever the ambient space has small density character. Nevertheless, we show that, surprisingly, the general answer is independent of the usual axioms of set theory. We also prove that, even though the set of $L$-orthogonals is not a vector space, this set contains infinite-dimensional Banach spaces when the surrounding space is separable.

In this article we deal with the free Banach lattice $FBL\langle \mathbb{L} \rangle$ generated by a lattice $\mathbb{L}$. We prove that if $FBL\langle \mathbb{L} \rangle$ is projective then $\mathbb{L}$ has a maximum and a minimum. On the other hand, we show that if $\mathbb{L}$ has maximum and minimum then $FBL\langle \mathbb{L} \rangle$ is $2$-lattice isomorphic to a $C(K)$-space. As a consequence, $FBL\langle \mathbb{L} \rangle$ is projective if and only if it is lattice isomorphic to a $C(K)$-space with $K$ being an absolute neighborhood retract. As an application, we characterize those linearly ordered sets and Boolean algebras for which the corresponding free Banach lattice is projective., Comment: 12 pages

Motivated by the Lipschitz-lifting property of Banach spaces introduced by Godefroy and Kalton, we consider the lattice-lifting property, which is an analogous notion within the category of Banach lattices and lattice homomorphisms. Namely, a Banach lattice $X$ satisfies the lattice-lifting property if every lattice homomorphism to $X$ having a bounded linear right-inverse must have a lattice homomorphism right-inverse. In terms of free Banach lattices, this can be rephrased into the following question: which Banach lattices embed into the free Banach lattice which they generate as a lattice-complemented sublattice? We will provide necessary conditions for a Banach lattice to have the lattice-lifting property, and show that this property is shared by Banach spaces with a $1$-unconditional basis as well as free Banach lattices. The case of $C(K)$ spaces will also be analyzed.

We study distinguished objects in the category $\mathcal{BL}$ of Banach lattices and lattice homomorphisms. The free Banach lattice construction introduced by de Pagter and Wickstead generates push-outs, and combining this with an old result of Kellerer on marginal measures, the amalgamation property of Banach lattices is established. This will be the key tool to prove that $L_1([0,1]^{\mathfrak{c}})$ is separably $\mathcal{BL}$-injective, as well as to give more abstract examples of Banach lattices of universal disposition for separable sublattices. Finally, an analysis of the ideals on $C(\Delta,L_1)$, which is a separably universal Banach lattice as shown by Leung, Li, Oikhberg and Tursi, allows us to conclude that separably $\mathcal{BL}$-injective Banach lattices are necessarily non-separable., Comment: third version, the main change is a proof that $L_1([0,1]^\kappa)$ is 1-separably $\mathcal{BL}$-injective for arbitrary uncountable $\kappa$, not only for $\kappa\geq \mathfrak{c}$

We prove that a Banach space of continuous functions $C(K)$ has a renorming that is uniformly rotund in every direction (URED) if and only if the compact space $K$ supports a strictly positive measure

We show that if a Banach lattice is projective, then every bounded sequence that can be mapped by a homomorphism onto the basis of $c_0$ must contain an $\ell_1$-subsequence. As a consequence, if Banach lattices $\ell_p$ or $FBL[E]$ are projective, then $p=1$ or $E$ has the Schur property, respectively. On the other hand, we show that $C(K)$ is projective whenever $K$ is an absolute neighbourhood retract, answering a question by de Pagter and Wickstead.

We show that $c_0$ is not a projective Banach lattice, answering a question of B. de Pagter and A. Wickstead. On the other hand, we show that $c_0$ is complemented in the free Banach lattice generated by itself (seen as a Banach space). As a consequence, the free Banach lattice generated by $c_0$ is not projective.

