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The drastic increase in distributed energy resources (DERs) leads to challenges in the operation of distribution systems worldwide. While several solutions for grid monitoring and control are available on the market and in literature, this research is the first of its kind aiming to supervise the grid by providing a modular configurable unified hardware and software architecture. The control algorithms are configured using data models according to IEC 61850-7-3 and IEC 61850-7-4. The novel system architecture is a portable, modular and flexible architecture that aggregates smart grid control functions onto a standardised hardware platform, emphasising the need for hardware independence. The central controller contains several smart grid control functions and the various field devices are distributed across the distribution grid. This paper deals with the simulation of different real-world distribution grids on the Real-Time Simulator (RTS) and experimental verification of the control algorithms. Smart grid control functions such as Coordinated Voltage Control (CVC) and Optimal Power Flow (OPF) are experimentally verified on a German grid. The grid dynamics are compared when the central controller executes the CVC against the OPF implementations. The experimental results, advantages and challenges of each control are presented here. The results also showed the variation in grid behaviour when the control parameters were varied. The paper also shows that the algorithm and the choice of the control parameters depend upon the distribution grid's complexity and the system operator's individual needs. The results illustrate the potential of such a universal distribution automation solution for system operators worldwide., IET generation, transmission & distribution;16(13)

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta evidencias acerca de la importancia de priorizar el cumplimiento del potencial del sector energético como motor de desarrollo en Paraguay. Los análisis que llevamos a cabo y presentamos en este artículo dan cuenta que de priorizarse acciones para mejorar el desempeño del país en indicadores vinculados con las metas de desarrollo relativas al sector energético de la Agenda 2030 que propone los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), el Pa- raguay podría beneficiarse con impactos sistémicos en diversas áreas de desarrollo, algunas de las cuales se encuentran rezagadas. Tres de los cuatro objetivos de mayor influencia en el cumplimiento de las metas de desarrollo sistémicas son metas vinculadas con el sector energético. El artículo presenta la utilidad de la implementación de metodologías de análisis de impacto en el contexto paraguayo y propone avenidas para ahondar en la línea de investigación presentada. ABSTRACT This article presents evidence on the importance of prioritizing the fulfilment of the potential of Paraguay's energy sector as an engine of development. The analyses we carry out and present in this article show that prioritizing actions to improve the country's performance in indicators linked to the development goals of the 2030 Agenda proposed by the SDGs, Paraguay could be- nefit from systemic impacts in various areas of development, some of which are lagging behind. Three of the four objectives with the greatest influence in meeting systemic development goals are energy sector-related goals. The article presents the usefulness of the implementation of impact analysis methodologies in the Paraguayan context and proposes avenues to delve into the line of research presented.

En el presente documento investigativo, se realiza el diseño del Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, para una entidad cuya actividad comercial se relaciona con la construcción, sin embargo el personal a cargo es meramente administrativo, puesto que la entidad subcontrata el personal operativo para la ejecución de las obras, por lo tanto el presente SG-SST incluye a los tres colaboradores del área administrativa con que cuenta la empresa al momento de la realización del mismo. Introducción 9 1. Título 10 2. Problema de investigación 11 2.1 Descripción del problema 11 2.2 Pregunta de Investigación 12 2.3 Sistematización 12 3. Objetivos 13 3.1 Objetivo General 13 3.2 Objetivos Específicos 13 4. Justificación y Delimitación 14 4.1 Justificación 14 4. 2 Delimitación 15 4.2.1 Espacial. 15 4.2.2 Operacional. 15 4.2.3 Temporal. 15 4.3 Limitaciones 15 5. Marcos de Referencia 17 5. 1 Estado del Arte 17 5.1.1 Nacionales 17 5.1.2 Internacionales 27 5.2 Marco Teórico 30 5.2.1 Breve historia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. 30 5.2.2 Antecedentes del SG-SST en Colombia. 31 5.2.3 Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST). 34 5.2.4 Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. 36 5.2.6 Tipos de riesgos laborales. 38 5.2.7 Importancia del SG-SST en el sector de la construcción. 40 5.2.8 Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo en Organización Garzón y Asociados S.A.S 41 5.2.9 Experiencia en el campo. 42 5.3 Marco Legal 45 6. Diseño Metodológico 50 6.1 Tipo de Investigación 50 6.2 Paradigma 50 6.3 Método 50 6.4 Fuentes información 51 6.4.1 Información primaria 51 6.4.2 Información secundaria 51 6.4.3 Población y muestra 51 6.4.4 Criterios de Inclusión y Exclusión 52 6.5 Fases 53 6.5.1. Primera fase 53 6.5.2. Segunda fase. 53 6.5.3. Tercera fase. 54 6.6 Cronograma 54 7. Resultados 55 7.1 Objetivo 1 55 7.2 Objetivo 2 58 7.3 Objetivo 3 60 8. Análisis financiero 67 8.1 Costo del proyecto 67 8.2 Beneficio de la empresa 67 9. Conclusiones 69 10. Recomendaciones 71 Referencias 72 Anexos 77 Especialización Especialista en Gerencia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

