18 results on '"BELLARDI, MARIA GRAZIA"'
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2. Hydrolate and EO Application to Reduce Decay of Carica papaya during Storage
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Culmone, Alessandra, primary, Mirabile, Giulia, additional, Tinebra, Ilenia, additional, Michelozzi, Marco, additional, Carrubba, Alessandra, additional, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, additional, Farina, Vittorio, additional, Romanazzi, Gianfranco, additional, and Torta, Livio, additional
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- 2023
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3. Pepino mosaic virus and Tomato chlorosis virus causing mixed infection in protected tomato crops in Sicily
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DAVINO, Salvatore, DAVINO, Mario, BELLARDI, Maria Grazia, and AGOSTEO, Giovanni Enrico
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- 2008
4. Monarda didyma Hydrolate Affects the Survival and the Behaviour of Drosophila suzukii
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Finetti, Luca, primary, Civolani, Stefano, additional, Mirandola, Daniele, additional, Benetti, Lorenzo, additional, Francati, Santolo, additional, Albanese, Federica, additional, Menicucci, Felicia, additional, Michelozzi, Marco, additional, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, additional, Dindo, Maria Luisa, additional, and Bernacchia, Giovanni, additional
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- 2022
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5. Characterization of a Cucumber mosaic virus isolate infecting Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson
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Davino, Salvatore, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, Di Bella, Massimo, Davino, Mario, and Bertaccini, Assunta
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- 2005
6. Il Silenzio: The First Renaissance Oil Painting on Canvas from the Uffizi Museum Restored with a Safe, Green Antimicrobial Emulsion Based on Citrus aurantium var. amara Hydrolate and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil
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Minotti, Debora, primary, Vergari, Lara, additional, Proto, Maria Rita, additional, Barbanti, Lorenzo, additional, Garzoli, Stefania, additional, Bugli, Francesca, additional, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, additional, Sabatini, Luigia, additional, Peduzzi, Alice, additional, Rosato, Roberto, additional, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, additional, Mattarelli, Paola, additional, De Luca, Daphne, additional, and Di Vito, Maura, additional
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- 2022
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7. Anti-Mold Effectiveness of a Green Emulsion Based on Citrus aurantium Hydrolate and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil for the Modern Paintings Restoration
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Di Vito, Maura, primary, Vergari, Lara, additional, Mariotti, Melinda, additional, Proto, Maria Rita, additional, Barbanti, Lorenzo, additional, Garzoli, Stefania, additional, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, additional, Sabatini, Luigia, additional, Peduzzi, Alice, additional, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, additional, Mattarelli, Paola, additional, Bugli, Francesca, additional, and De Luca, Daphne, additional
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- 2022
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8. Nematicidal Activity of Essential Oil from Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) as Related to Chemical Profile
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D’Addabbo, Trifone, primary, Laquale, Sebastiano, additional, Argentieri, Maria Pia, additional, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, additional, and Avato, Pinarosa, additional
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- 2021
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9. Is the Antimicrobial Activity of Hydrolates Lower than That of Essential Oils?