We study splitting chains in $\mathscr{P}(\omega)$, that is, families of subsets of $\omega$ which are linearly ordered by $\subseteq^*$ and which are splitting. We prove that their existence is independent of axioms of $\mathsf{ZFC}$. We show that they can be used to construct certain peculiar Banach spaces: twisted sums of $C(\omega^*)=\ell_\infty/c_0$ and $c_0(\mathfrak c)$. Also, we consider splitting chains in a topological setting, where they give rise to the so called tunnels.

We use lexicographic products to give examples of compact spaces of first Baire class functions on a compact metric space that cannot be represented as spaces of functions with countably many discontinuities., Comment: Revised version. A number of mistakes have been corrected

We study the projectivity of the free Banach lattice generated by a lattice $\mathbb{L}$ in two cases: when the lattice is finite, and when the lattice is an infinite linearly ordered set. We prove that in the first case it is projective while in the second case, if the linear order contains either an increasing sequence without upper bounds or a decreasing sequence without lower bounds, then it is not projective., Comment: We found a mistake in this paper. We indicate how to fix the error: Red text indicates what should be removed and blue text what should be added to the published version in Archiv der Mathematik 113 (2019), 515-524

We consider the class of Banach space $Y$ for which $c_0$ admits a nontrivial twisted sum with $Y$. We present a characterization of such space $Y$ in terms of properties of the $weak^\ast$ topology on $Y^\ast$. We prove that under the continuum hypothesis $c_0$ has a nontrivial twisted sum with every space of the form $Y=C(K)$, where $K$ is compact and not metrizable. This gives a consistent positive solution to a problem posed by Cabello, Castillo, Kalton and Yost., Comment: Final version (the previous title `Twisting $c_0$ around nonseparable Banach spaces'), 32 pages

We prove that every complete metric space with property (Z) is a length space. These answers questions posed by Garc\'{i}a-Lirola, Proch\'{a}zka and Rueda Zoca, and by Becerra Guerrero, L\'{o}pez-P\'{e}rez and Rueda Zoca, related to the structure of Lipschitz-free Banach spaces of metric spaces.

We prove that if a compact line is fragmentable, then it is a Radon-Nikod\'ym compact space.

We introduce the free Banach lattice generated by a lattice L. We give an explicit description of it and we study some of its properties for the case when $\mathbb{L}$ is a linear order, like the countable chain condition., Comment: This last version differs from the published version in that it contains a new proof of Lemma 5.3. The previous proof worked for the particular case in which the lemma was applied, but it was wrong for the lemma as stated in general

We prove that, when $2

A Banach space $X$ is said to have Efremov's property ($\mathcal{E}$) if every element of the weak$^*$-closure of a convex bounded set $C \subseteq X^*$ is the weak$^*$-limit of a sequence in $C$. By assuming the Continuum Hypothesis, we prove that there exist maximal almost disjoint families of infinite subsets of $\mathbb{N}$ for which the corresponding Johnson-Lindenstrauss spaces enjoy (resp. fail) property ($\mathcal{E}$). This is related to a gap in [A. Plichko, Three sequential properties of dual Banach spaces in the weak$^*$ topology, Topology Appl. 190 (2015), 93--98] and allows to answer (consistently) questions of Plichko and Yost.

We show that for an arbitrary Banach space $E$, the free Banach lattice $FBL[E]$ generated by $E$ satisfies the $\sigma$-bounded chain condition., Comment: 8 pages, version 2 of May 2018

Locally $L^0$-convex modules were introduced in [D. Filipovic, M. Kupper, N. Vogelpoth. Separation and duality in locally $L^0$-convex modules. J. Funct. Anal. 256(12), 3996-4029 (2009)] as the analytic basis for the study of multi-period mathematical finance. Later, the algebra of conditional sets was introduced in [S. Drapeau, A. Jamneshan, M. Karliczek, M. Kupper. The algebra of conditional sets and the concepts of conditional topology and compactness. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 437(1), 561-589 (2016)]. By means of Boolean-valued models and its transfer principle we show that any known result on locally convex spaces has a transcription in the frame of locally $L^0$-convex modules which is also true, and that the formulation in conditional set theory of any theorem of classical set theory is also a theorem. We propose Boolean-valued analysis as an analytic framework for the study of multi-period problems in mathematical finance.

