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El objetivo del presente documento es mostrar la importancia de los indicadores de gestión y su impacto en los procesos de un sistema de gestión de calidad. El análisis se enfoca al área de la ingeniería civil, área que está en proceso de crecimiento en el país y que se ha convertido en un eslabón importante de la economía nacional. Sin embargo, a nivel latinoamericano se encuentra posicionada en los últimos lugares; debido a esto, se necesita implementar nuevas técnicas y tecnologías que lo aseguren a la estabilidad económica. Para lo anterior se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la importancia de evaluar un sistema de gestión de calidad por medio de indicadores de gestión tal como lo recomienda la ISO 9001:2015, los cuales deben estar conformados para trabajar en pro de una organización de forma que los procesos de producción cuenten con un control que permita tomar decisiones a partir de análisis basados en datos reales ya sean de forma cuantitativa o cualitativa. De los indicadores de gestión se analizan diferentes factores como su tipología, su aplicación, algunos de los cálculos más utilizados, así mismo se realiza una explicación sobre la normatividad vigente a nivel de la norma ISO 9001 y se muestra en recuento de su historia, además se explican los pasos mínimos a seguir para plantear un indicador se gestión y la forma en que éste deberá ser evaluado. Finalmente, se concluye sobre la aplicación de estos indicadores y sus beneficios al integrarlos a un sistema de gestión de calidad en una organización. Contenido 1. Introducción...… 5 2. Normatividad …. 6 3. Historia...… 8 4. Filosofía Lean construcción...… 9 5. Indicadores de gestión...… 11 6. Modelo matemático ...… 13 7. Los indicadores en la construcción...… 14 7.1 Indicadores para la fase de diseño...… 15 7.2 Indicadores de construcción...… 17 8. ¿Cómo planear un indicador?...… 20 9. Ejemplo de indicador de gestión...… 24 10. Conclusiones ...… 31 11. Bibliografía...… 33 The objective of this document is to show the importance of management indicators and their impact on the processes of a quality management system. This is done focused on the area of civil engineering, an area that is in the process of growth in the country and that it is has become an important link in the national economy. However, in Latin America it is positioned in the last places and because of this it needs to implement new techniques and technologies that will strengthen its stability. For the above, a bibliographic review was carried out on the importance of evaluating a quality management system through management indicators as recommended by ISO 9001: 2015, which must be shape to work in well organization so that production processes have a control that allows decisions to be made based on analysis based on real data, either quantitatively or qualitatively. Of the management indicators, different factors are analyzed such as their typology, their application, some of the most used calculations, as well as an explanation of the current regulations at the level of the ISO 9001 standard and it is shown in a count of its history, in addition The minimum steps to follow to propose a management indicator and the way in which it should be evaluated are explained. Finally, it is concluded on the application of these indicators and their benefits when integrating them to a quality management system in an organization. Pregrado