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Di Vito, Maura, primary, Smolka, Antonina, additional, Proto, Maria Rita, additional, Barbanti, Lorenzo, additional, Gelmini, Fabrizio, additional, Napoli, Edoardo, additional, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, additional, Mattarelli, Paola, additional, Beretta, Giangiacomo, additional, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, additional, and Bugli, Francesca, additional
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- 2021
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10. Potent In Vitro Activity of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Vitis vinifera Hydrolate Against Gut Yeast Isolates from Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients—The Right Mix for Potential Therapeutic Use
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Di Vito, Maura, primary, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, additional, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, additional, Mondello, Francesca, additional, Girolamo, Antonietta, additional, Barbanti, Lorenzo, additional, Garzoli, Stefania, additional, Sabatino, Manuela, additional, Ragno, Rino, additional, Vitali, Alberto, additional, Palucci, Ivana, additional, Posteraro, Brunella, additional, Gasbarrini, Antonio, additional, Prati, Gian Maria, additional, Aragona, Giovanni, additional, Mattarelli, Paola, additional, and Bugli, Francesca, additional
- Published
- 2020
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11. Potent In Vitro Activity of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Vitis vinifera Hydrolate Against Gut Yeast Isolates from Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients—The Right Mix for Potential Therapeutic Use
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Di Vito, Maura, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Mondello, Francesca, Girolamo, Antonietta, Barbanti, Lorenzo, Garzoli, Stefania, Sabatino, Manuela, Ragno, Rino, Vitali, Alberto, Palucci, Ivana, Posteraro, Brunella, Gasbarrini, Antonio, Prati, Gian Maria, Aragona, Giovanni, Mattarelli, Paola, Bugli, Francesca, Sanguinetti, Maurizio (ORCID:0000-0002-9780-7059), Posteraro, Brunella (ORCID:0000-0002-1663-7546), Gasbarrini, Antonio (ORCID:0000-0002-7278-4823), Bugli, Francesca (ORCID:0000-0001-9038-3233), Di Vito, Maura, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Mondello, Francesca, Girolamo, Antonietta, Barbanti, Lorenzo, Garzoli, Stefania, Sabatino, Manuela, Ragno, Rino, Vitali, Alberto, Palucci, Ivana, Posteraro, Brunella, Gasbarrini, Antonio, Prati, Gian Maria, Aragona, Giovanni, Mattarelli, Paola, Bugli, Francesca, Sanguinetti, Maurizio (ORCID:0000-0002-9780-7059), Posteraro, Brunella (ORCID:0000-0002-1663-7546), Gasbarrini, Antonio (ORCID:0000-0002-7278-4823), and Bugli, Francesca (ORCID:0000-0001-9038-3233)
- Abstract
N/A
- Published
- 2020
12. Effects of Cucumber mosaic virus and Aster yellows phytoplasma (16SrI-B) on the quality of Echinacea purpurea essential oil
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BELLARDI, MARIA GRAZIA, CAVICCHI, LISA, CONTALDO, NICOLETTA, BERTACCINI, ASSUNTA, F. Epifano, S. Genovese, M. Curini, M. Davino, S. Davino, Bellardi, MG, Cavicchi, L, Contaldo, N, Bertaccini, A, Epifano, F, Genovese, S, Curini, M, Davino, M, Davino, S, PROF. MAURIZIO BRUNO, M.G. Bellardi, L.Cavicchi, N.Contaldo, A.Bertaccini, F.Epifano, S.Genovese, M.Curini, M.Davino, and S.Davino
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ECHINACEA ,FITOPLASMI ,food and beverages ,Settore AGR/12 - Patologia Vegetale ,Aster yellows phytoplasma, essential oil ,OLIO ESSENZIALE - Abstract
Echinacea purpurea Moench (L.), known as purple coneflower, is one of the most important medicinal plants, used worldwide for its immunostimulant, bacteriostatic and anti-inflammatory properties, as natural drug and/or food supplement (as infusion). In a previous study carried out in 2002 in Italy to verify possible influence of viral infectious on the plant oil composition, the oil from plants (grown at the Herb Garden of Casola Valsenio, Emilia Romagna region) infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was compared to the one from healthy plant by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. Significant quantitative variations in their compositions were verified; the infected materials afforded a lower content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (e.g., the percentage of germacrene D was reduced of 52%) (Hudaib et al., 2002). Considering that in 2009, E. purpurea plants cultivated in the same Herb Garden showing virescence flower symptoms, were found infected by a