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В статье описывается методы получения информации о деятельности биологических объектов. Наиболее универсальное отражение состояния биологического объекта показывает температура, так как является характеристикой мощности инфракрасного излучения. В работе отмечается, что при анализе результатов исследования используются методы визуального отображения информации, позволяющие не только отображать информацию о температуре в точках измерения, но и на основе данных измерений строить двумерные карты распределения температур. Также рассматривается возможность использования вычислительных систем в диагностических комплексах.

Therapeutic significance in the studies of HIFU-induced effects of is attached to the local heating of tissues, but the role of the mechanical component caused by non-stationary cavitation is practically not taken into account. Calculations show that the temperature inside cavitation bubbles can differ significantly from the temperature in the thermal ablation zone, and the developing temperature gradient can change the formation of the thermal field. Collapsing bubbles can cause mechanical destruction of tissues.

Data describing the effects of ultrasound upon biological objects of blood serum is analyzed in the paper. Biophysical as well as medical aspects of tissue reactions caused by ultrasound are considered in fine detail including the immune complexes’ dissociation processes accompanied by releasing of antibodies and antigens that used to be present in bound form and have been inaccessible for revelation by means of laboratory tests. The prospects of using ultrasonic techniques in laboratory diagnostics are presented using HIV-infection as an example.

Medicine pays great attention to the study of microbial organizations on surfaces and in body cavities. In dentistry, it is scientifically proven that plaque microorganisms are the cause of the appearance and development of dental caries. Representatives of the microflora that causes dental caries belong to the normal flora of the oral cavity. Regarding the microbial beginning, a paradigm is currently being developed that this pathology arises due to a violation of the dynamic balance between the forces of opposing, opposing biological objects macroand microorganisms. Recently, studies have begun to address the problem of the symbiosis of microorganisms on biological objects in the form of biofilms. Depending on the tasks that researchers in this field set themselves, the attitude towards microorganisms changes from negative to exactly opposite. This situation makes it relevant to consider the relationship between representatives of the oral microflora. Understanding the interactions between them can help in choosing a therapeutic effect with optimal parameters (type, method, strength, duration). The purpose of this article is to consider the possibility of representing the relationship between the associates of an oral biotope using mathematical analysis. n general, when processing dynamic statistics use similar mathematical formulas. The formula of adhesion index Lactobacillus paracasei 1 is most adapted to the purposes of our research. We will replace in it PA on antagonistic activity, DK1 on number of microorganisms at lower KPU, DK2 on number of microorganisms at higher KPU, Dop on number of microorganisms at the minimum KPU possible for acceptance for the norm. In this case, we get an expression by which we can assess with a certain degree of accuracy the antagonistic activity of the microorganisms-associates of the oral habitat studied by the staff of UMSA. The calculation of the formula can be done using mathematical online calculators. The authors, on the basis of studies carried out at the bases of the departments of therapeutic dentistry, microbiology, virology and immunology (UMSA, Poltava), as well as the methods of mathematical accounting used in medicine in such studies, put forward their own approach to accounting for the relationship between the associates of oral biocenosis. One type of symbiotic relationship is antagonism. The antagonistic activity of representatives of the oral biotope was taken as the basis for determining intermicrobial interactions: corynebacteria (Corinebacterium), Candida fungi, hemolytic streptococci (S. γ-haemolyticus, to which S. Mutans belongs). The determination of the antagonistic activity of the representatives of the oral biotope was carried out at different intensities of the carious process. It showed that in most cases this is possible. Symbiotic relationships within the oral biocenosis can manifest as antagonism, as indicated by the antagonistic activity index, which in most cases can be calculated. Antagonistic activity can be determined more precisely, for which it is necessary to choose the most suitable methods. Populations of bacteria, plants, animals any living species, getting into favorable conditions, increase their numbers exponentially. After some time, due to the excessive size of the population, the habitat is depleted and destroyed. There is an ecological crisis, during which the population is rapidly declining to a level lower than the degraded capacity of the environment. There is a collapse. If during the collapse of the environment is gradually restored, then the population increases. It is in the stabilization phase, and its number will fluctuate at a level set by the capacity of the environment. If not, the population is extinct. The antagonistic activity of the biocenosis associates can serve as an indicator of their transition to the “conditionally pathogenic pathogenic” line. An insignificant increase in S. γ-haemolyticus colonies with an increase in the intensity of caries forces us to pay more attention to the study of the cariogenic representative of this group of microorganisms. The data on antagonistic activity can be used in carrying out hygienic measures and in the use of methods of influencing the oral microbiocenosis in the treatment of caries. These data on antagonistic activity may have predictive value.

