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In this study, we investigate excitonic properties of epitaxially grown WS2, which is of particular interest for various applications due to its potential for upscaling to wafer sized structures. Understanding the effect of the dielectric environment due to changing layer numbers and multi-material heterostructures on the optical properties is crucial for tailoring device properties. Monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope is employed to characterize the excitonic spectrum of WS2 on graphene grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. This technique provides the required spatial resolution at the nanometer scale in combination with high quality spectra. To complement the experimental results, theoretical investigations using density functional theory and applying the Bethe-Salpeter equations are conducted. We find that by transitioning from mono- to bi- to multilayers of WS2 the spectra show redshifts for both, the K-valley excitons at about 2.0 and 2.4 eV as well as excitonic features of higher energies. The latter features originate from so called band nesting of transitions between the Gamma- and K-point. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the excitonic properties of WS2 in different layer configurations and environments, which are realistically needed for future device fabrication and property tuning. Finally, we can show that nanometer scale electron spectroscopy supported by careful theoretical modelling can successfully link atomic structure and optical properties, such as exciton shifts, in non-idealized complex material systems like multilayer 2D heterostructures., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have received a lot of interest over the past decade. Especially van der Waals (vdW) 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and their heterostructures exhibit semiconducting properties that make them highly suitable for novel device applications. Controllable mixing and matching of the 2D materials with different properties and a precise control of the in-plane twist angle in these heterostructures are essential to achieve superior properties and need to be established through large-scale device fabrication. To gain fundamental insight into the control of these twist angles, 2D heterostructures of tungsten disulfide (WS2) and graphene grown by bottom-up synthesis via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are investigated using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Specifically, the combination of conventional high-resolution imaging with scanning nano beam diffraction (SNBD) using advanced 4D STEM techniques is used to analyze moir\'e structures. The latter technique is used to reveal the epitaxial alignment within the WS2/Gr heterostructure, showing a direct influence of the underlying graphene layers on the moir\'e formation in the subsequent WS2 layers. In particular, the importance of grain boundaries within the underlying WS2 and Gr layers for the formation of moir\'e patterns with rotation angles below 2{\deg} is discussed., Comment: 21 pages including the main article and supporting information, 5 figures (main text), 14 figures (supporting), submitted to Advanced Materials - Wiley

Characterizing long-range electric fields and built-in potentials in functional materials at nano- to micrometer scales is of supreme importance for optimizing devices. E.g., the functionality of semiconductor heterostructures or battery materials is determined by the electric fields established at interfaces which can also vary spatially. In this study, we propose momentum-resolved four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) for the quantification of these potentials and show the optimization steps required to reach quantitative agreement with simulations for the GaAs / AlAs hetero-junction model system. Using STEM the differences in the mean inner potentials (DELTA MIP) of two materials forming an interface and resulting dynamic diffraction effects have to be considered. We show that the measurement quality is significantly improved by precession, energy filtering and a non-zone-axis alignment of the specimen. Complementary simulations yielding a DELTA MIP of 1.3 V confirm that the potential drop due to charge transfer at the intrinsic interface is about 0.1 V, in agreement with experimental and theoretical values found in literture. These results show the feasibility of accurately measuring built-in potentials across hetero-interfaces of real device structures and its promising application for more complex interfaces of other polycrystalline materials on the nanometer scale.

Functionalized adamantane molecular cluster materials show highly transient nonlinear optical properties of currently unclear structural origin. Several interaction mechanisms in compounds comprising molecular clusters, their inter- and intramolecular interactions as well as the interplay of their electronic systems and vibrations of their backbone are viable concepts to explain these nonlinear optical properties. We show that transient Coulomb forces also have to be considered as they can lead to intramolecular structure transformations and intermolecular rearrangements in the crystal. Both strongly influence the nonlinear optical properties. Moreover, selective bromine functionalization can trigger a photochemical rearrangement of the molecules. The structure and chemical bonding within the compounds are investigated in dependence on the laser irradiation at different stages of their nonlinear emission by electron diffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The transient structural and chemical states observed are benchmarked by similar observations during electron irradiation, which makes quantification of structural changes possible and allows the correlation with first principles calculations. The functionalization and its subsequent usage to exploit photochemical effects can either enhance two-photon absorption or facilitate white-light emission rather than second-harmonic generation.