phytoplasma belonging to ribosomal subgroup 16SrI-B (Aster Yellows, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’: AY) (Bellardi et al., 2009), the essential oils from CMV-infected, AY-infected, and healthy E. purpurea plants were investigated to confirm that other factors (in addition to origin, cultivation, environmental conditions), such as pathogen infections, may induce variations in the oil composition and quality. Before collection, each plant showing flower virescence, CMV symptoms (yellow mosaic on the leaves) and other asymptomatic ones (control), was labelled after visual inspection of the aerial parts and analyzed by PAS-ELISA, RT-PCR and SSCP (for CMV presence), PCR and RFLP (for AY presence). These diagnostic tests allowed the separation of three distinct batches of plant material (leaves and flowers): AY(16SrI-B)-infected, CMV(belonging to subgroup IA)-infected and healthy. Steam distillation was used to extract essential oil from dried aerial part using a commercial Clevenger apparatus. Identification of the compounds was made by GC/MS. A total of 30 compounds were identified and qualitative composition resulted comparable to that already reported; however the percentages of all compounds in the three oils were different. The main differences were detected for three components: limonene (2.2 % in healthy, 8.4% in CMV-infected, and 4.4% in AY-infected plants), cis-verbenol (1.8% in healthy, 3.4% in CMV-infected, and 5.6% in AY-infected plants), and its relative ketone verbenone (2.7% in healthy, 7.1% in CMV-infected, and 11.4% in AY-infected plants). Another minor increase was recorded for carvone (0.8 % to 2.5 %) content, but only in plants affected by phytoplasmas. These chemical differences in the oil composition can be useful to characterize the “product” whose pharmacological activity is frequently reported to correlate with its components. Considering the economic importance of E. purpurea as medicinal species, in addition to the routine growth-stage control during the plant life cycle, attention should be also paid to the plant health-status upon its collection, to ensure uniformity of the drug constituents and a better standardization of production procedures. Bibliography Bellardi M.G., Paltrinieri S., Contaldo N., Benni A., Bertaccini A.., Biffi S. Natural 1, 2009, 84, 24-31. Hudaib M., Cavrini V., Bellardi M.G., Rubies-Autonell C., J. Essent. Oil Res., 2002, 14, 427-430. Mazza G., Cotrell T. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 3081-3085 and reference cited herein.
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- 2011
13. Turnip mosaic virus infecting Eruca sativa in Sicily
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S. Davino, M. Davino, CAVICCHI, LISA, BELLARDI, MARIA GRAZIA, Davino, S, Davino, M, Cavicchi, L, Bellardi, MG, SIPAV, FACOLTÀ DI AGRARIA DI FIRENZE, S.Davino, M.Davino, L.Cavicchi, M.G.Bellardi, S. Davino, M. Davino, and L. Cavicchi
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TuMV, new disease ,ERUCA SATIVA ,SICILIA ,food and beverages ,Settore AGR/12 - Patologia Vegetale ,TUMV ,RUCOLA - Abstract
In the Spring of 2010, Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae family), also known as rocket, cultivated in a private garden of Sicily region was found to show a severe virus-like disease consisting of mosaic, interveinal yellowing and/or dark greening areas on crinkled leaves and stunting. Preliminary electron microscopy observations of leaf-dips revealed the presence of flexuous filamentous particles 700-750 nm long. Considering that in 1959, in Italy, this species has been indicated as a natural host of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), symptomatic leaf samples were serological tested to verify the presence of this potyvirus. Both ISEM and PAS-ELISA analyses were positive to TuMV infection. Mechanical inoculations carried out using rocket leaf sap made it possible to transmit this virus to Chenopodium murale L. (local symptoms) and C. quinoa Willd. (necrotic spots and systemic veinal flecks); any of the others herbaceous species belonging to Brassicaceae family were infected. In order to further characterize the virus at the molecular level, the coat protein (CP) gene of this isolate was cloned and sequenced. Comparison the CP gene with other reported TuMV isolates from different areas of the world showed higher amino acid identities. These results indicated that the degrees of the homology of the CP genes are probably related to the major differences in host specificity, but not to geographic distribution. Although its diffusion in Italy, TuMV does not appears associated with serious diseases outbreaks.