Analysis of bioinformatics data is an actual problem in modern computational biology and applied mathematics. With the development of biotechnology and tools for obtaining and processing such information, unresolved issues of the development and application of new algorithms and software have emerged.Authors propose practical algorithms and methods for processing transcriptomic data for efficient results of annotation, visualization and interpretation of bioinformatics data.

Popularisation of the key scientific problems occupied a significant place in D. I. Trubetskov’s work. In memory of this fact, the problem of electromagnetic field affecting biological objects is discussed in a popular manner in this article. This problem has more than a century in it’s history, but still being far from the final solution. Objectives. Analyze the problem of the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological objects and social structures as complex multielement systems, and assess the possibility of identifying new effects in their behavior. Methods. As a result of many studies in different countries, by the mid-60s of the twentieth century, an idea was formed about the complex and systemic nature of the influence of electromagnetic fields on biological objects. Therefore, the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological objects and social environments is considered in the work as a problem of external influence on complex multielement interconnected systems, using conceptual approaches of nonlinear dynamics. Results. It is shown that along with the effects of EMF on individual biological objects, there are effects of the influence of the information component of EMF on social systems, the elements of which are people considering as biological objects. The threshold power flux density where the influence effects on the social systems begin to manifest is significantly lower than the one for biological objects. Conclusion. Effective approaches aimed to reduce the negative impact of microwave radiation on humans can be implemented using personal means for monitoring the level and the received dose of radiation – electromagnetic radiation dosimeters, which are actually analogous to thermometers for measuring body temperature.

The micromechanical methods, among which optical trapping and atomic force microscopy have a special place, are widespread currently in biology to study molecular interactions between different biological objects. Optical trapping is reported to be quite applicable to study the mechanical properties of surface structures onto bacterial (pili and flagella) and eukaryotic (filopodia) cells. The review briefly summarizes the physical basis of optical trapping, as well as the principles of calculating the van der Waals, electrostatic, and donor-acceptor forces when two microparticles or a microparticle and a flat surface are used. Three main types of model systems (abiotic, biotic, and mixed) used in trapping experiments are described, and the peculiarities of manipulation with living (bacteria, fungal spores, etc.) and non-spherical objects (e.g., rod-shaped bacteria) are summarized.

The paper considers the possibilities of using in medical practice various cryomethods and techniques of cryopreservation of biological objects to treat the patients with purulent chronic wounds (PCW). The variety of methods and approaches to apply cold in medical practice: general and local cryotherapy, cryosurgery etc. has been emphasized. As a result of using each of these methods, regenerative processes begin, which promote the healing of PCW. Particular attention is paid to cryotechniques, ensuring the preservation of cord blood at low temperatures. Cord blood cells and serum have been shown to have immune modulatory and trophic-stimulating therapeutic effects, that is extremely important when treating the patients with PCW. The issue of combined use of cord blood serum and innovative vacuum therapy for the patients with PCW has been considered. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed 2021; 31(2): 109–115

Using carbon nanotubes for sensing the mass in a biosensor is recently proven as an emerging technology in healthcare industry. This study investigates relative frequency shifts and sensitivity studies of various biological objects such as insulin hormone, immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant type of antibody, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) masses using the single-wall carbon nanotubes as a biomass sensor via continuum mechanics. Uniform distributed mass is applied to the single-wall carbon nanotube mass sensor. In this study, fixed-free and fixed-fixed type single-wall carbon nanotubes with various lengths of relative frequency shifts are studied. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis of fixed-free and fixed-fixed type CNT biological mass sensors is carried out. Moreover, mode shapes studies are performed. The sensitivity results show better, if the length of the single-wall carbon nanotube is reduced.

A specific aspect af the methodology of teaching biology requires students to develop the competence to recognize biological objects to understand and interpret the proceses that take place them. A study of the effect of perception on memory on performance has been describul.

Introduction. Deicing materials (DIM) have technical recommendations for the application to ensure road safety. However, they do not have shared values governing their permissible levels for environmental objects and public health. There are no guidelines for assessing their toxic properties either. The research shows that to solve practical goals, it is necessary to scientifically substantiate the methodology of hygienic assessment of DIMs as a separate group of substances, taking into account their effective concentrations bio testing methods. DIM are saline solutions, and therefore it is worth considering a cell or a unicellular organism as a model to predict their effect on biological objects. However, the methodology for assessing environmental objects’ toxicity using Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates has been approved only for domestic water supply. The purpose of this study is to update the methodology for determining the toxicity of DIM solutions by the generative function of Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates. It considers the high salt content appropriate within the framework of a comprehensive hygienic assessment of reagents. Materials and methods. The research made an ecotoxicological assessment of 2 deicing materials with different ratios оf chlorides of alkali and alkaline-earth metals and evaluating the same reagents’ actual chemical composition using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography. Results. The obtained data indicated less pronounced toxicity of DIM with increased content of calcium ions. The permissible levels of DIM influence on the studied test object have been determined. A control comparison sample is provided. Conclusion. The obtained results specify the need to expand the list of controlled indices in the existing methodology. To assess the toxicity of saline solutions using ciliates, the substantial additions must include studying the morphology of cells in the acute experiment (6 hours), in case of their death within the first hour; it is necessary to control their secondary appearance.