Amorphous materials are integral part of todays technology, they commonly are performant and versatile in integration. Consequently, future applications increasingly aim to harvest the potential of the amorphous state. Establishing its structure-property relationship, however, is inherently challenging using diffraction-based techniques yet is extremely desirable for developing advanced functionalities. In this article, we introduce a set of transmission electron microscopy-based techniques to locally quantify the structure of a material. This unique approach allows to clearly identify the spatial distribution of amorphous and crystalline regions and to quantify atomic arrangements of amorphous regions of a representative model system. We study an ensemble of well-defined, functionalized adamantane-type cluster molecules exhibiting exceptionally promising nonlinear optical properties of unclear origin. The nanoscopic structure for three model compounds ([(PhSn)4S6], [(NpSn)4S6], [(CpSn)4S6]) correlates with their characteristic optical responses. These results highlight the advantageous properties of amorphous molecular materials when understanding the microscopic origin., Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures

Thin GaP films can be grown on an exact Si(001) substrate with nearly perfect lattice match. We perform all-optical pump-probe measurements to investigate the ultrafast electron-phonon coupling at the buried interface of GaP/Si. Above-bandgap excitation with a femtosecond laser pulse can induce coherent longitudinal optical (LO) phonons both in the GaP opverlayer and in the Si substrate. The coupling of the GaP LO phonons with photoexcited plasma is reduced significantly with decreasing the GaP layer thickness from 56 to 16 nm due to the quasi-two-dimensional confinement of the plasma. The same laser pulse can also generate coherent longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonons in the form of a strain pulse. The strain induces not only a periodic modulation in the optical reflectivity as they propagate in the semiconductors, but also a sharp spike when it arrives at the GaP layer boundaries. The acoustic pulse induced at the GaP/Si interface is remarkably stronger than that at the Si surface, suggesting a possible application of the GaP/Si heterostructure as an opto-acoustic transducer. The amplitude and the phase of the reflectivity modulation varies with the GaP layer thickness, which can be understood in terms of the interference caused by the multiple acoustic pulses generated at the top surface and at the buried interface., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures

We report on the optical generation and detection of ultrashort acoustic pulses that propagate in three-dimensional semiconductor crystals. Photoexcitaiton of lattice-matched GaP layers grown on Si(001) gives rise to a sharp spike in transient reflectivity due to the acoustic pulse generated at the GaP/Si interface and detected at the GaP surface and vice versa. The extremely short width of the reflectivity spike, 0.5 ps, would translate to a spatial extent of 3 nm or 10 atomic bilayers, which is comparable with the width of the intermixing layer at the GaP/Si interface. The reflectivity signals are also modified by quasi-periodic Brillouin oscillations of GaP and Si arising from the acoustic pulses during the propagation in the crystals. The present results demonstrate the potential application of the simple optical pump-probe scheme in the nondestructive evaluation of the buried semiconductor interface quality., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

We apply hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) to investigate the electronic structures in ~50-nm thick epitaxial GaP layers grown on Si(001) under different conditions. Depth profiles of the local binding energies for the core levels are obtained by measuring the photoemission spectra at different incident photon energies between 3 and 7 keV and analyzing them with simple numerical models. The obtained depth profiles are in quantitative agreement with the band bending determinations for the same samples in a previous coherent phonon spectroscopic study. Our results demonstrate the applicability of the HAXPES with varying incident photon energy to characterize the electric potential profiles at buried semiconductor heterointerfaces.

Project ILATO focuses on Improving Limited Angle computed Tomography by Optical data integration in order to enhance image quality and shorten acquisition times in X-ray based industrial quality inspection. Limited angle computed tomography is indicated whenever specimen dimensions exceed cone beam limits or the object is impenetrable from certain angles. Thus, acquiring only a subset of a full circle CT scan poses problems for reconstruction algorithms due to incomplete data which introduces blurred edges and other artifacts. To support volumetric data reconstruction algorithm a surface mesh of the object obtained via structured light optical scan acts as a mask defining boundaries of the reconstructed image. The registration of optically acquired surfaces with data acquired from computed tomography is our current challenge. This article presents our setup, the methods applied and discusses the problems arising from registration of data sets created with considerably different imaging techniques., Comment: Part of the OAGM 2014 proceedings (arXiv:1404.3538)

Network analysis provides a powerful framework for the interpretation of genome-wide data. While static network approaches have proved fruitful, there is increasing interest in the insights gained from the analysis of cellular networks under different conditions. In this work, we study the effect of stress on cellular networks in fission yeast. Stress elicits a sophisticated and large scale cellular response, involving a shift of resources from cell growth and metabolism towards protection and maintenance. Previous work has suggested that these changes can be appreciated at the network level. In this paper, we study two types of cellular networks: gene co-regulation networks and weighted protein interaction networks. We show that in response to oxidative stress, the co-regulation networks re-organize towards a more modularised structure: while sets of genes become more tightly co-regulated, co-regulation between these modules is decreased. This shift translates into longer average shortest path length, increased transitivity, and decreased modular overlap in these networks. We also find a similar change in structure in the weighted protein interaction network in response to both oxidative stress and nitrogen starvation, confirming and extending previous findings. These changes in network structure could represent an increase in network robustness and/or the emergence of more specialised functional modules. Additionally, we find stress induces tighter co-regulation of non-coding RNAs, decreased functional importance of splicing factors, as well as changes in the centrality of genes involved in chromatin organization, cytoskeleton organization, cell division, and protein turnover., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures + supplementary materials, Molecular Biosystems, Received 30 Nov 2012, Accepted 27 Feb 2013