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- 2010
14. Glucose, fructose and saccharose metabolism in Dipsacus silvestris infected by Cucumber mosaic virus
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BELLARDI, MARIA GRAZIA, BENNI, ALESSANDRO, PICCAGLIA, ROBERTA, S. Davino, S. Grandi, M. Davino, Bellardi MG, Benni A, Davino S, Grandi S, Davino M, Piccaglia R, SIPAV (SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI PATOLOGIA VEGETALE), UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PERUGIA, M.G. Bellardi, A. Benni, S. Davino, S.Grandi, M.Davino, and R.Piccaglia
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CARBOIDRATI ,CMV ,cucumovirus ,Settore AGR/12 - Patologia Vegetale ,DIPSACUS SILVESTRIS - Abstract
Dipsacus silvestris Miller (or Fuller’s Teasel) (Dipsacaceae) showing stunting, chlorotic leaf mosaic and narrowing of the lamina, has been found for the first time in Italy naturally infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). This virus was detected in PAS-ELISA tests and molecularly characterized by applying RT-PCR, using specific primers for the movement protein gene of RNA3 (forward 5’ CTA GGC TTT CCA AGC TAC CAG 3’; reverse 5’ CTA AAG ACC GTT AAC CAC CTG C 3’). The content of glucose, fructose and saccharose, determined by HPLC analysis, was calculated in both healthy (h) and CMV-infected (i) D. silvestris plants during the chronic infection period. An higher content of these carbohydrates was observed in healthy leaves and roots: 5,57% (h) and 1,98% (i) for the leaves; 12,47% (h) and 6,49% (i) for the roots. In particular, in the roots of CMV-infected plants, glucose was found at a significantly lower level (5 %) in comparison to the percentage in healthy plants (8,73 %); the same observation was done for fructose (1,5% in infected roots and 3,35% in the healthy ones). These results are in harmony with previous reports indicating that in virus infected plants the decreased phytosyntetic activity, coupled with an increased respiratory rate, produce a lower carbohydrate concentration. Considering that some of the most important components of this medicinal species are glucosides (i.e., scobioside), determination of sugar content, in particular glucose level, can be useful for a market value of the drug.
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- 2007
15. Nematicidal Activity of Essential Oil from Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.) as Related to Chemical Profile.
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D'Addabbo, Trifone, Laquale, Sebastiano, Argentieri, Maria Pia, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, and Avato, Pinarosa
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LAVENDERS ,ESSENTIAL oils ,HATCHABILITY of eggs ,SOUTHERN root-knot nematode ,ROOT formation ,PRATYLENCHUS ,GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) - Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) from lavandin are known for a large spectrum of biological properties but poorly and contrastingly documented for their activity against phytoparasitic nematodes. This study investigated the toxicity of EOs from three different lavandin cultivars, Abrialis, Rinaldi Cerioni, and Sumiens, either to juveniles (J2) and eggs of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and to infective stages of the lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus. The suppressive activity of treatments with EOs from the three lavandin cultivars in soil infested by M. incognita was also investigated in a greenhouse experiment on potted tomato. The compositional profiles of tested EOs were also analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Linalool was the major component of all the three EOs, as accounting for about 66%, 48%, and 40% of total EO from cv Rinaldi Cerioni, Sumiens, and Abrialis, respectively. Linalool acetate was the second most abundant compound in the EOs from cv Abrialis (18.3%) and Sumiens (14.9%), while significant amounts of camphor (11.5%) and 1,8-cineole (12.1%) were detected in cv Rinaldi Cerioni and Sumiens EOs, respectively. The mortality of M. incognita J2 peaked 82.0%, 95.8%, and 89.8% after a 24 h treatment with 100 mg·mL
−1 solutions of cv Abrialis, Rinaldi Cerioni, and Sumiens EOs, respectively. Infective specimens of P. vulnus were largely more sensitive than M. incognita J2, as there were peak mortality rates of 65.5%, 67.7%, and 75.7% after 4 h of exposure to Abrialis, Rinaldi Cerioni, and Sumiens EO, respectively. All three lavandin EOs significantly affected also M. incognita egg hatchability, which reduced to 43.6% after a 48 h egg mass exposure to a 100 µg·mL−1 solution of cv Rinaldi Cerioni EO. Soil treatments with the three lavandin EOs strongly reduced, according to a dose–effect relationship, density of M. incognita eggs, and J2 both on tomato roots and in soil, as well as significantly reduced gall formation on tomato roots. Finally, almost all soil treatments with the lavandin EOs also resulted in a positive impact on tomato plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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16. Potent in vitro activity of citrus aurantium essential oil and vitis vinifera hydrolate against gut yeast isolates from irritable bowel syndrome patients—the right mix for potential therapeutic use