SEFER hA MINAGIM, p. 574 (photo 1), on behalf of an older book, writes that according to Jewish tradition, the navel does not close completely after childbirth, but remains partially open to extract various infections from the body. "From the "greenness" called "gable- zaht" (דזשאָנדַאַס איז קרענק די – disease jaundice), he will take a male pigeon for a man, and a dove for a woman; and put it on the navel, and the pigeon (dove), having drained all the infection from it (the patient), will die. Well-known veterinarian, Dr. Yekutiel Sharabi, owner of an elite veterinary clinic in Northern Tel Aviv, studied the causes of pigeon death after such a session. He found that immediately after treatment with pigeons, the patient's blood bilirubin level decreases by 25%, and recovery lasts an average of 3 days (as opposed to 28 days with conventional treatment). Autopsies of pigeons that died after the session showed liver enlargement and dysfunction. If the session was applied to a healthy person, not a single pigeon died. [1] In this paper, we consider a heuristic method for using quantum teleportation protocols in convergent dualuse biotechnologies based on new physical principles of operation [1-80]. The features of these biotechnologies will be considered within the framework of the possibilities of convalescence of pathological conditions (for example, nosological form: liver damage (lat. jecur, jecor, hepar, etc. - Greek ἧπαρ) by the hepatitis "C" virus (non-A, non-B hepatitis, or NANBH, or HCV infection). A hypothetical convalescence technology can be implemented by preparing cascades of entangled states of biological objects. In fact, this paper implies a certain information exchange in the planet's biogeosphere, hypotheses, protocols, and schemes for implementing these mechanisms based on new physical principles of action (NFP) [1-80].

Питання біологічної безпеки та біозахисту мають важливе значення для репутації та відповідальності кожної наукової установи, будь то дослідницька, наукова чи виробнича. Кожен ризик – яким би малим він не був – повинен бути врахований, оцінений та належним чином пом’якшений. У цій статті ми проводимо огляд основних патогенних біологічних об’єктів, надаємо статистику співвідношення виявлених випадків захворювання та смертності серед основних лабораторно-набутих інфекції (Laboratory-acquired infections) (LAI) та співвідношення виявлених випадків захворювання та смертності серед основних умовно-патогенних біологічних агентів. Розглядаємо підбір заходів, що керують впровадженням біобезпеки та біозахисту в обмежених середовищах, і те, як вони застосовуються в Україні, серед чого визначаємо, які заходи проводять у лабораторії кожного рівня біологічної безпеки (Biological safety levels) (BSL). Коротко характеризуємо особливості контролю за мікробіологічним забрудненням біотехнологічної та фармацевтичної продукції. В результаті проведеного аналізу можемо зробити висновок, що хоча біобезпека та біозахист направлені на здійснення різних цілей, вони часто вирішуються разом, особливо в умовах обмеженого використання, призначені для забезпечення безпеки працівників лабораторій, включають використання різних первинних та вторинних бар’єрів, багато з яких зумовлені появою нових технологій у галузі матеріалознавства та техніки. Biosafety and biosecurity issues are important to the reputation and responsibility of every institution, whether it is research, scientific or industrial. Every risk, no matter how small, must be considered, assessed, and mitigated properly. In this article, we review the main pathogenic biological objects, provide statistics on the ratio of detected cases of disease and mortality among the main laboratory-acquired infections (LAI) and the ratio of detected cases of disease and mortality among the main opportunistic biological agents. We consider the selection of measures that manage the implementation of biosafety and biosecurity in limited environments, and how they are applied in Ukraine, among which we determine what measures are carried out in the laboratory of each biological safety levels BSL level. Briefly describe the features of control over microbiological contamination of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products. As a result of the analysis, we could conclude that although biosafety and biosecurity are aimed at achieving different goals, they are often used together, especially in conditions of limited use. Designed to ensure the safety of laboratory staff, including the use of various primary and secondary barriers, many of which are due to the emergence of new technologies in the field of materials science and technology. Вопросы биологической безопасности и биозащиты имеют важное значение для репутации и ответственности каждого научного учреждения, будь то исследовательское, научное или производственное. Каждый риск – каким бы малым он ни был – должен быть учтен, оценен и должным образом смягчен. В этой статье мы проводим обзор основных патогенных биологических объектов, предоставляем статистику соотношения выявленных случаев заболевания и смертности среди основных лабораторно-приобретенных инфекций (Laboratory-acquired infections) (LAI) и соотношение выявленных случаев заболевания и смертности среди основных условно-патогенных биологических агентов. Рассматриваем подбор мероприятий, управляющих внедрением биобезопасности и биозащиты в ограниченных средах, и то, как они применяются в Украине, среди чего определяем, какие мероприятия проводятся в лаборатории каждого уровня биологической безопасности BSL. Коротко характеризуем особенности контроля за микробиологическим загрязнением биотехнологической и фармацевтической продукции. В результате проведенного анализа можно сделать вывод, что хотя биобезопасность и биозащита направлены на осуществление различных целей, они часто решаются вместе, особенно в условиях ограниченного использования. Предназначены для обеспечения безопасности работников лабораторий, включают использование различных первичных и вторичных барьеров, многие из которых обусловлены появлением новых технологий в области материаловедения и техники.

