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Engineered stone silicosis (ESS), primarily caused by inhaling respirable crystalline silica, poses a significant occupational health risk globally. ESS has no effective treatment and presents a rapid progression from simple silicosis (SS) to progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), with respiratory failure and death. Despite the use of diagnostic methods like chest x‐rays and high‐resolution computed tomography, early detection of silicosis remains challenging. Since routine blood tests have shown promise in detecting inflammatory markers associated with the disease, this study aims to assess whether routine blood biomarkers, coupled with machine learning techniques, can effectively differentiate between healthy individuals, subjects with SS, and PMF. To this end, 107 men diagnosed with silicosis, ex‐workers in the engineered stone (ES) sector, and 22 healthy male volunteers as controls not exposed to ES dust were recruited. Twenty‐one primary biochemical markers derived from peripheral blood extraction were obtained retrospectively from clinical hospital records. Relief‐F features selection technique was applied, and the resulting subset of 11 biomarkers was used to build five machine learning models, demonstrating high performance with sensitivities and specificities in the best case greater than 82% and 89%, respectively. The percentage of lymphocytes, the angiotensin‐converting enzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase indexes were revealed, among others, as blood biomarkers with significant cumulative importance for the machine learning models. Our study reveals that these biomarkers could detect a chronic inflammatory status and potentially serve as a supportive tool for the diagnosis, monitoring, and early detection of the progression of silicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methods Results Conclusions Therapeutic drug monitoring for astronauts faces limitations in conventional blood sampling and sample management onboard the international space station. Here, we explore the feasibility of dried blood spot (DBS) collection during parabolic flights (PF) to overcome these constraints.We assessed the feasibility of blood deposition on blotting paper for preanalytical aspects in a PF using synthetic blood. Subsequently, DBS sampling validation was carried out in another PF campaign. Twenty volunteers participated in a pharmacokinetic study on caffeine and its metabolite, paraxanthine, conducted during parabolic flights. After >18 h caffeine washout, coffee (115 mg), tea (30 mg) or dark chocolate (11 mg) were ingested by the participants. DBS samples were collected at baseline, during weightlessness and post‐flight. Caffeine and paraxanthine were analysed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Genotyping for cytochrome P450‐1A2 (CYP1A2) was performed and a metabolic ratio by area under the curve for caffeine and paraxanthine (AUCPAX/AUCCAF) for CYP1A2 was determined. A user experience survey was also conducted.Full in‐flight pharmacokinetic study was feasible in seventeen volunteers with three unable to perform the sampling due to motion sickness. Nineteen participants (twelve males and seven females) completed pharmacokinetic profiles, with repeated pharmacokinetic studies for six participants. CYP1A2 genotyping resulted in eight ultrarapid, eleven intermediate, and one poor metabolizer. Among the women, four were on oestrogen contraceptives, a known inhibitor of CYP1A2, and were considered as poor metabolizers. Expected differences in kinetic profiles, consistent with consumption habits, the ingested dose and the genotypic/phenotypic information, were observed. The mean caffeine AUC for coffee, tea and chocolate were 9419 ng.h.mL−1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6222–12 616, n = 10), 6917 ng.h.mL−1 (95% CI: 2729–11 105), n = 7) and 3039 ng.h.mL−1 (95% CI: 1614–4142, n = 12), respectively. The mean paraxanthine AUC were 10 566 ng.h.mL−1 (95% CI: 6242–14 890, n = 10), 4011 ng.h.mL−1 (95% CI: 2305–5716, n = 7) and 3638 ng.h.mL−1 (95% CI: 1589–40 859, n = 12), respectively. The mean metabolic ratio in oestrogen‐treated women was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.35–0.71) compared to 1.19 (95% CI: 0.99–1.33) in others. The mean metabolic ratio was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.81–1.23, n = 15) on the ground and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.70–1.41, n = 13) during the parabolic flights, with no significant difference observed between the two conditions. Overall participants were satisfied with the usability of the method.DBS collection was safe, stable, feasible and well accepted in weightlessness. This method would offer valuable insights into human metabolism adaptation during long‐term spaceflight, addressing space pharmacology challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: COVID-19 viral pneumonia can result in increased arterial stiffness, along with cardiac and systemic inflammatory responses. This study aimed to investigate the association between arterial stiffness, inflammation severity, and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Methods: In this study, anthropometric data, pneumonia infection severity, and blood tests were analyzed. Arterial stiffness was assessed using the non-invasive assessment indices, including arterial velocity pulse index (AVI) and central arterial pulse pressure (CAPP). Infection volumes and percentages for the whole lungs, most lobes, and most segments were extracted from CT images using artificial intelligence-based quantitative analysis software. The relationship between arterial stiffness, central hemodynamics, and all-cause mortality was investigated. Results: In multivariable Cox regression analysis, high CAPP was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio: 0.263, 95% CI, 0.073–0.945, p = 0.041). Whole lung infection percentages were independently associated with high CAPP, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.662 and a specificity of 89.09%. Conclusions: High CAPP, but not high AVI, demonstrated independent prognostic value for all-cause mortality in patients due to COVID-19 pneumonia infection. Evaluating this parameter could help in risk assessment and improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in viral pneumonia infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemobiologic reactions associated with the hemoincompatibility of extracorporeal circuit material are an undesirable and inevitable consequence of all blood-contacting medical devices, typically considered only from a clinical perspective. In hemodialysis (HD), the blood of patients undergoes repetitive (at least thrice weekly for 4 h and lifelong) exposure to different polymeric materials that activate plasmatic pathways and blood cells. There is a general agreement that hemoincompatibility reactions, although unavoidable during extracorporeal therapies, are unphysiological contributors to non-hemodynamic dialysis-induced systemic stress and need to be curtailed. Strategies to lessen the periodic and direct effects of blood interacting with artificial surfaces to stimulate numerous biological pathways have focused mainly on the development of 'more passive' materials to decrease intradialytic morbidity. The indirect implications of this phenomenon, such as its impact on the overall delivery of care, have not been considered in detail. In this article, we explore, for the first time, the potential clinical and economic consequences of hemoincompatibility from a value-based healthcare (VBHC) perspective. As the fundamental tenet of VBHC is achieving the best clinical outcomes at the lowest cost, we examine the equation from the individual perspectives of the three key stakeholders of the dialysis care delivery processes: the patient, the provider, and the payer. For the patient, sub-optimal therapy caused by hemoincompatibility results in poor quality of life and various dialysis-associated conditions involving cost-impacting adjustments to lifestyles. For the provider, the decrease in income is attributed to factors such as an increase in workload and use of resources, dissatisfaction of the patient from the services provided, loss of reimbursement and direct revenue, or an increase in doctor–nurse turnover due to the complexity of managing care (nephrology encounters a chronic workforce shortage). The payer and healthcare system incur additional costs, e.g., increased hospitalization rates, including intensive care unit admissions, and increased medications and diagnostics to counteract adverse events and complications. Thus, hemoincompatibility reactions may be relevant from a socioeconomic perspective and may need to be addressed beyond just its clinical relevance to streamline the delivery of HD in terms of payability, future sustainability, and societal repercussions. Strategies to mitigate the economic impact and address the cost-effectiveness of the hemoincompatibility of extracorporeal kidney replacement therapy are proposed to conclude this comprehensive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential improvement of polyhemoglobin's protective properties by the addition of 3 synthetic enzymes (neo-carbonic anhydrase, neo-catalase and neo-superoxide dismutase) to polyhemoglobin after 90 and 180 min of warm in-vitro ischemia (100% Nitrogen at 37 °C). Following the warm ischemic shock, cell cultures were subjected to various treatment solutions: Controls; PolyHb; 3 neoenzymes; PolyHb + 3 neoenzymes; PolyHb + 2 neoenzymes. The cultures were then incubated (Oxygen, 5% CO2 at 37 °C) for 24 h followed by several analyses. Compared to polyhemoglobin alone, this novel solution containing polyhemoglobin + 3 neoeznymes significantly increased the viability, cell growth, albumin production, protection against oxidative stress and cellular injury of human hepatocytes. Moreover, this also protects the viability of human cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest that it could be useful as a pre-transplant cell/organ preservation solution which, in the long-term, could contribute to the development of blood substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the structural, magnetic, and blood compatibility properties of Sr2+ substituted for Cu2+ in Cu 1−x Sr x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.0 to 1 with a 0.25 increment) nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion technique. Regardless of the substitution rate, the sol-gel auto-combustion method consistently yields powders with sizes ranging from 20 to 40 nm. The specific surface area of the produced powders is determined as 12 m2/g. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that CuFe 2 O 4 exhibits a singular phase; however, as the Sr2+ ion substitution increases, the emergence of various secondary phases becomes apparent, with their proportions increasing with the substitution rate. The magnetic characteristics of the synthesized powders exhibit variations in magnetization, correlating with the distribution of cations in the sublattice points. Coercivities are influenced by both anisotropy and secondary phases. Saturation magnetization decreases from 31.3 (CuFe 2 O 4) to 7.6 (SrFe 2 O 4) emu/g with Sr replacement. The lowest observed coercivity is 429.5 Oe in powders prepared with CuFe 2 O 4 composition, while the highest is measured at 583.8 Oe in nanopowders prepared with Cu 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 composition. Moreover, blood compatibility experiments indicate significantly low hemolysis ratios for Cu 1−x Sr x Fe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Additionally, all examined samples exhibit an increase in Soret band intensity compared to the negative control test, suggesting potential biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels in the brain that have the potential to rupture, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage and other serious complications. Early detection and prediction of aneurysm rupture are crucial for effective management and prevention of rupture-related morbidities and mortalities. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on risk factors and predictive indicators of rupture in cerebral aneurysms. Morphological characteristics such as aneurysm size, shape, and location, as well as hemodynamic factors including blood flow patterns and wall shear stress, have been identified as important factors influencing aneurysm stability and rupture risk. In addition to these traditional factors, emerging evidence suggests that biological and genetic factors, such as inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and genetic polymorphisms, may also play significant roles in aneurysm rupture. Furthermore, advancements in computational fluid dynamics and machine learning algorithms have enabled the development of novel predictive models for rupture risk assessment. However, challenges remain in accurately predicting aneurysm rupture, and further research is needed to validate these predictors and integrate them into clinical practice. By elucidating and identifying the various risk factors and predictive indicators associated with aneurysm rupture, we can enhance personalized risk assessment and optimize treatment strategies for patients with cerebral aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of blood for transfusion purposes has been widely acknowledged. Surgical therapeutic processes, war zones, and post-disaster treatments demand a huge amount of blood. Modern-day laboratories also require blood for bioengineering experimentation. Therefore, an artificially devised solution capable of mimicking the blood functions from biological and engineering relevance would be a noteworthy discovery of contemporary science. The experience drawn from discarded century-old blood substitutes has led us to technologically more advanced present-day solutions, which are better at carrying out the physiological functions of blood. Aiming at safety, stability, non-toxicity, and compatibility in terms of immuno-response, a remarkable number of substitutes are being tried to mimic the physiological properties and functions of red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and white blood cells. Despite significant efforts and time devoted, for transfusion, no product so far has been able to replace natural blood. This article puts together the important developments in blood substitutes that have evolved over the years, including substitutes for clinical as well as engineering requirements. It also points out the recent endeavors of synthesizing blood cells through modern synthetic routes. It has been highlighted that none of the blood substitutes have achieved the required efficacy so that they can be used in vivo. Finally, the emerging trends and future research needs have been stressed upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of wavy structures and their mechanical implications on artificial blood vessels (ABVs) have been insufficiently studied in the existing literature. This research aims to explore the influence of various wavy geometric designs on the mechanical properties of ABVs and to establish a foundational framework for advancing and applying these designs. Computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element method (FEM) simulations, in conjunction with physical sample testing, were utilized. A geometric model incorporating concave and convex curves was developed and analyzed with a symbolic mathematical tool. Subsequently, a total of ten CAD models were subjected to increasing internal pressures using a FEM simulation to evaluate the expansion of internal areas. Additionally, physical experiments were conducted further to investigate the expansion of ABV samples under pressure. The results demonstrated that increased wave numbers significantly enhance the flexibility of ABVs. Samples with 22 waves exhibited a 45% larger area under 24 kPa pressure than those with simple circles. However, the increased number of waves also led to undesirable high-pressure gradients at elevated pressures. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the experimental outcomes and the simulation results, with a notably low error margin, ranging from 19.88% to 3.84%. Incorporating wavy designs into ABVs can effectively increase both vessel flexibility and the internal area under pressure. Finally, it was found that expansion depending on the wave number can be efficiently modeled with a simple linear equation, which could be utilized in future designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for effective alternatives to red blood cells (RBCs) has spurred significant research into hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). Accurate characterization of HBOCs—including Hb content, encapsulation efficiency, and yield—is crucial for ensuring effective oxygen delivery, economic viability, and the prevention of adverse effects caused by free Hb. However, the choice of quantification methods for HBOCs is often driven more by tradition than by a thorough assessment of available options. This study meticulously compares various UV-vis spectroscopy-based methods for Hb quantification, focusing on their efficacy in measuring Hb extracted from bovine RBCs across different concentration levels. The findings identify the sodium lauryl sulfate Hb method as the preferred choice due to its specificity, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and safety, particularly when compared to cyanmethemoglobin-based methods. Additionally, the study discusses the suitability of these methods for HBOC characterization, emphasizing the importance of considering carrier components and potential interferences by analyzing the absorbance spectrum before selecting a method. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the selection of accurate and reliable Hb quantification methods, which are essential for rigorous HBOC characterization and advancements in medical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A prebiotic is defined as an indigestible feed substance that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the large intestine, thereby improving host health and products. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) to the diets of Hy‐Line W‐36 laying hens. Methods: A total of 168 Hy‐Line W‐36 laying hens were allocated to four dietary levels of FOS (0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 g/kg diet), 6 replicates of 7 birds each during 63–74. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design. Results: Productive performance was not significantly affected by the FOS supplementation. Body weight gain was linearly decreased with increasing FOS levels in the diet (p < 0.01). However, eggshell strength, shell thickness and Ca and p percentages were not significantly affected, as were anti‐sheep red blood cell titres, blood parameters and blood metabolites. In the first period of the experiment (63–65 weeks), shape index and Haugh unit at the dose of 3.0 g/kg FOS were significantly increased and decreased in comparison with control, respectively (p < 0.05). In the third and fourth periods (69–71 and 72–74 weeks of age), the FOS had no significant effect on the internal egg quality traits. Furthermore, FOS had a linear decrease in the most saturated fatty acids (SFAs), including myristic, palmitic, margaric and stearic fatty acids; some of the mono‐un‐SFA (MUFA; palmitoleic and ginkgolic acids), and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (γ‐linolenic and eicosatrienoic). Conclusions: Supplementing different levels of FOS to the diet of commercial laying hens had no significant effect on the layers' performance, immune response and blood parameters, whereas there was a significant effect on some of the internal egg quality traits and egg yolk fatty acid contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels exhibit promising applications, particularly due to their high water content and excellent biocompatibility. Despite notable progress in hydrogel technology, the concurrent enhancement of water content, mechanical strength, and low friction poses substantial challenges to practical utilization. In this study, employing molecular and network design guided based on multiple synergistic enhancement mechanisms, we have developed a robust polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–polyacrylic acid (PAA)–polyacrylamide (PAAm) three-network (TN) hydrogel exhibiting high water content, enhanced strength, low friction, and fatigue resistance. The hydrogel manifests a water content of 63.7%, compression strength of 6.3 MPa, compression modulus of 2.68 MPa, tensile strength reaching 7.3 MPa, and a tensile modulus of 10.27 MPa. Remarkably, even after one million cycles of dynamic loading, the hydrogel exhibits no signs of fatigue failure, with a minimal strain difference of only 1.15%. Furthermore, it boasts a low sliding coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.043 and excellent biocompatibility. This advancement extends the applications of hydrogels in emerging fields within biomedicine and soft bio-devices, including load-bearing artificial tissues, artificial blood vessels, tissue scaffolds, robust hydrogel coatings for medical devices, and joint parts of soft robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoscopic photoacoustic imaging (PAI) enables label‐free visualization of vascular networks in tissues with high contrast and resolution. Segmenting these networks from 3D PAI data and interpreting their physiological and pathological significance is crucial yet challenging due to the time‐consuming and error‐prone nature of current methods. Deep learning offers a potential solution; however, supervised analysis frameworks typically require human‐annotated ground‐truth labels. To address this, an unsupervised image‐to‐image translation deep learning model is introduced, the Vessel Segmentation Generative Adversarial Network (VAN‐GAN). VAN‐GAN integrates synthetic blood vessel networks that closely resemble real‐life anatomy into its training process and learns to replicate the underlying physics of the PAI system in order to learn how to segment vasculature from 3D photoacoustic images. Applied to a diverse range of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data, including patient‐derived breast cancer xenograft models and 3D clinical angiograms, VAN‐GAN demonstrates its capability to facilitate accurate and unbiased segmentation of 3D vascular networks. By leveraging synthetic data, VAN‐GAN reduces the reliance on manual labeling, thus lowering the barrier to entry for high‐quality blood vessel segmentation (F1 score: VAN‐GAN vs. U‐Net = 0.84 vs. 0.87) and enhancing preclinical and clinical research into vascular structure and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood and artificial salivary contamination of different root-end filling materials on microleakage using a confocal laser scanning microscope and on marginal adaptation using a scanning electron microscope. Materials and Methods: Eighty noncarious single-rooted teeth with mature apices were taken. After retro-cavity preparation, they were randomly assigned into two major groups (n = 40). They were contaminated with blood and artificial saliva, respectively. Each major group was divided randomly into four subgroups (n = 10) and filled as follows: Subgroup A, Biodentine; Subgroup B, bioactive bone cement; Subgroup C, Cention N; and Subgroup D, Bio-C Repair. The samples were sectioned transversely at 1 and 2 mm from the root apex and checked under a confocal laser scanning microscope for microleakage and under an scanning electron microscope for marginal adaptation. The average mean values were calculated. Independent samples t-tests, paired t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc tests were done to analyze the data. Results: All the tested materials showed marginal gaps and dye leakage. The Bio-C Repair group showed the least mean marginal gap and dye leakage values, followed by bioactive bone cement, Biodentine, and Cention N, respectively, in both blood and artificial saliva contamination. However, the mean marginal gaps and dye leakage between the major groups were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: In an overall comparison, Bio-C Repair was found to be superior in terms of marginal adaptation and sealing ability under the test conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen is necessary for life and plays a key pivotal in maintaining normal physiological functions and treat of diseases. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been studied and developed as a replacement for red blood cells (RBCs) in oxygen transport due to their similar oxygen-carrying capacities. However, applications of HBOCs are hindered by vasoactivity, oxidative toxicity, and a relatively short circulatory half-life. With advancements in nanotechnology, Hb encapsulation, absorption, bioconjugation, entrapment, and attachment to nanomaterials have been used to prepare nanomaterial-related HBOCs to address these challenges and pend their application in several biomedical and therapeutic contexts. This review focuses on the progress of this class of nanomaterial-related HBOCs in the fields of hemorrhagic shock, ischemic stroke, cancer, and wound healing, and speculates on future research directions. The advancements in nanomaterial-related HBOCs are expected to lead significant breakthroughs in blood substitutes, enabling their widespread use in the treatment of clinical diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A prebiotic is defined as an indigestible feed substance that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the large intestine, thereby improving host health and products. Objectives This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) to the diets of Hy‐Line W‐36 laying hens. Methods A total of 168 Hy‐Line W‐36 laying hens were allocated to four dietary levels of FOS (0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 g/kg diet), 6 replicates of 7 birds each during 63–74. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design. Results Productive performance was not significantly affected by the FOS supplementation. Body weight gain was linearly decreased with increasing FOS levels in the diet (p

Entomological research studies on mosquito vector biology, vector competence, insecticide resistance, dispersal, and survival (using mark-release-recapture techniques) often rely on laboratory-reared mosquito colonies to produce large numbers of consistently reared, aged, and sized mosquitoes. We developed a low-cost blood feeding apparatus that supports temperatures consistent with warm blooded animals, using commonly available materials found in low resource environments. We compare our system ("Caserotek") to Hemotek and glass/membrane feeding methods. Two experiments were conducted with Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) and one with Anopheles darlingi (Root 1926) (Diptera: Culicidae); 3 replicates were conducted for each experiment. Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes were provided chicken blood once per week for 30 min (Experiment #1) for 14 days or 1 hour (Experiment #2) for 21 days. Anopheles darlingi were fed once for 1 hour (Experiment #3). Blood-feeding rates, survival rates, and egg production were calculated across replicates. Caserotek had a significantly higher 30-min engorgement rate (91.1%) than Hemotek (47.7%), and the glass feeder (29.3%) whereas for 1-hour feeding, Hemotek had a significantly lower engorgement rate than either of the other two devices (78% versus 91%). Thirty-day survival was similar among the feeding devices, ranging from 86% to 99%. Mean egg production was highest for the Caserotek feeder (32 eggs per female) compared to the glass feeder and Hemotek device (21-22 eggs per female). Our new artificial feeding system had significantly higher blood feeding rates than for more expensive artificial systems and was equivalent to other fitness parameters. Caserotek only requires the ability to boil water to maintain blood temperatures using a Styrofoam liner. It can be easily scaled up to large production facilities and used under austere conditions.

Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) are arboviruses that cause infections in humans and can cause clinical complications, representing a worldwide public health problem. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of these pathogens and Culex quinquefasciatus may be a potential ZIKV vector. This study aimed to evaluate fecundity, fertility, survival, longevity, and blood feeding activity in Ae. aegypti after exposure to ZIKV and CHIKV and, in Cx. quinquefasciatus exposed to ZIKV. Three colonies were evaluated: AeCamp (Ae. aegypti—field), RecL (Ae. aegypti—laboratory) and CqSLab (Cx. quinquefasciatus—laboratory). Seven to 10 days-old females from these colonies were exposed to artificial blood feeding with CHIKV or ZIKV. CHIKV caused reduction in fecundity and fertility in AeCamp and reduction in survival and fertility in RecL. ZIKV impacted survival in RecL, fertility in AeCamp and, fecundity and fertility in CqSLab. Both viruses had no effect on blood feeding activity. These results show that CHIKV produces a higher biological cost in Ae. aegypti, compared to ZIKV, and ZIKV differently alters the biological performance in colonies of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. These results provide a better understanding over the processes of virus-vector interaction and can shed light on the complexity of arbovirus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent rapid improvement of machine learning techniques had a large impact on the way seismological data can be processed. During the last years several machine learning algorithms determining seismic onset times have been published facilitating the automatic picking of large data sets. Here we apply the deep neural network PhaseNet to a network of over 900 permanent and temporal broad-band stations that were deployed as part of the AlpArray research initiative in the Greater Alpine Region (GAR) during 2016–2020. We selected 384 well distributed earthquakes with M L ≥ 2.5 for our study and developed a purely data-driven pre-inversion pick selection method to consistently remove outliers from the automatic pick catalogue. This allows us to include observations throughout the crustal triplication zone resulting in 39 599 P and 13 188 S observations. Using the established VELEST and the recently developed McMC codes we invert for the 1-D P - and S -wave velocity structure including station correction terms while simultaneously relocating the events. As a result we present two separate models differing in the maximum included observation distance and therefore their suggested usage. The model AlpsLocPS is based on arrivals from ≤130 km and therefore should be used to consistently (re)locate seismicity based on P and S observations. The model GAR1D_PS includes the entire observable distance range of up to 1000 km and for the first time provides consistent P - and S -phase synthetic traveltimes for the entire Alpine orogen. Comparing our relocated seismicity with hypocentral parameters from other studies in the area we quantify the absolute horizontal and vertical accuracy of event locations as ≈2.0 and ≈6.0 km, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hemangioendothelioma is an uncommon neoplasm that affects both humans and animals. Its clinical course is unclear. This report describes the first case of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a dog. The clinical and microscopic characteristics of this neoplasm overlap with those described in humans; therefore, this report can be informative as a spontaneous animal model but, at the same time, also useful for veterinary progress in diagnostic orientation and therapeutic treatment. A 5-year-old spayed female Breton dog was referred for a thyroid nodule. A total body CT scan evidenced multifocal hepatic nodules. Cytological liver samples were hemodiluted and non-diagnostic. Following a thyroidectomy, the histology was consistent with a follicular-compact thyroid carcinoma. On laparoscopy, most hepatic lobes had multifocal dark-red nodules that were biopsied for histology. Microscopically, the hepatic parenchyma in the nodules was substituted by blood channels lined by bland spindle cells but adjacent to epithelioid neoplastic cells, single or in clusters, embedded in a moderate amount of edematous collagen matrix. These cells had optically empty cytoplasmic space, occasionally containing erythrocytes (microlumina). Spindle and epithelioid cells expressed membranous-to-cytoplasmic CD31 and FVIII-RA consistent with endothelial origin. Based on morphology and immunolabelling, a hemangioendothelioma with epithelioid differentiation was diagnosed. Lesions in the liver were initially stable, showing progression with time. The dog was alive with no systemic clinical signs 36 months after laparoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bibliometrics can trace general research trends in a particular field. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), as a group of rare genetic diseases, seriously affect the quality of life of patients and their families. Scholars have devoted themselves to studying MPS's pathogenesis and treatment modalities and have published many papers. Therefore, we conducted a bibliometric and visual study of the top 100 most highly cited articles to provide researchers with an indication of the current state of research and potential directions in the field. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection was searched for articles on MPS from 1 January 1900, to 8 November 2023, and the top 100 most cited articles were screened. The title, year of publication, institution, country, and first author of the articles were extracted and statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007. Keyword co-occurrence and collaborative networks were analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.16. Results: A total of 9,273 articles were retrieved, and the top 100 most cited articles were filtered out. The articles were cited 18,790 times, with an annual average of 188 citations (122--507). Forty-two journals published these articles, with Molecular Genetics and Metabolism and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States being the most published journal (N = 8), followed by Pediatrics (N = 7), Blood (N = 6). The United States (N = 68), the UK (N = 25), and Germany (N = 20) were the top contributing countries. The Royal Manchester Children's Hospital (N = 20) and the University of North Carolina (N = 18) were the most contributing institutions. Muenzer J was the most prolific author (N = 14). Conclusion: We conducted a bibliometric and visual analysis of the top 100 cited articles in MPS. This study identifies the most influential articles currently available in the field of MPS, which provides a good basis for a better understanding of the disease and informs future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid nodule (TN) patients in China are subject to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The implementation of existing technologies such as thyroid ultrasonography has indeed contributed to the improved diagnostic accuracy of TNs. However, a significant issue persists, where many patients undergo unnecessary biopsies, and patients with malignant thyroid nodules (MTNs) are advised to undergo surgery therapy. Methods: This study included a total of 293 patients diagnosed with TNs. Differential methylation haplotype blocks (MHBs) in blood leukocytes between MTNs and benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) were detected using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Subsequently, an artificial intelligence blood leukocyte DNA methylation (BLDM) model was designed to optimize the management and treatment of patients with TNs for more effective outcomes. Results: The DNA methylation profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes exhibited distinctions between MTNs and BTNs. The BLDM model we developed for diagnosing TNs achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.858 in the validation cohort and 0.863 in the independent test cohort. Its specificity reached 90.91% and 88.68% in the validation and independent test cohorts, respectively, outperforming the specificity of ultrasonography (43.64% in the validation cohort and 47.17% in the independent test cohort), albeit with a slightly lower sensitivity (83.33% in the validation cohort and 82.86% in the independent test cohort) compared to ultrasonography (97.62% in the validation cohort and 100.00% in the independent test cohort). The BLDM model could correctly identify 89.83% patients whose nodules were suspected malignant by ultrasonography but finally histological benign. In micronodules, the model displayed higher specificity (93.33% in the validation cohort and 92.00% in the independent test cohort) and accuracy (88.24% in the validation cohort and 87.50% in the independent test cohort) for diagnosing TNs. This performance surpassed the specificity and accuracy observed with ultrasonography. A TN diagnostic and treatment framework that prioritizes patients is provided, with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy performed only on patients with indications of MTNs in both BLDM and ultrasonography results, thus avoiding unnecessary biopsies. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate the potential of non-invasive blood leukocytes in diagnosing TNs, thereby making TN diagnosis and treatment more efficient in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of the chemical composition, crystal structure, lattice parameters, microstructure, the valence state of the europium ion (at 300 K), electrical resistivity, and differential thermopower (6–400 K) of samples in the Eu(Cu1 − xAgx)2Si2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) substitutional solid solutions. A transition of the europium ion from the valence-stable state of Eu2+ in EuAg2Si2 to the state of intermediate (homogeneous) valence (IV) of the europium ion in EuCu2Si2 with an effective valence ϑeff = 2.41 (300 K) has been initiated by a successive replacement of silver atoms by copper atoms. With appropriate sample compositions, the transition passes through a Kondo-type state. The research subject is the patterns of transformations (when the composition of the sample changes), the electronic state, and, accordingly, the electronic transport properties. The simultaneous coexistence of europium ions in different electronic states is assumed. The substitutional solid solution Eu(Cu1 − xAgx)2Si2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) exhibits properties related to the competition between the state of the Kondo system, intermediate valence (IV), and magnetic ordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The diameter of the ostial and proximal left main coronary artery can be greater than 5.0 mm. However, the diameters of the mostly available coronary drug-eluting stents (DESs) are ≤ 4.0 mm. Whether high-pressure dilatation can increase the diameter of stents from 4.0 to 5.0 mm and whether post-dilatation leads to longitudinal stent deformation (LSD) of 4.0-mm-diameter stents have rarely been studied. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate LSD and stent malapposition of six types of commercially available 4.0-mm-diameter stents in China in a 5.0-mm-diameter artificial blood vessel model by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in vitro. Methods: The left main coronary artery was simulated by a truncated cone-shaped silicone tube. The internal diameters were 4.0 mm at one end of the silicone tube and 5.0 mm at the other end. Six different types of coronary stents widely used in China were selected for this study. Each stent was respectively implanted into the simulated blood vessel and dilated to a diameter of 4.2 mm according to the stent-balloon pressure compliance table. The stents were subjected to post-dilatation with a 5.0 × 15-mm noncompliant balloon. The LSD ratio of the longitudinal axis of each stent and stent malapposition were measured through OCT, and any fractures of the stents were determined. Results: None of the six types of stents fractured following post-dilatation. The longitudinal axes of the BuMA and Excrossal stents were slightly shortened, while the other stents were elongated after high-pressure post-dilatation. All stents expanded to a diameter of 5.0 mm without incomplete stent apposition, except for the Nano Plus stent, which remained malapposed after high-pressure post-dilatation. Conclusion: All 4.0-mm-diameter stents can be expanded to a diameter of 5.0 mm by noncompliant balloon post-dilatation without stent strut fracture. Most stents were found to be well apposed after high-pressure post-dilatation. However, LSD was observed after post-balloon dilatation. Stent malapposition might be positively correlated with the percentage change in stent length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun scaffolds play important roles in the fields of regenerative medicine and vascular tissue engineering. The aim of the research described here was to develop a vascular scaffold that mimics the structural and functional properties of natural vascular scaffolding. The mechanical properties of artificial vascular tissue represent a key issue for successful transplantation in small diameter engineering blood vessels. We blended silk fibroin (SF) and fibrin to fabricate a composite scaffold using electrospinning to overcome the shortcomings of fibrin with respect to its mechanical properties. Subsequently, we then carefully investigated the morphological, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, hemocompatibility, degradation, cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of the SF/fibrin (0:100), SF/fibrin (15:85), SF/fibrin (25:75), and SF/fibrin (35:65) scaffolds. Based on these in vitro results, we implanted SF/fibrin (25:75) vascular scaffold subcutaneously and analyzed its in vivo degradation and histocompatibility. The fiber structure of the SF/fibrin hybrid scaffold was smooth and uniform, and its fiber diameters were relatively small. Compared with the fibrin scaffold, the SF/fibrin scaffold clearly displayed increased mechanical strength, but the hydrophilicity weakened correspondingly. All of the SF/fibrin scaffolds showed excellent blood compatibility and appropriate biodegradation rates. The SF/fibrin (25:75) scaffold increased the proliferation and adhesion of MSCs. The results of animal experiments confirmed that the degradation of the SF/fibrin (25:75) scaffold was faster than that of the SF scaffold and effectively promoted tissue regeneration and cell infiltration. All in all, the SF/fibrin (25:75) electrospun scaffold displayed balanced and controllable biomechanical properties, degradability, and good cell compatibility. Thus, this scaffold proved to be an ideal candidate material for artificial blood vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-dimeter blood vessels (<6 mm) are required in coronary bypass and peripheral bypass surgery to circumvent blocked arteries. However, they have poor patency rates due to thrombus formation, intimal hyperplasia at the distal anastomosis, and compliance mismatch between the native artery and the graft. This review covers the state-of-the-art technologies for improving graft patency with a focus on reducing compliance mismatch between the prosthesis and the native artery. The focus of this article is on biomimetic design strategies to match the compliance over a wide pressure range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use high-resolution zoom-in simulations to study the fueling of central galaxies by filamentary and diffuse accretion at redshifts, z ≳ 2. The parent haloes were chosen with similar total masses, log (M vir/M⊙) ∼ 11.75 ± 0.05, at z  = 6, 4, and 2, in high/low overdensity environments. We analyse the kinematic and thermodynamic properties of circumgalactic medium (CGM) within few virial radii, R vir, and down to the central galaxy. Using a hybrid d-web/entropy method we mapped the gaseous filaments, and separated inflows from outflows. We find that (1) The CGM is multiphase and not in thermodynamic or dynamic equilibrium; (2) filamentary and diffuse accretion rates and densities decrease with lower redshifts, and inflow velocities decrease from |$200-300\, {\rm {km\, s}^{-1}}$| by a factor of 2; (3) temperature within the filaments increases inside R vir, faster at lower redshifts; (4) filaments show a complex structure along their spines: a core radial flow surrounded by a lower density envelope. The cores exhibit elevated densities and lower temperature, with no obvious metallicity gradient in the cross sections. Filaments also tend to separate into different infall velocity regions and split density cores, thus producing a spaghetti-type flow; (6) inside the inner |$\sim 30\, h^{-1}$|  kpc, filaments develop the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability which ablates and dissolves them, and triggers turbulence along the filaments, clearly delineating their spines; (7) finally, the galactic outflows affect mostly the inner ∼0.5 R vir ∼ 100 h −1 kpc of the CGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Journal of Neurological Surgery, discusses the importance of mastering skull base anatomy and surgical maneuvers in order to ensure safe surgeries. The authors describe the Live Cadaver Model, a training model that combines realistic human anatomy with life-like conditions. The model is prepared by cannulating major vessels in the neck section and flushing them with normal saline, connecting the vessels to artificial blood reservoirs, and introducing clear liquid to simulate cerebrospinal fluid. The model allows for practicing skull base approaches and surgical maneuvers under realistic conditions. [Extracted from the article]

The La2O3 catalyst exhibits good performance in OCM reactions for its promising C2 selectivity and yield. Previous studies have affirmed that the formation of carbonates in La2O3 impedes the catalyst's activity as a result of poisoning from CO2 exposure. In this study, a series of Na2WO4-impregnated La2O3 catalysts were synthesized to investigate the poisoning-resistant effect. The bulk phase and kinetics of the catalysts were analyzed in reactors employed with in situ XRD-MS and online MS, focusing on the CO2 adsorption on La2O3 and the phase transition process to La2O2CO3 in temperature zone correlated to OCM light-off. In situ XRD analysis revealed that, with Na2WO4 doped, CO2 exposure at elevated temperatures formed La2O2CO3 in tetragonal crystal phases, exhibiting distinctive differences from the hexagonal phase carbonates in undoped commercial La2O3. The ability to develop tetragonal or monoclinic La2O2CO3 was suggested as a descriptor to assess the sensitivity of La2O3 catalysts to CO2 adsorption, a tunable characteristic found in this study through varying Na2WO4 doping levels. Coupled XRD-MS analysis of CO2 adsorption uptake and phase change further confirmed a positive dependence between the resistivity of La2O3 catalyst to CO2 adsorption and its low-temperature C2 selectivity. The results extended the previous CO2 poisoning effect from multiple perspectives, offering a novel modification approach for enhancing the low-temperature performance of La2O3 catalysts in OCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest challenges to the use of molecular methods for diagnostic purposes is the detection of target DNA that is present only in low concentrations. One major factor that negatively impacts accuracy, diagnostic sensitivity, and specificity is the sample matrix, which hinders the attainment of the required detection limit due to the presence of residual background DNA. To address this issue, various methods have been developed to enhance sensitivity through targeted pre-amplification of marker sequences. Diagnostic sensitivity to the single molecular level is critical, particularly when identifying bloodstream infections. In cases of clinically manifest sepsis, the concentration of bacteria in the blood may reach as low as one bacterial cell/CFU per mL of blood. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve the highest level of sensitivity for accurate detection. In the present study, we have established a method that fills the analytical gap between low concentrations of molecular markers and the minimum requirements for molecular testing. For this purpose, a sample preparation of whole blood samples with a directly downstream pre-amplification was developed, which amplifies specific species and resistance markers in a multiplex procedure. When applying pre-amplification techniques, the sensitivity of the pathogen detection in whole blood samples was up to 100 times higher than in non-pre-amplified samples. The method was tested with blood samples that were spiked with several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. By applying this method to artificial spiked blood samples, it was possible to demonstrate a sensitivity of 1 colony-forming unit (CFU) per millilitre of blood for S. aureus and E. faecium. A detection limit of 28 and 383 CFU per ml of blood was achieved for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. If the sensitivity is also confirmed for real clinical blood samples from septic patients, the novel technique can be used for pathogen detection without cultivation, which might help to accelerate diagnostics and, thus, to decrease sepsis mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft robots capable of efficiently implementing tasks in fluid-immersed environments hold great promise for diverse applications. However, it remains challenging to achieve robotization that relies on dynamic underwater adhesion and morphing capability. Here we propose the construction of such robots with designer protein materials. Firstly, a resilin-like protein is complexed with polyoxometalate anions to form hydrogels that can rapidly switch between soft adhesive and stiff non-adhesive states in aqueous environments in response to small temperature variation. To realize remote control over dynamic adhesion and morphing, Fe3O4 nanoparticles are then integrated into the hydrogels to form soft robots with photothermal and magnetic responsiveness. These robots are demonstrated to undertake complex tasks including repairing artificial blood vessel, capturing and delivering multiple cargoes in water under cooperative control of infrared light and magnetic field. These findings pave an avenue for the creation of protein-based underwater robots with on-demand functionalities. Soft robots have potential in carrying out underwater tasks, but achieving the right level of adhesion and shape-changing ability is challenging. Here, the authors report the development of protein-based hydrogels with iron oxide nanoparticles with photothermal and magnetic responsiveness, capable of carrying out complex tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic technology has emerged as a powerful tool in studying arterial thrombosis, allowing researchers to construct artificial blood vessels and replicate the hemodynamics of blood flow. This technology has led to significant advancements in understanding thrombosis and platelet adhesion and aggregation. Microfluidic models have various types and functions, and by studying the fabrication methods and working principles of microfluidic chips, applicable methods can be selected according to specific needs. The rapid development of microfluidic integrated system and modular microfluidic system makes arterial thrombosis research more diversified and automated, but its standardization still needs to be solved urgently. One key advantage of microfluidic technology is the ability to precisely control fluid flow in microchannels and to analyze platelet behavior under different shear forces and flow rates. This allows researchers to study the physiological and pathological processes of blood flow, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of arterial thrombosis. In conclusion, microfluidic technology has revolutionized the study of arterial thrombosis by enabling the construction of artificial blood vessels and accurately reproducing hemodynamics. In the future, microfluidics will place greater emphasis on versatility and automation, holding great promise for advancing antithrombotic therapeutic and prophylactic measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) is an excellent supplement to pre-hospital emergency blood transfusions. In this study, a new type of HBOC was prepared by using human cord haemoglobin (HCHb) and glutaraldehyde (GDA) and Bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) fumarate (DBBF) to modify (DBBF-GDA-HCHb), the changes of physicochemical indexes during its preparation were evaluated, while a traditional type of GDA-HCHb was prepared, and the oxygen-carrying capacity of two type of HBOC was evaluated by a rat model of 135.0% exchange transfusion (ET). Eighteen SD male rats were selected, and were randomly divided into control group (5.0% albumin), DBBF-GDA-HCHb group and GDA-HCHb group. The 12 h survival rate of the C group was 16.67%, and the two HBOC groups were both 83.33%. Compared with GDA-HCHb, DBBF-GDA-HCHb can reduce lactic acid content by supplying oxygen to hypoxic tissues in a more timely manner, and can also can improve the reduction of MAP due to ischaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an upconversion luminescence (UCL) nanosensor for fast detection of ferric ion (Fe3+) and phosphate ion (Pi) is developed based on the inner-filter effect (IFE) between NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and Fe3+-hypocrellin B (HB) complex. Fe3+-HB complex has strong absorption band (450–650 nm), which overlaps with the green emission peak of UCNPs at 545 nm. By adding Fe3+ and Pi, the UCNPs-HB system produces the red-shift change of absorption spectrum, which leads to the "on–off-on" process of IFE. So, with the specific recognition ability of HB for Fe3+ and the competitive complexation of Pi for Fe3+, the proposed nanosensor utilizes the UCL change to achieve the detection of the targets. For the detections of Fe3+, the linear range is 10–600 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.62 μM, and for Pi, the linear range is 5–100 μM with a LOD of 1.25 μM. The results for selectivity, precision, and recovery test are also satisfactory. Furthermore, the real sample detection shows that the proposed nanaosensor has a great potential in environmental and biological systems. An upconversion luminescence (UCL) nanosensor based on the inner-filter effect (IFE) between upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and Fe3+-hypocrellin B (HB) complex for the detection of Fe3+ and phosphate ion has been proposed, which is promising to be a convenient and sensitive assay for monitoring Fe3+ and phosphate ion in different environments and biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementing sufficient oxygen to cells is always challenging in biomedical engineering fields such as tissue engineering. Originating from the concept of a 'blood substitute', nano-sized artificial oxygen carriers (AOCs) have been studied for a long time for the optimization of the oxygen supplementation and improvement of hypoxia environments in vitro and in vivo. When circulating in our bodies, micro-sized human red blood cells (hRBCs) feature a high oxygen capacity, a unique biconcave shape, biomechanical and rheological properties, and low frictional surfaces, making them efficient natural oxygen carriers. Inspired by hRBCs, recent studies have focused on evolving different AOCs into microparticles more feasibly able to achieve desired architectures and morphologies and to obtain the corresponding advantages. Recent micro-sized AOCs have been developed into additional categories based on their principal oxygen-carrying or oxygen-releasing materials. Various biomaterials such as lipids, proteins, and polymers have also been used to prepare oxygen carriers owing to their rapid oxygen transfer, high oxygen capacity, excellent colloidal stability, biocompatibility, suitable biodegradability, and long storage. In this review, we concentrated on the fabrication techniques, applied biomaterials, and design considerations of micro-sized AOCs to illustrate the advances in their performances. We also compared certain recent micro-sized AOCs with hRBCs where applicable and appropriate. Furthermore, we discussed existing and potential applications of different types of micro-sized AOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi3TiNbO9, a layered ferroelectric photocatalyst, exhibits great potential for overall water splitting through efficient intralayer separation of photogenerated carriers motivated by a depolarization field along the in-plane a-axis. However, the poor interlayer transport of carriers along the out-of-plane c-axis, caused by the significant potential barrier between layers, leads to a high probability of carrier recombination and consequently results in low photocatalytic activity. Here, we have developed an efficient photocatalyst consisting of Bi3TiNbO9 nanosheets with a gradient tungsten (W) doping along the c-axis. This results in the generation of an additional electric field along the c-axis and simultaneously enhances the magnitude of depolarization field within the layers along the a-axis due to strengthened structural distortion. The combination of the built-in field along the c-axis and polarization along the a-axis can effectively facilitate the anisotropic migration of photogenerated electrons and holes to the basal {001} surface and lateral {110} surface of the nanosheets, respectively, enabling desirable spatial separation of carriers. Hence, the W-doped Bi3TiNbO9 ferroelectric photocatalyst with Rh/Cr2O3 cocatalyst achieves an efficient and durable overall water