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Maria Grazia Bellardi, Brunella Posteraro, Manuela Sabatino, Giovanni Aragona, Antonietta Girolamo, Francesca Mondello, Paola Mattarelli, Maurizio Sanguinetti, Rino Ragno, Stefania Garzoli, Antonio Gasbarrini, G. M. Prati, Lorenzo Barbanti, Francesca Bugli, Ivana Palucci, Alberto Vitali, Maura Di Vito, Di Vito, Maura, Bellardi, Maria Grazia, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Mondello, Francesca, Girolamo, Antonietta, Barbanti, Lorenzo, Garzoli, Stefania, Sabatino, Manuela, Ragno, Rino, Vitali, Alberto, Palucci, Ivana, Posteraro, Brunella, Gasbarrini, Antonio, Prati, Gian Maria, Aragona, Giovanni, Mattarelli, Paola, and Bugli, Francesca
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0301 basic medicine ,Citrus ,Drug Resistance ,Volatile ,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ,Gut flora ,akkermansia muciniphila ,candida species ,citrus aurantium var. amara essential oil ,saccharomyces cerevisiae ,vitis vinifera cv Italia hydrolate ,Saccharomyces ,Antioxidants ,law.invention ,Irritable Bowel Syndrome ,Probiotic ,0302 clinical medicine ,Microbial ,Citrus aurantium var. amara essential oil ,law ,Vitis vinifera cv Italia hydrolate ,Vitis ,Irritable bowel syndrome ,Candida ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,Candida species ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Akkermansia muciniphila ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,Drug ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Settore BIO/19 - MICROBIOLOGIA GENERALE ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,digestive system ,Article ,Settore MED/07 - MICROBIOLOGIA E MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA ,Microbiology ,Dose-Response Relationship ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Oils, Volatile ,Humans ,Essential oil ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Plant Extracts ,Probiotics ,Akkermansia ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Settore BIO/15 - BIOLOGIA FARMACEUTICA ,Yeast ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Lactobacillus ,030104 developmental biology ,Candida specie ,Oils ,Food Science - Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder without any pathological alteration, in which the alterations of the Candida/Saccharomyces ratio of the gut microbiota, the balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the brain-gut-microbiome axis are important for the development and progression of IBS. The aim of the study was to identify natural products, including essential oils or hydrolates, which were contextually harmless for the gut beneficial strains (e.g. Saccharomyces spp.) but inhibitory for the pathogenic ones (Candida spp.). Methods: The effectiveness of 6 essential oils and 2 hydrolates was evaluated using microbiological tests, carried out on 50 clinical isolates (Candida, Saccharomyces and Galattomyces species) and 9 probiotic strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus species, Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) and immunological and antioxidant assays. Results: The study led to a mixture based on a 1/100 ratio of Citrus aurantium var. amara essential oil / Vitis vinifera cv Italia hydrolate able to contextually reduce, in a concentration-dependent manner, the ability of Candida species to form hyphal filaments and have an interesting immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant action. This mixture can potentially be useful in the IBS treatment promoting the restoration of the intestinal microbial and immunological balance.
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- 2020
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17. Change in Caco-2 cells following treatment with various lavender essential oils
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Matthew Gavino Donadu, Vittorio Mazzarello, Sara Cannas, Paola Molicotti, Stefania Anna Lucia Zanetti, Donatella Usai, Maria Grazia Bellardi, M. G. Donadu, D. Usai, Vmazzarello, V. Mazzarello, Pmolicotti, P. Molicotti, Scannas, S. Canna, and Bellardi, MARIA GRAZIA
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0301 basic medicine ,Lavender ,Lavandula ,Acyclic Monoterpenes ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Plant Science ,Linalyl acetate ,Cell morphology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Shrub ,Analytical Chemistry ,Terpene ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Linalool ,Botany ,Oils, Volatile ,Humans ,Eucalyptol ,biology ,ved/biology ,Organic Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Cyclohexanols ,0104 chemical sciences ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Colon cancer, essential oils, morphology, lavender, electron microscopy, drugs ,Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ,Monoterpenes ,Lamiaceae ,Caco-2 Cells - Abstract
Lavender is an aromatic evergreen shrub diffused in the Mediterranean basin appreciated since antiquity. The genus Lavandula is part of Lamiaceae family and includes more than 20 species, among which true lavender (L. vera D.C. or L. angustifolia Miller.) and spike lavender (L. latifolia Medikus); there are also numerous hybrids known as lavandins (L. hybrida Rev.). L. vera, spike lavender and several hybrids are the most intensely used breeding species for the production of essential oils. Lavender and lavandin essential oils have been applied in food, pharmaceutical and other agro industries as biological products. In their chemical composition, terpenes linalool and linalyl acetate along with terpenoids such as 1,8-cineole are mostly responsible for biological and therapeutic activities. This study evaluates cytotoxic activity of essential oils derived from four lavender species on human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Analysis of pre- and post-treatment cell morphology has been performed using scanning electron microscope.