In this work, for the first time, ecological invariants for the dry polydominant cereal-forb meadow of theKarelian Isthmus of the Leningrad region and taxonomic invariants of three species of Heracleum L. are determined. It isproposed to use the developed statistical methods for evaluating invariants to differentiate biological objects at all levels ofbiota: molecular, subcellular, cellular, organismic, population, coenotic and ecological.

This work presents a review of the available experimental and theoretical data on the effects of electromagnetic radiation from the global mobile communications system (GSM) on a living organism. Radiation exposure has long been a problem for the public, health policymakers, and researchers. Recently, the effect of radiofrequency radiation on biological objects has increased significantly. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reviewed the published literature and classified this type of radiation as a potent (group 2B) carcinogen for humans. To date, research results indicate a wide range of adverse effects on human health associated with radiation in the radio range. Of particular concern is the effects of this factor on reproductive function and the nervous system, particularly in children’s developing brains. Radiation from a cell phone, leaning against the head of a child, has a more detrimental effect on brain structures than in the case of an adult. Experimental studies also show men wearing cell phones in their trouser pockets lead to a significant decrease in sperm cells and the deterioration of mobility and morphology. Based on the accumulated evidence, we suggest Federal Service on Customers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-being Surveillance (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Agency for the Supervision in Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor) introduce control over the use of cell phones by children under 16 years of age and pregnant women and review the place of radiofrequency radiation in the systematics of hazardous environmental factors.

The paper presents the results of calculating the angular spectra of light reflection under the condition of excitation of surface plasmons in the Kretschman scheme. The silver layer in this scheme plays the role of a reference material, the minimum in the angular spectrum of which serves as a reference point for the shift of the minimum of the angular spectrum when a layer of the studied biological material is added to the considered layered system, which were melanin and biological tissue. As a result of the work, specific pronounced minima in the angular spectra were obtained, which make it possible to identify these materials with a high degree of accuracy due to the narrow resonance peaks in the angular reflection spectra, which are spaced from the peak in the reflection from the silver film by certain angles. The method contains all the characteristic features of the resonance spectroscopy method; the conditions for the excitation of a surface plasmon at the metal boundary act as resonance conditions.

Scanning helium-ion microscopy (HIM) is an imaging technique with sub-nanometre resolution and is a powerful tool to resolve some of the tiniest structures in biology. In many aspects, the HIM resembles a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), but the use of helium ions rather than electrons provides several advantages, including higher surface sensitivity, larger depth of field, and a straightforward charge-compensating electron flood gun, which enables imaging of non-conductive samples, rendering HIM a promising high-resolution imaging technique for biological samples. Starting with studies focused on medical research, the last decade has seen some particularly spectacular high-resolution images in studies focused on plants, microbiology, virology, and geomicrobiology. However, HIM is not just an imaging technique. The ability to use the instrument for milling biological objects as small as viruses offers unique opportunities which are not possible with more conventional focused ion beams, such as gallium. Several pioneering technical developments, such as methods to couple secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or ionoluminescence with the HIM, also offer the possibility for new and exciting research on biological materials. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of almost all currently published literature which has demonstrated the application of HIM for imaging of biological specimens. We also discuss some technical features of this unique type of instrument and highlight some of the new advances which will likely become more widely used in the years to come.

Non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) form a large group of biological objects found in palynological slides besides pollen grains. This includes various remains of algae and fungi, shells, resting stages and eggs of invertebrates, among others. Publications of NPP-types started in the 1970s with studies of BvG and colleagues, and large numbers of new types continue to be published every year. For an overview of this diverse world of “extra fossils”, we created the Non-Pollen Palynomorph Image Database (NPP-ID) to gather NPP knowledge, structured by acronyms and known taxonomy to assist identification and palaeoecological interpretation (https://nonpollenpalynomorphs.tsu.ru/). An integral part is a database of illustrations, descriptions and ecological background of NPPs. While numerical data are routinely stored in open access repositories, the NPP-ID enables the definitions, identification and interpretation of the NPP taxa to be shared. The NPP-ID operates as an open research project aiming to provide open access to descriptions and illustrations of NPPs. However, due to publication rights, access to some original images is restricted and registration by users is required. We encourage palynologists to contribute to the further growth of the database by uploading their own microphotographs or drawings under an open access license. Contributors will be acknowledged by co-authorship in publications on updates of the NPP-ID., Российский Фонд Фундаментальных Исследований (РФФИ) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002261, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018), http://nonpollenpalynomorphs.tsu.ru/