The free Banach lattice over a Banach space is introduced and analyzed. This generalizes the concept of free Banach lattice over a set of generators, and allows us to study the Nakano property and the density character of non-degenerate intervals on these spaces, answering some recent questions of B. de Pagter and A.W. Wickstead. Moreover, an example of a Banach lattice which is weakly compactly generated as a lattice but not as a Banach space is exhibited, thus answering a question of J. Diestel.

We introduce the notion that a zero-dimensional compact space $L$ is a \emph{Boolean image} of an arbitrary compact space $K$. When $K$ is also zero-dimensional, this just means that $L$ is a continuous image of $K$. However, a number of interesting questions arise when we consider connected compacta $K$., Comment: Revised version

A compact space is said to be weakly Radon-Nikod\'{y}m (WRN) if it can be weak*-embedded into the dual of a Banach space not containing $\ell_1$. We investigate WRN Boolean algebras, i.e. algebras whose Stone space is WRN compact. We show that the class of WRN algebras and the class of minimally generated algebras are incomparable. In particular, we construct a minimally generated nonWRN Boolean algebra whose Stone space is a separable Rosenthal compactum, answering in this way a question of W. Marciszewski. We also study questions of J. Rodr\'{i}guez and R. Haydon concerning measures and the existence of nontrivial convergent sequences on WRN compacta, obtaining partial results on some natural subclasses., Comment: 20 pages

We show that the problem whether every $1$-separably injective Banach space contains an isomorphic copy of $\ell_\infty$ is undecidable. Namely, unlike under the continuum hypothesis, assuming Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis, there is an $1$-separably injective Banach space of the form $C(K)$ (which means that $K$ is an $F$-space) without an isomorphic copy of $\ell_\infty$. This result is a consequence of our study of $\omega_2$-subsets of tightly $\sigma$-filtered Boolean algebras introduced by Koppelberg for which we obtain some general principles useful when transferring properties of Boolean algebras to the level of Banach spaces.

Given a family $\mathcal{F}$ of subsets of $\{1,\ldots,m\}$, we try to compute the least natural number $n$ such that for every function $S:[\aleph_n]^{<\omega}\longrightarrow [\aleph_n]^{<\omega}$ there exists a bijection $u:\{1,\ldots,m\}\longrightarrow Y\subset \aleph_n$ such that $Su(A)\cap Y \subset u(A)$ for all $A\in\mathcal{F}$.

A Banach space $X$ is said to have property (K) if every $w^*$-convergent sequence in $X^*$ admits a convex block subsequence which converges with respect to the Mackey topology. We study the connection of this property with strongly weakly compactly generated Banach spaces and its stability under subspaces, quotients and $\ell^p$-sums. We extend a result of Frankiewicz and Plebanek by proving that property (K) is preserved by $\ell^1$-sums of less than $\mathfrak{p}$ summands. Without any cardinality restriction, we show that property (K) is stable under $\ell^p$-sums for $1

We study the different ways in which a weakly compact set can generate a Banach lattice. Among other things, it is shown that in an order continuous Banach lattice $X$, the existence of a weakly compact set $K \subset X$ such that $X$ coincides with the band generated by $K$, implies that $X$ is WCG.

We introduce the open degree of a compact space, and we show that for every natural number n, the separable Rosenthal compact spaces of degree n have a finite basis.

We show that if a separable Rosenthal compactum $K$ is an $n$-to-one preimage of a metric compactum, but it is not an $n-1$-to-one preimage, then $K$ contains a closed subset homeomorphic to either the $n-$Split interval $S_n(I)$ or the Alexandroff $n-$plicate $D_n(2^\mathbb{N})$. This generalizes a result of the third author that corresponds to the case $n=2$.