Este estudio analiza las habilidades de escucha crítica de los estudiantes de octavo grado de un colegio público, soportadas por el diseño y la implementación de talleres localizados enfocados en problemáticas locales controversiales, diseñados por la docente. Los hallazgos revelaron que la elaboración de significados críticos por parte de los estudiantes, la adopción de una postura crítica y la sugerencia de soluciones alternativas por parte de los estudiantes, surgieron de la reflexión sobre las problemáticas locales controversiales enmarcadas en las actividades de escucha critica. Asimismo, los resultados desentrañaron criterios del ser y del saber en los materiales localizados orientados al desarrollo de las habilidades de escucha crítica en los estudiantes. Los materiales propusieron actividades desafiantes orientadas al desarrollo de la escucha crítica, soportadas por el uso crítico de estrategias de aprendizaje, que motivaron la participación de los estudiantes y sus aprendizajes en cuanto al establecimiento de relaciones de causa y efecto, beneficiando su compromiso con el desarrollo de las actividades. Finalmente, las problemáticas locales controversiales ayudaron a aumentar el vocabulario y las opiniones de los estudiantes antes de reflexionar y discutir; también expresaron sus opiniones sobre problemáticas reales en su contexto escolar y comunitario utilizando el vocabulario aprendido en clase. This qualitative action research study describes what is unveiled about eighth graders’ critical listening skills supported by the design and implementation of teacher-created localized workshops focused on controversial local issues at a public school. The study was conducted with 14 eighth graders at a public school. The instruments used for data collection were students’ artifacts, teacher’s field notes and a focus group interview. Findings revealed that students’ critical meaning making, and stances and alternative solutions emerged from reflection on local issues about listening comprehension activities. They also unveiled that reflection on local issues motivated student’s meaning making, critical stances, and alternatives solutions. Additionally, listening comprehension activities helped students to make sense of the language. Likewise, results unraveled criteria of being and knowledge in teacher-created localized workshops for students’ critical listening skills. As such, the materials proposed challenging critical listening-oriented activities that raised students’ participation and cause- effect learning outcomes and conscious use of learning strategies that benefited engagement and activity completion. Finally, controversial local issues were an opportunity to increase students’ vocabulary and opinions before reflecting and discussing; they also expressed their opinions about real issues in their school and community context: using vocabulary studied in class. Maestría Magíster en Educación (Modalidad Investigación)

Concern about environmental pollution has grown in the last few decades, amongst both specialists in the field and society at large. This concern is reflected in the numerous studies that have been published on this topic in recent years. Soil pollution has been somewhat neglected as a topic of study, relative to air and water pollution, which are considered harmful to human life. However, soil pollution is a particularly serious problem because of the impact on soil functioning and on the ecosystem as a whole. Although natural processes such as volcanic activity and weathering of the parent material contribute to soil pollution, anthropogenic activities represent the main cause of soil pollution. Apart from some accidental events, most pollution is generated by human activities such as industrial processes, transportation, construction, uncontrolled discharges, waste generation and agriculture. Agricultural land is particularly sensitive to pollution, partly because certain agricultural practices (soil preparation and tillage, soil fertilization, grazing, etc.) may affect basic soil properties, and partly because the soils usually display poor resilience. However, pollutants often reach already degraded agricultural soils and their impact will therefore be added to existing effects. The pollutants most frequently encountered in the agricultural sector include heavy metals, petroleum derived products, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and fertilizers. Soil enzymes such as oxidoreductases and hydrolases have been widely used to investigate the impact of different pollutants on agricultural soils. However, the study findings are often inconclusive, because the impact of a given pollutant on the activity of different soil enzymes is influenced by various factors. In this report, we analyze the findings of different studies concerning pollution of agricultural soils., EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol 22 (2016)

Salt-marsh soils are soils characterized by non-permanent hydric saturation that, depending on factors like duration of submersion periods, are dominated by different salt-tolerant plant species. The composition of microbial communities is an essential component in trophic dynamics and biogeochemical processes in salt marshes, and determines the level of enzymatic activities, which catalyze the conversion of complex molecules into simpler ones. Despite of this, the enzymatic activities in marsh-soils has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze the enzymatic activities in two soil profiles of marsh-soils under different water saturation level and dominated by different plant species [Juncus maritimus Lam and Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald (Sp)]. In both soils, the enzymatic activities were much lower than the levels typically found in terrestrial ecosystems. The enzymatic activities were measured both in air-dried and in re-moistened and incubated soil samples. In air-dried samples, the enzymatic activities were higher in Juncus than in Spartina soil and tended to decrease with depth, being sharper the decrease in Juncus than in Spartina soil. Re-moistened and pre-incubated soils showed a general increase in all the enzymatic activities and throughout the whole soil profile, especially in Spartina soils. Hydrolase activities showed a strong and positive relationship with organic matter content both in air-dried and in re-moistened soil samples, higher in these latter. In general, oxidoreductase activities only showed this relationship in re-moistened soil samples. More studies, preferably using freshly collected soil samples, are needed to understand the relationship between enzymatic activities and these environmental conditions., EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol 19 (2015)