The work is devoted to the development of medical systems for monitoring biomedical indicators. The problem of developing a universal hardware software-controlled control system for the diagnosis of biological objects is solved. The main requirements for such a system are a wide range of functionality for combining different methods of measurement transformation and compliance with modern trends in the development of microelectronic sensors. Given the requirements for modern microcircuitry, in particular for sensing devices of the Internet of Things, the signal path of the sensors is implemented on the basis of PSoC family 5LP Family Cypress. Approbation of the developed system is carried out in the course of research of the character of optical radiation in the course of measurement of biomedical indicators.

The complexity of biological objects makes the development of computerized medical systems a difficult algorithmic decision due to the natural uncertainty inherent in these objects. Human thinking is based on vague and approximate data that can be analyzed to form clear decisions. An exact mathematical model of biological objects may not exist in practice, or such a model may be too complex to implement. In this case, fuzzy logic is a suitable tool for solving the specified problem. The problem of medical diagnosis can be viewed as a classification problem. The article presents a literature review of the use of fuzzy classifiers in diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases. The main advantage of fuzzy classifiers in comparison with other artificial intelligence methods is the ability to interpret the resulting classification result. The review aims to expand the knowledge of various researchers working in the field of medical diagnostics.

Considers an example of organizing and conducting practice-oriented classes on providing emergency medical care for injuries with medical personnel of the military level, garrison and base military hospitals in the Western military district. In large garrisons of the military district in 2019, we conducted four rounds of field training on the organization of emergency medical care for major life-threatening conditions. The format of classes included master classes and blitz lectures on various topics: cardiopulmonary resuscitation, stopping ongoing external bleeding, eliminating asphyxia and pneumothorax, transport immobilization, and features of the use of modern means of emergency medical care. An important practical part of the training was training with surgeons of military and hospital units on living biological objects. At the beginning and end of the course, primary and control tests of the level of knowledge were conducted. During the initial testing, the percentage of correct answers in the groups averaged: surgeons (n=20) 53,9%, doctors of other specialties (n=25) 56,5%, average medical staff (n=34) 52,8%, health instructors (n=52) 52,6%. During the control testing, the following results were obtained: 71,5; 83,5; 84,3 and 83,9% respectively. The format of classes reliably (p˂0,05) showed their high efficiency in all groups. Thus, the need to actively introduce a practice-oriented form of training in the form of demonstration classes, including the use of biological models and simulators, into the combat and special training of military medical personnel is obvious and beyond doubt.

The design of a thermoelectric refrigerator for short-term storage and transportation of biological substances based on a cascade thermoelectric battery (TEB) is assessed. One feature of the device is the ability to store several types of biological objects with different temperature conditions simultaneously. Relationships between changes in temperature at monitoring points within the device over time at different TEB supply currents are addressed. Organization of the required temperature regime for storage of biological materials can be achieved using standard manufactured TEB.

