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Objectives: To evaluate serum calcium, assess creatinine's muscle function marker, and analyze BUN as a protein metabolism indicator in renal failure. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tehsil Samahni District Bhimber Kashmir. Period: April 2020 to July 2020. Methods: A total of 90 subjects, including 60 with renal failure and 30 healthy individuals from Tehsil Samahni District Bhimber Kashmir registered with THQ hospital for dialysis, were categorized by age and gender. Blood samples were collected after the written consent of each patient and analyzed for serum calcium, serum creatinine, and BUN using an automated analyzer. Ninety subjects were divided into groups based on age and gender. Blood samples were collected and subjected to serum calcium, serum creatinine, and BUN assays using an automated analyzer to evaluate renal function and calcium homeostasis. Results: Serum creatinine levels were significantly elevated in all renal failure groups compared to the healthy group, indicating impaired renal function. However, serum calcium levels remained relatively stable across all groups. Notably, BUN levels were significantly higher in all renal failure groups except for females aged 1-40 years. Conclusion: Renal failure is indicated by elevated serum creatinine, highlighting kidney dysfunction, while serum calcium stability may not be indicative of renal failure. Elevated BUN levels imply disrupted protein metabolism, underlining the complex role of these biomarkers in renal health, and necessitating refinement of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for renal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the correlation of HbA1c with hemoglobin concentration, RWD, and other red cell indices in Type II diabetes mellitus female patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Physiology, Al Nafees Medical College, and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Period: January 2019 to December 2020. Material & Methods: The study included 70 adult female diabetic patients, adhering to International Diabetes Federation guidelines. Exclusion criteria encompassed uncontrolled diabetes, pregnancy, renal issues, cardiac failure, and hemoglobinopathies. Laboratory tests, such as Complete Blood Count and HbA1c measurements, were conducted. SPSS version 23 was used for statistical analysis, employing mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation to assess relationships among HbA1c, hemoglobin, Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), and other red cell parameters. Results: A total of 70 female patients with diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus were included in our study with a mean age of 40.45±12.70 years. The Mean±SD of study variables like HbA1c, hemoglobin, MCV, MCHC, RDW, and FBS of the patients was 5.91±0.89%, 11.23±1.59 gm/dl, 76.32±9.50fl, 31.02±3.39mg/dl, 12.78±1.51 and 100.53±15.52mg/dl respectively. A significant correlation between HbA1c and RDW was found and showed that both variables were positively correlated with each other. (r= 320, p=0.001). Conclusion: RDW correlates with HbA1C in female Type II diabetes patients, suggesting CBC, including RDW, as a costeffective diagnostic marker alongside HbA1c for glycemic status assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To find out the effect of iron deficiency anemia HbA1c levels in female patients with and without diabetes by comparing its values in groups. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Physiology department, Al-Nafees Medical College and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2018. Methodology: Study Participants were divided into four groups. Control group A, had females without diabetes and iron deficiency anemia whereas group B had anemic females without diabetes. Study subjects of groups C were having diabetes with anemia where group D females were with diabetes and without iron deficiency anemia. Values of HbA1c were compared in anemic and non-anemic groups, in females with and without diabetes by applying ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey’s Test. Haemoglobin levels, HbA1c, erythrocyte indices and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured. Results: One hundred and forty adult females with and without diabetes were selected in the study. Significant p values were obtained when HbA1c levels of patients with anemia were compared with those without anemia in nondiabetics (p-value <0.00) as well as in diabetic group (p-value=0.048). Pearson correlation also showed significant negative correlation (r= -0.66, p-value <0.00) of haemoglobin levels with HbA1c. Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia was found to be associated with an increase in HbA1c values in females with and without diabetes and hence can affect screening, diagnostic and prognostic efficacy of HbA1c for diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]