Salt marsh soils are characterized by temporary hydric saturation and by vegetation cover that is dominated by different salt-tolerant plant species depending on factors such as duration of submersion. The composition of microbial communities is an essential component of trophic dynamics and biogeochemical processes in salt marshes and determines the activities of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of complex molecules into simpler ones. However, enzymatic activities have not yet been investigated in salt marsh soils. The aim of this study was to analyze the activities of some oxidoreductase and hydrolase enzymes in two salt marsh soils affected by different levels of water saturation and covered by vegetation dominated by different plant species [Juncus maritimus Lam and Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald]. The enzyme activities were measured both in air-dried (only) and in air-dried, re-moistened soil samples. The activities in soils under both types of vegetation were much lower than usually found in terrestrial ecosystems. However, in the air-dried samples, the enzyme activities were higher in the soil under Juncus than in the soil under Spartina and tended to decrease with depth, particularly in the former. The activities of all enzymes considered tended to be higher, throughout the whole soil profile, in the re-moistened than in the air-dried soils, especially in the soil under Spartina. Hydrolase activity was strongly and positively related to organic matter content in both air-dried and re-moistened soil samples, particularly in the latter. By contrast, oxidoreductase activity was generally only related to organic matter content in the re-moistened soil samples. Further studies, preferably with freshly collected soil samples, are required to clarify the relationship between enzymatic activities and environmental conditions.

La situación actual de la educación a nivel universitario en el país, se encuentra marcada por la ausencia de formación pedagógica de quienes se desempeñan como profesores universitarios, debido a que es la experiencia que se tiene en el campo laboral, el bagaje, conocimientos y práctica como profesional, los que priman al momento de ser elegido para desempeñarse como profesor universitario en un área determinada. Sin embargo, aunque poseer el saber teórico es importante, no deberá dejarse de lado el hecho que para transmitir un conocimiento e incentivar al aprendizaje y a la investigación, es necesario contar con una formación mínima, teniendo en cuenta que ésta es fundamental para brindar una educación de calidad, ya que, al contar con las herramientas y fundamentos pedagógicos y didácticos para desarrollar el proceso de enseñanza, el docente logrará motivar al estudiante para aprender más y más, además sembrará en él, un compromiso social como futuro profesional. Finalmente, se tiene el propósito de lograr una reflexión por parte de las Universidades del país, frente a las pautas exigidas para la vinculación de profesionales, que conformarán su grupo docente. The current situation of university education in the country, is marked by the absence of pedagogical training of those working as university teachers, because is the experience you have in the workplace, the background, knowledge and professional practice, the keynote at the time of being chosen to serve as a university teacher. However, although possess theoretical knowledge is important, it should not be overlooked the fact that to transmit knowledge and encourage learning and research are needed minimal training, considering that it is essential to provide education quality, because, having the tools and pedagogical and didactic foundations to develop the teaching process, teachers motivate students to achieve learning more and more, plus you sow it, a social commitment like future professional. Finally, the purpose is to achieve a reflection by universities in the country, compared to the guidelines required for bonding of professionals that shape them teaching group.

El desarrollo del archivo docente de imágenes diagnósticas, permite compartir y difundir el conocimiento de la colección de casos e imágenes radiológicas con rapidez y facilidad al personal de la Clínica Fundación Cardio-Infantil – Instituto de Cardiología, a través por portal web “e-cardio”, contribuyendo en la formación académica del personal médico, técnico y administrativo. The development of diagnostic imaging teaching file, allows , to share and spread the knowledge of a collection of actual cases and scans faster and of easier access to them by all staff of Clínica Fundación Cardioinfantil – IC, through the web portal "e-cardio", thus contributing to the development of the second part of the teaching file. training of medical, technical and administrative professionals.