Актуальность. Исследования обусловлены необходимостью поиска чувствительных индикаторов техногенеза, элементный состав которых может позволить получить объективную информацию об эколого-геохимической обстановке изучаемой территории. Ртуть отличается высокими токсикологическими свойствами по отношению к живому организму. Использование биообъектов, находящихся в начале пищевой цепочки, является наиболее информативным и объективным, а также может послужить важной информацией для дальнейшего прогнозирования экологической обстановки территории. Цель: определить индикаторные способности элементного состава водных растений семейства рясковые (Lemnaceae) к эколого-геохимической обстановке различных урбанизированных территорий России на примере изучения концентраций ртути в ней. Объекты: водное растение семейства рясковые (Lemnaceae), отличающееся повсеместной встречаемостью, высокой скоростью прироста биомассы и толерантностью к климатическим условиям окружающей среды. Методика. Исследование проведено по единой методике в 65 населенных пунктах 46 регионов Российской Федерации. Определение валового содержания ртути в ряске проводилось методом атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии. Результаты. Рассмотрена роль одного из индикаторов техногенеза - водные растения семейства рясковые. Получены количественные оценки распределения ртути в макрофите на исследуемой территории, определено среднее содержание ртути в ряске по России (среднее медианное - 14,7 нг/г, среднее арифметическое - 18 нг/г). Обнаружены аномальные концентрации ртути в водном растении на территории Ставропольского края, Республик Северная Осетия-Алания и Башкоркостан, а также Кировской и Кемеровской областей. Эколого-геохимическая обстановка данных территорий может быть обусловлена влиянием техногенных факторов, наиболее весомыми из которых является хлорно-щелочное производство. Отдельно изучена региональная специфика на примере Томского района Томской области, на территории которого подробно изучена зона влияния Северного промышленного узла. Relevance. The studies are determined by the need to find the sensitive technogenesis indicators, which elemental composition can show the ecological and geochemical situation of the territory. Mercury have negative toxicological influence on living organism. Biological objects at the beginning of food chain could be informative and objective indicators of environmental situation and can have important information for further predictions. The aim of the research is to determine the indicator abilities of Lemnaceae family aquatic plants to the ecological and geochemical situation of various urbanized territories in Russia by studying concentration of mercury. Objects: an aquatic plant of the duckweed family (Lemnaceae), characterized by widespread occurrence, high biomass growth rate and tolerance to climatic environmental conditions. Methodology. The study was carried out according to a single methodology in 65 settlements from 46 regions of the Russian Federation. The determination of gross mercury in duckweed was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results. The role of aquatic plant of the duckweed family as a geo-indicator of technogenesis is considered. The distribution of mercury in macrophyte from the study area was discovered, the average mercury content in duckweed for Russia (average median - 14,7 ng/g, arithmetic average - 18 ng/g) was calculated. The abnormally high concentrations of mercury were determined in an aquatic plant from the Stavlopol Krai, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and Bashkorkostan, Kirov and Kemerovo Regions. The ecological and geochemical situation in these territories may be influenced by technogenic factors, such as chlorine-hydroxide production. The regional specificity of the Tomsk region were studied individually. The influence of the Northern industrial zone was particularly studied there.

Stereology is the method of choice for the quantitative assessment of biological objects in microscopy. It takes into account the fact that, in traditional microscopy such as conventional light and transmission electron microscopy, although one has to rely on measurements on nearly two-dimensional sections from fixed and embedded tissue samples, the quantitative data obtained by these measurements should characterize the real three-dimensional properties of the biological objects and not just their “flatland” appearance on the sections. Thus, three-dimensionality is a built-in property of stereological sampling and measurement tools. Stereology is, therefore, perfectly suited to be combined with 3D imaging techniques which cover a wide range of complementary sample sizes and resolutions, e.g. micro-computed tomography, confocal microscopy and volume electron microscopy. Here, we review those stereological principles that are of particular relevance for 3D imaging and provide an overview of applications of 3D imaging-based stereology to the lung in health and disease. The symbiosis of stereology and 3D imaging thus provides the unique opportunity for unbiased and comprehensive quantitative characterization of the three-dimensional architecture of the lung from macro to nano scale.

Harnessing the power of graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the context of free-energy calculations has been a longstanding effort towards the development of versatile, high-performance MD engines. We report a new GPU-based implementation in NAMD of free-energy perturbation (FEP), one of the oldest, most popular importance-sampling approaches for the determination of free-energy differences that underlie alchemical transformations. Compared to the CPU implementation available since 2001 in NAMD, our benchmarks indicate that the new implementation of FEP in traditional GPU code is about four times faster, without any noticeable loss of accuracy, thereby paving the way towards more affordable free-energy calculations on large biological objects. Moreover, we have extended this new FEP implementation to a code path highly optimized for a single-GPU node, which proves to be up to nearly 30 times faster than the CPU implementation. Through optimized GPU performance, the present developments provide the community with a cost-effective solution for conducting FEP calculations. The new FEP-enabled code has been released with NAMD 3.0.

The importance of genomic information has now increased due to the possibility of its practical use. Meanwhile, the understanding of the term “genomic information” is specified based on different criteria. Genomic information is proposed to be classified depending on the following criteria: 1) the origin of a biological sample, 2) the place of fixation and storage of genomic information, 3) the purpose of use, 4) the completeness of examination, 5) the relation of a person to the acquisition of his or her genomic information, 6) the scope of content. Genomic information can be presented as a generic concept referring to all biological objects, as a special concept (species) referring only to humans, and as subspecies reflecting specificity of such information in a particular area of activity. Genomic information of a living being (human, animal, plant, microorganism) is understood as data on certain fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (sometimes ribonucleic acid) on the basis of which the living being is identified or other permitted activity is carried out.Human genomic information is defined as biometric personal data extracted from certain fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (sometimes ribonucleic acid) of a living individual or corpse, on the basis of which it is possible to identify, determine genetic predispositions or extract patterns of the development of the human being obtained voluntarily, and, in cases provided for by the law, forced to be fixed in a biological sample and/or stored in an information map or database.It is proved that the existing laws on information or a new law dedicated to regulation of the application of genomic technologies should be amended instead of adopting a special law “On Genetic Information”.