splitting feature, thereby providing an effective pathway for designing excellent layered ferroelectric photocatalysts. Solving the interlayer charge transfer issue of Bi3TiNbO9 is crucial for overcoming its limitation in photocatalytic overall water splitting. Here, the authors introduced gradient doping to promote the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges and enhance the photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past thirty years, hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been under development as a red blood cell substitute. Side-effects such as vasoconstriction, oxidative injury, and cardiac toxicity have prevented clinical approval of HBOCs. Recently, high molecular weight (MW) polymerized human hemoglobin (PolyhHb) has shown positive results in rats. Studies have demonstrated that high MW PolyhHb increased O2 delivery, with minimal effects on blood pressure, without vasoconstriction, and devoid of toxicity. In this study, we used guinea pigs to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high MW PolyhHb, since like humans guinea pigs cannot produce endogenous ascorbic acid, which limits the capacity of both species to deal with oxidative stress. Hence, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock with high MW PolyhHb, fresh blood, and blood stored for 2 weeks. Animals were randomly assigned to each experimental group, and hemorrhage was induced by the withdrawal of 40% of the blood volume (BV, estimated as 7.5% of body weight) from the carotid artery catheter. Hypovolemic shock was maintained for 50 min. Resuscitation was implemented by infusing 25% of the animal's BV with the different treatments. Hemodynamics, blood gases, total hemoglobin, and lactate were not different before hemorrhage and during shock between groups. The hematocrit was lower for the PolyhHb group compared to the fresh and stored blood groups after resuscitation. Resuscitation with stored blood had lower blood pressure compared to fresh blood at 2 h. There was no difference in mean arterial pressure between groups at 24 h. Resuscitation with PolyhHb was not different from fresh blood for most parameters. Resuscitation with PolyhHb did not show any remarkable change in liver injury, inflammation, or cardiac damage. Resuscitation with stored blood showed changes in liver function and inflammation, but no kidney injury or systemic inflammation. Resuscitation with stored blood after 24 h displayed sympathetic hyper-activation and signs of cardiac injury. These results suggest that PolyhHb is an effective resuscitation alternative to blood. The decreased toxicities in terms of cardiac injury markers, vital organ function, and inflammation following PolyhHb resuscitation in guinea pigs indicate a favorable safety profile. These results are promising and support future studies with this new generation of PolyhHb as alternative to blood when blood is unavailable.

The growing demand for effective alternatives to red blood cells (RBCs) has spurred significant research into hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs). Accurate characterization of HBOCs—including Hb content, encapsulation efficiency, and yield—is crucial for ensuring effective oxygen delivery, economic viability, and the prevention of adverse effects caused by free Hb. However, the choice of quantification methods for HBOCs is often driven more by tradition than by a thorough assessment of available options. This study meticulously compares various UV-vis spectroscopy-based methods for Hb quantification, focusing on their efficacy in measuring Hb extracted from bovine RBCs across different concentration levels. The findings identify the sodium lauryl sulfate Hb method as the preferred choice due to its specificity, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and safety, particularly when compared to cyanmethemoglobin-based methods. Additionally, the study discusses the suitability of these methods for HBOC characterization, emphasizing the importance of considering carrier components and potential interferences by analyzing the absorbance spectrum before selecting a method. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the selection of accurate and reliable Hb quantification methods, which are essential for rigorous HBOC characterization and advancements in medical research.

Qi Zhang,&ast; Yue-Xiang Ma,&ast; Zheng Dai, Bin Zhang, Shan-Shou Liu, Wen-Xiu Li, Chuan-Qing Fu, Qian-Mei Wang, Wen Yin Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wen Yin, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi’an, 710032, People’s Republic of China, Email xjyyyw@fmmu.edu.cnAbstract: Numerous studies on the formulation and clinical applications of novel hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are reported in the scientific literature. However, there are fewer scientometric analysis related to HBOCs. Here, we illustrate recent studies on HBOCs using both a scientometric analysis approach and a scope review method. We used the former to investigate research on HBOCs from 1991 to 2022, exploring the current hotspots and research trends, and then we comprehensively analyzed the relationship between concepts based on the keyword analysis. The evolution of research fields, knowledge structures, and research topics in which HBOCs located are revealed by scientometric analysis. The elucidation of type, acting mechanism, potential clinical practice, and adverse effects of HBOCs helps to clarify the prospects of this biological agent. Scientometrics analyzed 1034 publications in this research field, and these findings provide a promising roadmap for further study.Keywords: blood substitutes, trauma, hemorrhagic shock, organ preservation, anemia, risk management

Vessel segmentation in fundus images permits understanding retinal diseases and computing image-based biomarkers. However, manual vessel segmentation is a time-consuming process. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) allows direct, non-invasive estimation of retinal vessels. Unfortunately, compared to fundus images, OCT-A cameras are more expensive, less portable, and have a reduced field of view. We present an automated strategy relying on generative adversarial networks to create vascular maps from fundus images without training using manual vessel segmentation maps. Further post-processing used for standard en face OCT-A allows obtaining a vessel segmentation map. We compare our approach to state-of-the-art vessel segmentation algorithms trained on manual vessel segmentation maps and vessel segmentations derived from OCT-A. We evaluate them from an automatic vascular segmentation perspective and as vessel density estimators, i.e., the most common imaging biomarker for OCT-A used in studies. Using OCT-A as a training target over manual vessel delineations yields improved vascular maps for the optic disc area and compares to the best-performing vessel segmentation algorithm in the macular region. This technique could reduce the cost and effort incurred when training vessel segmentation algorithms. To incentivize research in this field, we will make the dataset publicly available to the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: The review explores single atom catalysts (SACs) for photocatalytic H2O2 production, highlighting their unique structure, properties, and advantages over traditional catalysts. It emphasizes the importance of metal atom types, host material selection, and coordination environment in SACs design. The article explains how SACs enhance photocatalytic H2O2 production by improving light absorption, charge generation, migration, and lowering energy barriers for reactant adsorption and activation. The review acknowledges challenges and future research directions in SACs for H2O2 photosynthesis. This comprehensive review provides a deep exploration of the unique roles of single atom catalysts (SACs) in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. SACs offer multiple benefits over traditional catalysts such as improved efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility due to their distinct electronic structure and unique properties. The review discusses the critical elements in the design of SACs, including the choice of metal atom, host material, and coordination environment, and how these elements impact the catalytic activity. The role of single atoms in photocatalytic H2O2 production is also analysed, focusing on enhancing light absorption and charge generation, improving the migration and separation of charge carriers, and lowering the energy barrier of adsorption and activation of reactants. Despite these advantages, several challenges, including H2O2 decomposition, stability of SACs, unclear mechanism, and low selectivity, need to be overcome. Looking towards the future, the review suggests promising research directions such as direct utilization of H2O2, high-throughput synthesis and screening, the creation of dual active sites, and employing density functional theory for investigating the mechanisms of SACs in H2O2 photosynthesis. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of single atom catalysts for advancing the field of photocatalytic H2O2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the incidence of cardiovascular disease has increased annually, and the demand for artificial blood vessels has been increasing. Due to the formation of thrombosis and stenosis after implantation, the application of many materials in the human body has been inhibited. Therefore, the choice of surface modification process is very important. In this paper, small-diameter polyurethane artificial blood vessels were prepared through electrospinning, and their surfaces were treated with plasma to improve their biological properties. The samples before and after plasma treatment were characterized by SEM, contact angle, XPS, and tensile testing; meanwhile, the cell compatibility and blood compatibility were evaluated. The results show that there are no significant changes to the fiber morphology or diameter distribution on the surface of the sample before and after plasma treatment. Plasma treatment can increase the proportion of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the sample and improve its wettability, thereby increasing the infiltration ability of cells and promoting cell proliferation. Plasma treatment can reduce the risk of hemolysis, and does not cause platelet adhesion. Due to the etching effect of plasma, the mechanical properties of the samples decreased with the extension of plasma treatment time, which should be used as a basis to balance the mechanical property and biological property of artificial blood vessels. But on the whole, plasma treatment has positive significance for improving the comprehensive performance of samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of silk make it a promising material for medical applications, both in human and veterinary medicine. Its predominant amino acids, glycine and alanine, exhibit low chemical reactivity, reducing the risk of graft rejection, a notable advantage over most synthetic polymers. Hence, silk is increasingly used as a material for 3D printing in biomedicine. It can be used to build cell scaffolding with the desired cytocompatibility and biodegradability. In combination with gelatine, silk can be used in the treatment of arthritis, and as a hydrogel, to regenerate chondrocytes and mesenchymal cells. When combined with gelatine and collagen, it can also make skin grafts and regenerate the integumentary system. In the treatment of bone tissue, it can be used in combination with polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite to produce bone clips having good mechanical properties and high immunological tolerance. Furthermore, silk can provide a good microenvironment for the proliferation of bone marrow stem cells. Moreover, research is underway to produce artificial blood vessels using silk in combination with glycidyl methacrylate. Silk vascular grafts have demonstrated a high degree of patency and a satisfactory degree of endothelial cells coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female mosquitoes require both sugar and blood for feeding. They show distinct host preferences depending on behavioral, ecological, and physiological factors. Knowledge of the feeding behavior of Aedes albopictus, one of the primary vectors of Dengue, is critical in disease prevention measures. This study was aimed to determine the preference of Ae. albopictus on human blood groups (ABO) and their effects on female fecundity. Laboratory colonies of these mosquitoes were offered O, A, B, and AB blood via artificial membrane feeders, and blood meal preferences were identified using multiplex allelespecific PCR. Fertility was assessed by the mean number of eggs laid. Results showed that Ae. albopictus species significantly preferred the O blood group compared to others and blood type choice did not affect the fertility of the mosquitoes. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing blood feeding choice of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes directly using human blood, hereby reducing the effects of factors such as odor when using human participants. The results of this study provide a new perspective on the still partially unknown ABO blood group host selection of mosquitoes, promoting the personal protection of individuals in at-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood and blood (plasma) products amuse oneself a crucial function in existence of person's life. In the approach of rigorous science and technology development there is no course of action to produce feigned bases of human blood, hence no substitute for human blood till now. Annually, the millions of patient's lives are safeguard by modern health care services such cases like surgeries, cancer treatment, trauma, organ transplantation and during childbirth. The role of (Centre for biological evaluation and research) which was organized by Food and Drug Administration, the World Health Organization protects the public health by secure and supply of biological products whenever is needed and also provided expedient information about biological products. Evaluation criteria for national blood regulatory system "blood regulation network" that describes about divine rights and functions of integrated blood regulations. The interior consequence includes authorization of blood firm marketing, benchmark of clinical investigation, complete data regarding patient blood management. Though, the strict or precise regulatory framework is not yet provided. The corona virus disease-2019 epidemic has wreaked havoc on several countries health-care systems. The voluntary blood donation camps were discontinued due to early government measures such as widespread lockdown and restriction strategies toward public gatherings. This study examines the recorded regulatory guidelines in case of blood and blood products, in addition of hemovigilance, as set forth by the United States food and drug administration, the Europe, and India, as well as the scenario during corona virus disease-2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a pure biopolymer with abundant sources. BC has been used in wound dressings, artificial blood vessels, bone tissue engineering, and other applications because of its microporosity, superior water retention, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. The tensile strength of pure BC in wet state is weak, and the water holding capacity is above 90%, which limits its application. However, the mechanical properties of dehydrated BC are excellent at the expense of toughness, which is not enough to meet the demand of high additional-value materials, such as high strength flexible electronic device substrate, wearable electronic devices, vibration film for microphone and earphone, and others. Therefore, it is of great importance to systematically investigate the strategies to improve the mechanical properties of BC. Herein, this paper demonstrates the intrinsic factors affecting the mechanical properties of BC, along with the strategies to enhance the mechanical properties. Compared with the well-known adhesion reinforcement and chemical modification, six strategies to enhance the mechanical properties were discussed thoroughly in this paper. In addition, layer-by-layer self-assembly and orderly arrangement of fibrils are proposed in this paper to improve the mechanical properties of BC, which have not been described in detail in previous literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of tranexamic acid supplemented with local infiltration analgesia in reducing blood loss in patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). This retrospective study was conducted on 176 individuals with a mean age of 64.27 (standard deviation [SD], 7.16) years undergoing unicompartmental cemented knee arthroplasty. The patients were divided into three groups according to patient blood management: I, patients without additional bleeding protocol (control group); II, patients intravenously administered tranexamic acid (TXA) (TXA group); and III, patients with exact TXA protocol combined with intraoperative local infiltration analgesia (LIA) (TXA + LIA group). Blood loss was measured as a substitute for blood loss by the maximal haemoglobin (Hb) drop compared with the preoperative Hb level. The mean Hb drops for the control, TXA, and TXA + LIA groups were 2.24 (16.0%), 2.14 (15.4%), and 1.81 (12.6%) g/dl, respectively. The mean hospitalisation days for patients in the control, TXA, and TXA + LIA groups were 5.91 (SD 1.24), 5.16 (SD 0.95), and 4.51 (SD 0.71) days, respectively. The combination of TXA with LIA reduces perioperative blood loss for patients after UKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to develop easy-to-implement concomitant field-compensated gradient waveforms with varying velocity-weighting (M1) and acceleration-weighting (M2) levels and to evaluate their efficacy in correcting signal dropouts and preserving the black-blood state in liver diffusion-weighted imaging. Additionally, we seek to determine an optimal degree of compensation that minimizes signal dropouts while maintaining blood signal suppression. Methods: Numerically optimized gradient waveforms were adapted using a novel method that allows for the simultaneous tuning of M1- and M2-weighting by changing only one timing variable. Seven healthy volunteers underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) with five diffusion encoding schemes (monopolar, velocity-compensated (M1 = 0), acceleration-compensated (M1 = M2 = 0), 84%-M1–M2-compensated, 67%-M1–M2-compensated) at b-values of 50 and 800 s/mm2 at a constant echo time of 70 ms. Signal dropout correction and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were quantified using regions of interest in the left and right liver lobe. The blood appearance was evaluated using two five-point Likert scales. Results: Signal dropout was more pronounced in the left lobe (19%-42% less signal than in the right lobe with monopolar scheme) and best corrected by acceleration-compensation (8%-10% less signal than in the right lobe). The black-blood state was best with monopolar encodings and decreased significantly (p < 0.001) with velocity- and/or acceleration-compensation. The partially M1–M2-compensated encoding schemes could restore the black-blood state again. Strongest ADC bias occurred for monopolar encodings (difference between left/right lobe of 0.41 μm2/ms for monopolar vs. < 0.12 μm2/ms for the other encodings). Conclusion: All of the diffusion encodings used in this study demonstrated suitability for routine DWI application. The results indicate that a perfect value for the level of M1–M2-compensation does not exist. However, among the examined encodings, the 84%-M1–M2-compensated encodings provided a suitable tradeoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]