We study extension operators between spaces $\sigma_n(2^X)$ of subsets of $X$ of cardinality at most $n$. As an application, we show that if $B_H$ is the unit ball of a nonseparable Hilbert space $H$, equipped with the weak topology, then, for any $0<\lambda<\mu$, there is no extension operator $T: C(\lambda B_H)\to C(\mu B_H)$.

A Banach space $E$ is said to be injective if for every Banach space $X$ and every subspace $Y$ of $X$ every operator $t:Y\to E$ has an extension $T:X\to E$. We say that $E$ is $\aleph$-injective (respectively, universally $\aleph$-injective) if the preceding condition holds for Banach spaces $X$ (respectively $Y$) with density less than a given uncountable cardinal $\aleph$. We perform a study of $\aleph$-injective and universally $\aleph$-injective Banach spaces which extends the basic case where $\aleph=\aleph_1$ is the first uncountable cardinal. When dealing with the corresponding "isometric" properties we arrive to our main examples: ultraproducts and spaces of type $C(K)$. We prove that ultraproducts built on countably incomplete $\aleph$-good ultrafilters are $(1,\aleph)$-injective as long as they are Lindenstrauss spaces. We characterize $(1,\aleph)$-injective $C(K)$ spaces as those in which the compact $K$ is an $F_\aleph$-space (disjoint open subsets which are the union of less than $\aleph$ many closed sets have disjoint closures) and we uncover some projectiveness properties of $F_\aleph$-spaces., Comment: This paper is to appear in Revista Matem\'atica Iberoamericana

This is an introductory article to the theory of multiple gaps.

We study the lattice structure of the family of weakly compact subsets of the unit ball $B_X$ of a separable Banach space $X$, equipped with the inclusion relation (this structure is denoted by $\mathcal{K}(B_X)$) and also with the parametrized family of almost inclusion relations $K \subseteq L+\epsilon B_X$, where $\epsilon>0$ (this structure is denoted by $\mathcal{AK}(B_X)$). Tukey equivalence between partially ordered sets and a suitable extension to deal with $\mathcal{AK}(B_X)$ are used. Assuming the axiom of analytic determinacy, we prove that separable Banach spaces fall into four categories, namely: $\mathcal{K}(B_X)$ is equivalent either to a singleton, or to $\omega^\omega$, or to the family $\mathcal{K}(\mathbb{Q})$ of compact subsets of the rational numbers, or to the family $[\mathfrak{c}]^{<\omega}$ of all finite subsets of the continuum. Also under the axiom of analytic determinacy, a similar classification of $\mathcal{AK}(B_X)$ is obtained. For separable Banach spaces not containing $\ell^1$, we prove in ZFC that $\mathcal{K}(B_X) \sim \mathcal{AK}(B_X)$ are equivalent to either $\{0\}$, $\omega^\omega$, $\mathcal{K}(\mathbb{Q})$ or $[\mathfrak{c}]^{<\omega}$. The lattice structure of the family of all weakly null subsequences of an unconditional basis is also studied., Comment: The main open problem stated in the first version of the preprint is now solved

We prove that no ultraproduct of Banach spaces via a countably incomplete ultrafilter can contain $c_0$ complemented. This shows that a "result" widely used in the theory of ultraproducts is wrong. We then amend a number of results whose proofs had been infected by that statement. In particular we provide proofs for the following statements: (i) All $M$-spaces, in particular all $C(K)$-spaces, have ultrapowers isomorphic to ultrapowers of $c_0$, as well as all their complemented subspaces isomorphic to their square. (ii) No ultrapower of the Gurari\u \i\ space can be complemented in any $M$-space. (iii) There exist Banach spaces not complemented in any $C(K)$-space having ultrapowers isomorphic to a $C(K)$-space., Comment: This paper is to appear in Fundamenta Mathematica