The review is devoted to the analysis of the problem of synergistic ideas application in oncology after simultaneous combined application of agents. An example of the determination and quantification of the synergistic enhancement ratio is presented. It is emphasized that independent addition is determined by product of probabilities of the effects induced by each agent applied separately. Elevated temperatures synergistically enhance the lethal effect of ionizing radiation and chemical compounds used in the treatment of cancer. Analyzing the dependence of the synergistic effect on the acting temperature after its simultaneous application with ionizing radiation or cisplatin, the existence of an optimal temperature ensuring the greatest synergistic interaction was shown for cultured mammalian and yeast cells. The universal regularities of the manifestation of synergism, independent on the agents, biological objects and tests used, are noted. The greatest synergy is observed with the simultaneous application of agents. The synergism recorded as a result of the combined effects of two factors is observed only with a certain ratio of the effects induced by each agent. Synergism depends on the intensity of the factors used — the current temperature, the dose rate of ionizing radiation or the concentration of chemical agents. These universal patterns have been demonstrated for proand eukaryotic cells, including oncological origin. The existence of universal patterns of synergism indicates the need to develop a new paradigm and theoretical model of synergism, which should take into account the identified patterns. An original biophysical concept of synergistic interaction is proposed. Concrete results are presented that demonstrate the possible ways of using the ideas of synergism in oncology by achieving the greatest synergistic enhancement ratio for the combined effects of various physical and chemical agents. It is concluded that the knowledge and the application of the ideas and general patterns of synergy described in this paper can be useful for specialists using the simultaneous action of various agents to optimize combined treatment methods in modern oncology.

The guidelines for carrying out a forensic medical examination in cases of alcohol poisoning are developed by the working group of the Association of Forensic Medical Experts and posted in the information system of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Electronic rubric of clinical recommendations, Guidelines section).The presented guidelines contain structured information on the issues of forensic medical examination in cases of alcohol poisoning: terms and definitions; stages of ethanol biotransformation and variants of thanatogenesis; factors affecting the acceleration or deceleration of ethanol resorption and elimination; principles underlying the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of alcohol poisoning; rules regarding sampling, storage and transportation of biological objects intended for forensic chemical analysis; issues pertaining to the filling-in of a medical certificate of death and assigning a code to it; as well as making a forensic diagnosis.Differential diagnosis of the cause of death using the procedures given in the guidelines can improve the comprehensiveness, completeness and validity of the forensic medical examination of a corpse in the event of death caused by alcohol poisoning.

The work with the biological objects has been carried out on the basis of a previously developed methodology for the study of the hydration properties of various molecular groups in solutions containing organic components. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method has become the main experimental method, with the help of which it has become possible to detect and theoretically describe the temperature effect of changing the hydration properties of certain anions in water-salt and multicomponent solutions. This effect has also been recorded for the anions of chlorine, one of the most common chemical elements in the bodies of the living tissue. This work is a continuation of a series of works on the study of the possible influence of this effect on the thermoregulation of living tissue. This work is carried out at the confluence of physics, chemistry and biology, taking into account the knowledge accumulated in the world on the physical and chemical description of the systems under study to obtain an explanation of a biologically significant result. For the first time, such a study was carried out with biological objects characteristic of the human body - with blood and saliva. This effect should work throughout the whole body, given the presence of blood in all its structures. In the study of saliva which has been carried out, this effect was found as well. The results of the work expand and clarify the previously proposed hypothesis of thermoregulation of warm-blooded living tissue. The proposed feedback in the energy processes control system should work with different biological solutions characteristic of living objects. The work implements an approach notable for its logical simplicity, but at the same time this approach allows to connect the latest possibilities of modern science in the field of interdisciplinary research.

Progress in the field of information technology and global wireless communications leads to changes in the natural electromagnetic background of the Earth and affects living organisms. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate the influence of technogenic and natural electromagnetic fields using model biological objects, including a honeybee, which is particularly sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Current EMR protection systems that change the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation can also cause specific magneto-biological reactions in living systems. In this study we used the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) to assess the effect of devices on the innate and cognitive components of the honeybee behavior. The devices included EMR resonators working in isolation and together with a WiFi router. We also changed (weakened/enhanced) the magnetic field relative to the Earth’s magnetic field at the experiment location. The experiments found that all the factors under study, except for the enhanced magnetic field that produced a stimulating effect, have an inhibitory effect on the memory formation. Besides, both weakening and enhancement of the magnetic field significantly inhibits long-term memory. The observed changes in memory formation will inevitably affect the flight patterns and food-finding mechanisms in bees and, in general, the productivity of honeybee colonies.