Introducción: El desarrollo del archivo docente de imágenes diagnósticas, permite al Departamento de Imágenes compartir y difundir el conocimiento de la colección de casos e imágenes radiológicas reales con mayor rapidez y facilidad en el acceso a las mismas por parte de todo el personal de la Clínica Fundación Cardio-Infantil – Instituto de Cardiología, a través por portal web “e-cardio”, contribuyendo así en la formación académica del personal médico, técnico y administrativo. Metodología: Este trabajo no responde a ningún tipo de estudio epidemiológico, sino a una colección de imágenes y reseñas radiológicas de casos de patología torácica y cardiovascular, procedentes de pacientes de la Fundación Cardioinfantil – Instituto de Cardiología, con el fin de conformar un archivo digital docente. Resultados: Se recolectaron 1.148 radiografías impresas, previamente rotuladas según el Index for Radiological Diagnoses 4 edición y de archivos individuales 3.512 imágenes. Utilizando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se realizó la selección de imágenes para continuar el procedimiento. Se descartaron 278 radiografías impresas por no tener rotulo, estar en mal estado general, o rotulación incorrecta. En el caso de los archivos digitales, se descartaron 1435 imágenes, utilizando el mismo procedimiento. Conclusión: Iniciar la conformación y montaje del primer archivo docente de la Clínica Fundación Cardioinfantil – Instituto de Cardiología. Motivar a los profesionales médicos de la Clínica Fundación Cardio Infantil, y especialmente a los residentes de Radiología, para que estén en un proceso de aprendizaje continúo, fortaleciendo su autoevaluación, y todo ello para beneficio final de los pacientes y de la misma Institución. Introduction: The development of diagnostic imaging teaching file, allows the Department of Radiology, to share and spread the knowledge of a collection of actual cases and scans faster and of easier access to them by all staff of Clínica Fundación Cardioinfantil – IC, through the web portal "e-cardio", thus contributing to the academic training of medical, technical and administrative professionals. Methodology: This study does not respond to any epidemiological type, but is a collection of radiological images and reviews of cases of thoracic and cardiovascular pathology from patients of Clínica Fundación Cardioinfantil – IC, in order to form a digital teaching file. Results: We collected 1,148 printed radiographs previously labeled according to the Index for Radiological Diagnoses 4 edition and 3,512 images for the individual files. Using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we performed the selection of images to continue the procedure. 278 radiographs were discarded for not having printed tagline, be in poor condition, or incorrect labeling. For digital files, 1435 images were discarded, using the same procedure. Conclusion: Launch the formation and assembly of the first teaching file of the Clínica Fundación Cardioinfantil – Instituo de Cardiologia. Motivating medical professionals and especially the residents of Radiology, to be in a process of continuous learning, strengthen your self-assessment, and all for the ultimate benefit of patients and the institution.

Capitulo de revisión de los estudios y patologias más frecuentemente valorados en neuroimágenes, con imágenes propias del archivo de neuroradiología de la Fundación Cardio Infantil y algoritmos de interpretación. Revision chapter concerning the most commonly visualized neuro images an pathology with images aquired from the neuroradiology section from fundación cardio Infantil and management algorithms.

Actinomicetos mineralizadores de fosfato involucrados en la interacción radical de Glomus sp. - trébol blanco. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la capacidad de los actinomicetos para mineralizar fósforo orgánico y su interacción rizosférica con micorrizas en Trifolium repens L. (trébol blanco). En enero de 2009, en el laboratorio de la Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA) de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia, se cuantificó la actividad fosfatasa de Streptomyces sp. (cepa MCR9), Streptomyces sp. (cepa MCR26) y Thermobifida sp. (cepa MCR24) con la técnica del p-nitrofenil fosfato. Thermobifida sp. (cepa MCR24) presentó la menor actividad. La inoculación de solo actinomicetos presentó valores mayores de fósforo inorgánico en suelo, mientras que la concentración de fósforo a nivel foliar fue mayor cuando había co-inoculación actinomiceto-Glomus sp., a excepción de la cepa Thermobifida sp. (cepa MCR24). La co-inoculación con los actinomicetos y Glomus sp. estimuló la producción de biomasa y el porcentaje de colonización. Se determinó la capacidad para mineralizar fósforo orgánico por los actinomicetos al asociarse con Glomus sp. de forma sinérgica y benéfica tanto para la planta como para la micorriza. Se realizó el análisis de la varianza y prueba de “t” ALS (P