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- 2017
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18. Il 'recovery' di TSWV in alstroemeria
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Maria Grazia, Bellardi, Elettra, Frassineti, Lisa, Cavicchi, Giuseppe, Parrella, Bellardi, MARIA GRAZIA, Elettra, Frassineti, Cavicchi, Lisa, and Giuseppe, Parrella
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TSWV, recovery, piante ornamentali - Abstract
Una delle caratteristiche legate alle malattie da virus nelle piante è quello della latenza, ossia l’assenza di sintomi percepibili visivamente. Un viburno, un’ortensia o un lilium, seppure ospiti di uno o più virus, possono crescere e fiorire “normalmente”, senza che si notino alterazioni morfologiche e/o cromatiche su foglie e fiori che inducano ad ipotizzare una qualsiasi infezione. E’ un fenomeno più frequente di quanto si pensi, spesso responsabile di gravi danni economici poiché l’agente patogeno infettivo riesce a conservarsi e a diffondersi (ad es., tramite afidi, tripidi, polline, seme, ecc.), quasi indisturbato negli ambienti di coltivazione e raggiungere aree anche assai distanti. Esiste poi un particolare fenomeno strettamente correlato alla latenza: il “recovery”, su cui andiamo a soffermarci in questa breve nota. Infatti, a seguito di alcune sperimentazioni eseguite nel 2017 e che hanno riguardato l’alstroemeria (Alstroemeria spp.), si è potuto verificare per la prima volta come il “recovery” interessi anche TSWV (virus dell’avvizzimento maculato del pomodoro), uno dei virus più pericolosi per ornamentali, orticole ed aromatiche, non solo in Italia (https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/virus/TSWV00_ds.pdf; http://www.apsnet.org/publications /apsnetfeatures/Pages/TomatoSpotted.aspx). Questo fenomeno costituisce quindi un ulteriore pericolo nell’epidemiologia dei Tospovirus, e non può essere perciò sottovalutato. Il “Recovery” Di cosa si tratta ed in cosa consiste? Il “recovery” è un esempio primario di resistenza indotta nelle piante. Si tratta di un meccanismo adattativo con cui esse si difendono dalle infezioni virali e che consiste nell’inattivazione dell’RNA del patogeno attraverso un processo di degradazione. Se, infatti, nei vertebrati all’infezione di un agente estraneo infettivo si ha una risposta di tipo immunitario (produzione di anticorpi), nelle piante si ha una risposta di difesa altamente specifica con la formazione di acidi nucleici di piccole dimensioni (21-24 nucleotidi) con sequenze omologhe a quelle dell’RNA bersaglio, ossia del patogeno, che viene “silenziato”. E’ quindi un meccanismo messo in atto per rendere il virus “inoffensivo”, ed infatti si assiste alla remissione dei sintomi, anche se la pianta rimane pur sempre infetta (latenza) (http://aziendagraria.uniud.it/settori/difesa/#null). Il caso “Alstroemeria” Nel mese di aprile del 2015, in una serra della Piana di Albenga (Savona) su due piante di una varietà “nana” (proveniente dall’Olanda) furono osservati sintomi attribuibili a TSWV. Le due piante, cresciute in vaso, furono oggetto di studio da parte sia del DipSA-Patologia vegetale (Università di Bologna), sia dell’IPSP-CNR di Portici (Napoli) (http://www.clamerinforma.it). I sintomi consistevano in anulature più o meno ampie, bianche o giallastre, sulle foglie e/o “variegatura” del lembo fogliare; nel mese di marzo le piante produssero fiori “normali” come forma e dimensione, di colore rosso porpora. Furono eseguiti saggi biologici nel Plesso Serricolo Scarabelli (Imola) e saggi immunoenzimatici (Lateral Flow Test: LFT) che dettero esito positivo per TSWV. Furono anche applicate tecniche di biologica molecolare RT-PCR che ne confermarono la presenza. Nel biennio successivo, le due piante di alstroemeria infette sono rimaste all’interno della serra: nel 2016 sono state