The system of Jones matrix mapping of blood plasma films for medical diagnosis of pathologies of biological objects was considered in this paper. The system of decision support on the basis of a neural network for differentiation of nosologies was constructed and analyzed.Keywords: Jones matrix, polarimetry, blood plasma, neural network.

Subject and Purpose. Synthesis of biological sorbents has become one of the ways to solve the problem of environment contamination with heavy metals. Today, studying properties of biosorbents with injection of magnetic nanoparticles is important. Thus, injection of magnetic nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) improves absorption properties of biosorbents. The subject of the present work is magnetic resonance properties of nanoparticles inside biosorbents, such as macromycetes like Pleurotus ostreatus. The purpose is to examine these magnetic resonance properties and analyze the state of magnetite nanoparticles inside Pleurotus ostreatus. Methods and Methodology. The X-band Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) method is employed to register ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra at T = 294 K. TEM-images of magnetic nanoparticles are made in the transmission electron microscope. Mathematical modeling for the properties of the arising clusters of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles inside macromycetes Pleurotus ostreatus is performed using a phenomenological model upon the well-known Kittel equation. A model enhancement is proposed in the case of interacting nanoparticles inside an ellipsoidal magnetic cluster. Results. It has been shown that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are well absorbed by macromycetes and gather into structural clusters regardless of the concentration of magnetic nanoparticles injected. These magnetic clusters of magnetic nanoparticles have ellipsoidal shapes with an aspect ratio of 3:1:1. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to obtain dimensions of magnetic clusters from the FMR spectra and evaluate their shape and mutual magnetic interaction. The mathematical modeling results are in good agreement with TEM-images of these clusters inside Pleurotus ostreatus. As a result of modeling are in good agreement with the TEM-images of these clusters inside Pleurotus ostreatus. Conclusion. The presented results will contribute to the development of non-destructive testing of the state of biological sorbents using magnetic resonance radio spectroscopy methods.

In the article are presented the results of researches that touch the problem of the reliability improvement of determining the impurities concentration in biological objects in liquid by using the method of gas discharge visualization. There is an improved analysis method for biological objects in liquid based on gas discharge visualization (GDV), proposed criteria approach towards the assessment of liquid bio object’s composition applying this method, presented the assessment of the nature of liquid bio objects, which use the intensity of spectral components of its radiation has gotten during GDV. There is a developed and researched math model of ignition of a crown discharge and the dependency of spectrum intensity of radiation of liquid-phase biological object on its chemical composition proposed a conversion function for the assessment of the impurities concentration, together with the informative parameters of GDV images. All the results of the experimental researches of GDV and spectral composition of liquid-phase biological objects (LPBO) are presented in the article. The proposed approach lets specify the range of Mg concentrations in an oral fluid (OF) at various thyroid disorders obtained by the trilonometric method. It was found that the concentration of Mg in oral fluid of patients without thyroid disease is 12.73 ± 2.16 mg/l, patients with risk factors for thyroid disease have a concentration of 14.98 ± 1.92 mg/l, patients with sporadic goiter have a concentration of 26.65 ± 3.73 mg/l. Such data allow providing the patients with a better diagnosis of pathological disorders in glandular thyroids that are based on the concentration of Mg in oral fluid. It is confirmed that the concentration of Mg in oral fluid greater than 15 mg/l may indicate the presence of trilonometric pathology, including the focal thyroid gland.

The capabilities of manipulating and analyzing biological cells, bacteria, viruses, DNAs, and proteins at high resolution are significant in understanding biology and enabling early disease diagnosis. We discuss progress in developments and applications of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors where the plasmon-enhanced light-matter interactions at the nanoscale improve the optical manipulation and analysis of biological objects. Selected examples are presented to illustrate their design and working principles. In the context of plasmofluidics, which merges plasmonics and fluidics, the integration of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors with microfluidic systems for point-of-care (POC) applications is envisioned. We provide our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in further developing and applying the plasmofluidic POC devices.

The advantage of biotesting in comparison with the physicochemical analysis of the use of Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. Physical and chemical analysis often fails to detect unstable compounds. In addition, these tools are not possible to determine the ultra-low concentration of chemicals. In addition to the traditional use of laboratory animals, representatives of protozoa have recently been used. In connection with this, a test object of the Sim-plest type was chosen and justified. The advantages of using the simplest compared with the use of laboratory animals. The various models used to test toxic substances are described. Their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The main advantages of second-order models using alternative models (various hydrobionts, bacteria, cell cultures, etc.) are described. The relevance of using the culture of cells of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. The methodological aspects of the biotesting of organic solvents using the proposed test object are presented. A unidirectional change in the toxicometric parameters of organic solvents for two types of biological objects: a white mouse and a culture of infusoria Paramecium caudatum were revealed. The possibility of using Paramecium caudatum for toxicological studies has been shown. A correlation was noted between the indicators of the general toxicity of organic dyes and those of white mice.