EGU General Assembly, Viena (2011), This study aimed at comparing the composition and activity of cultivable microbial populations of bulk soil of two adjacent organically farmed rice paddies (A and B) differing in the stage of the rice crop rotation. The crop rotation was: alfafa (2 years) and rice (2 years) and the paddies studied were in the first (A) and second year (B) of rice crop. Triplicate composite soil samples were collected in both paddies at 3 different stages of rice culture: before seeding (April), maximum tillering (July), and after harvesting (September).

159 páginas : ilustraciones color., En este documento se presenta el estudio de impacto ambiental de la concesión minera 1982T, mina el Sauzal, localizada en la vereda de San Judas Tadeo del municipio de Tópaga (Boyacá). La extracción de carbón mineral en la minería subterránea tiene como objetivo explotar de una forma razonable y coherente el mineral de interés en las diferentes fases del proceso de extracción, lo que puede generar impacto ambiental, el cual debe ser por debajo de lo establecido y así cuidar nuestros recursos hídricos, fauna y flora de esta zona. Lo importante no solo es la parte económica, que genere desarrollo al municipio o que sea una fuente de empleo para sus habitantes, sino que a su vez, la minería se realice en forma muy responsable sin generar impactos ambientales. Con la línea ambiental se estableció el grado de sensibilidad ambiental frente a las diferentes etapas del proyecto, se efectuó análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los impactos positivos y negativos generados de la actividad minera (explotación de carbón) en sus diferentes etapas por medio de las matrices de “Leopold”. Con la identificación y evaluación de los impactos ambientales, se estableció la relevancia de estos dentro del proyecto y se resaltó en que etapas puede ocurrir, para obtener así una base de datos que permita realizar el Plan de Manejo Ambiental para esta Mina. Con la elaboración de 18 fichas donde se plantean diferentes medidas, acciones y tecnologías con el fin de prevenir, controlar, mitigar y reparar los impactos identificados durante el desarrollo del proyecto. El estudio además contiene un plan de contingencia donde se describen los procedimientos y estrategias necearías para contra-restar las amenazas ambientales que se presenten y que a su vez al implantarlos y ponerlos en práctica con efectividad y eficacia, se minimizaran los impactos ambientales generados por la extracción de carbón mineral., In this document one presents the study of the environmental impact of the mining concession 1982T mines the Sauzal, located in San Judas Tadeo’s path of Topaga's municipality (Boyacá). The extraction of mineral coal in the underground mining industry has as objetive exploit of a reasonable and coherent form the mineral of interest in the different phases of the process of extraction, which can generate environmental impact, which must be below the established and this way take care of our water resources, fauna and flora of this zone. The important thing is not the economic part that generates development to the municipality or that is a source of employment for your inhabitants, but the mining industry is realized in very responsible form without generating environmental impacts. With the environmental line there was established the degree of environmental sensibility opposite to the different stages of the project, there was effected qualitative and quantitative analysis of the positive and negatives impacts generated of the mining activity (coal exploitation) in its different stages by means of the counterfoils of "Leopold". With the identification and evaluation of the environmental impacts, the relevancy was established of these inside the project and was highlighted in that stages it can happen, to obtain this way a database that allows realizing the Plan of Environmental Managing for this Mine. With the elaboration of 18 cards where different measures, actions and technologies appear in order to anticipate, to control, to mitigate and to repair the impacts identified during the development of the project. The study in addition contains a plan of contingency where the procedures and necessary strategies are described to counter-reduce the environmental threats that they present and that in turn on having implanted them and put them into practice with efficiency, were minimizing the environmental impacts generated by the extraction of mineral coal., Bibliografía: página 114., Incluye anexos, Pregrado, Ingeniero Geólogo