moltiplicate per divisione del cespo e, nel 2017, hanno fiorito. Sia nel 2016 sia nel 2017, però, la sintomatologia fogliare tipicamente riferibile a TSWV è scomparsa (la fioritura, da maggio a giugno, è avvenuta normalmente); mentre si sono resi visibili su tutta la parte epigea degli ingiallimenti aspecifici delle lamine fogliari. Per verificare la presenza di TSWV, nel mese di giugno del 2017 sono state effettuate inoculazioni meccaniche su varie specie suscettibili al tospovirus (basilico, tabacco, pomodoro e chenopodiacee), prelevando foglie in modo “casuale” ed ottenendo esito positivo (la comparsa dei sintomi è avvenuta dopo circa un mese e mezzo dalla data di inoculo). Le analisi LFT hanno confermato la presenza di TSWV nelle quattro piante di alstroemeria. Contemporaneamente agli inoculi, per verificare che i giallumi fogliari osservati non fossero da collegarsi al tospovirus, si sono effettuate concimazioni soltanto su due delle quattro alstroemerie oggetto di studio, in modo da poter poi paragonare eventuali cambiamenti. Per le concimazioni è stato utilizzato un biointegratore commerciale di origine vegetale (soluzione di concime composta da NPK 7-5-6, con boro, rame, ferro e manganese). Le due piante sono state sottoposte a concimazioni periodiche (1 volta la settimana, od ogni 2 settimane) nel periodo di marzo-agosto. Terminate le concimazioni, si è osservato che le due piante trattate risultavano più rigogliose rispetto alle due non soggette al ciclo di concimazione; inoltre, la colorazione delle foglie è passata dal verde pallido al verde intenso che caratterizza questa specie, verificando quindi che l’ingiallimento non è da attribuirsi a TSWV, bensì a cause abiotiche dovute a carenze nutrizionali. Considerazioni La sperimentazione effettuata nel 2017 su alstroemeria asintomatica ma ancora ospite di TSWV, indica chiaramente che il “recovery”, fenomeno che si verifica naturalmente in piante infette da virus ad RNA (i.e.: nepovirus; geminivurs) (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215000094#bib89) e DNA (i.e.: caulimovirus) dopo una fase acuta di malattia che segue l’infezione iniziale, interessa anche i Tospovirus. In passato, proprio nelle serre del Plesso Serricolo Scarabelli si era assistito all’attenuazione dei sintomi indotti da un altro tospovirus, INSV (virus della maculatura necrotica dell’impatiens), in Oncidium spp. proveniente da Sanremo: le foglie manifestavano ampie anulature necrotiche infossate nel lembo ma, dopo circa un anno, le stesse piante erano asintomatiche. Successivamente, il “recovery” aveva interessato calla bianca, Stephanotis floribunda e ciclamino: queste specie, provenienti dalla Piana di Albenga e caratterizzate da vistosi sintomi su foglie e fiori (nel ciclamino), con il passare del tempo avevano prodotto foglie asintomatiche, apparendo quindi visivamente “sane”. Non furono però eseguite analisi virologiche specifiche (Fig. 5). Dal punto di vista epidemiologico l’infezione latente di TSWV successiva al “recovery” pone le piante di alstroemeria come delle “subdole” insidie negli impianti di coltivazione. Infatti: 1) producono ugualmente i fiori e ciò potrebbe indurre i produttori del fiore reciso a non allontanare gli individui “risanatisi” naturalmente per non perdere la totalità della produzione; 2) gli esemplari potrebbero essere persino incautamente moltiplicati agamicamente (per divisione dei cespi); 3) le piante infette in maniera latente negli impianti andrebbero a costituire delle fonti insospettabili di virus per i tripidi presenti nell’ambiente di coltivazione, con conseguente trasmissione di TSWV alle piante limitrofe sane. Ne consegue che: tutte le piante infette da tospovirus che riescono a “superare” l’attacco del patogeno devono essere ugualmente eliminate.
- Published
- 2017
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