Introduction: a survey on peri-operative nutritional support in pancreatic and biliary surgery among Spanish hospitals in 2007 showed that few surgical groups followed the 2006 ESPEN guidelines. Ten years later we sent a questionnaire to check the current situation. Methods: a questionnaire with 21 items sent to 38 centers, related to fasting time before and after surgery, nutritional screening use and type, time and type of peri-operative nutritional support, and number of procedures. Results: thirty-four institutions responded. The median number of pancreatic resections (head/total) was 29.5 (95% CI: 23.0-35; range, 5-68) (total, 1002); of surgeries for biliary malignancies (non-pancreatic), 9.8 (95% CI: 7.3-12.4; range, 2-30); and of main biliary resections for benign conditions, 10.4 (95% CI: 7.6-13.3; range, 2-33). Before surgery, only 41.2% of the sites used nutritional support (< 50% used any nutritional screening procedure). The mean duration of preoperative fasting for solid foods was 9.3 h (range, 6-24 h); it was 6.6 h for liquids (range, 2-12). Following pancreatic surgery, 29.4% tried to use early oral feeding, but 88.2% of the surveyed teams used some nutritional support; 26.5% of respondents used TPN in 100% of cases. Different percentages of TPN and EN were used in the other centers. In malignant biliary surgery, 22.6% used TPN always, and EN in 19.3% of cases. Conclusions: TPN is the commonest nutrition approach after pancreatic head surgery. Only 29.4% of the units used early oral feeding, and 32.3% used EN; 22.6% used TPN regularly after surgery for malignant biliary tumours. The 2006 ESPEN guideline recommendations are not regularly followed 12 years after their publication in our country., Introducción: realizamos una encuesta sobre soporte nutricional perioperatorio en cirugía pancreática y biliar en hospitales españoles en 2007, que mostró que pocos grupos quirúrgicos seguían las guías de ESPEN 2006. Diez años después enviamos un cuestionario para comprobar la situación actual. Métodos: treinta y ocho centros recibieron un cuestionario con 21 preguntas sobre tiempo de ayunas antes y después de la cirugía, cribado nutricional, duración y tipo de soporte nutricional perioperatorio, y número de procedimientos. Resultados: respondieron 34 grupos. La mediana de pancreatectomías (cabeza/total) fue de 29,5 (IC 95 %: 23,0-35; rango, 5-68) (total, 1002), la de cirugías biliares malignas de 9,8 (IC 95 %: 7,3-12,4; rango, 2-30) y la de resecciones biliares por patología benigna de 10,4 (IC 95 %: 7,6-13,3; rango, 2-33). Solo el 41,2 % de los grupos utilizaban soporte nutricional antes de la cirugía (< 50 % habian efectuado un cribado nutricional). El tiempo medio de ayuno preoperatorio para sólidos fue de 9,3 h (rango, 6-24 h), y de 6,6 h para líquidos (rango, 2-12). Tras la pancreatectomía, el 29,4 % habían intentado administrar una dieta oral precoz, pero el 88,2 % de los grupos usaron algún tipo de soporte nutricional y el 26,5 % usaron NP en el 100 % de los casos. Los demás grupos usaron diferentes porcentajes de NP y NE en sus casos. En la cirugía biliar maligna, el 22,6 % utilizaron NP siempre y NE en el 19,3 % de los casos. Conclusiones: la NP es el soporte nutricional más utilizado tras la cirugía de cabeza pancreática. Solo el 29,4 % de las unidades usan nutrición oral precoz y el 32,3 % emplean la NE tras este tipo de cirugía. El 22,6 % de las instituciones usan NP habitualmente tras la cirugía de tumores biliares malignos. Las guías ESPEN 2006 no se siguen de forma habitual en nuestro país tras más de 10 años desde su publicación.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Fon bulma tarihsel olarak girişimcilerin işlerini kurarken önemsedikleri en kritik alanlardan biri olmuştur. Yıllar boyunca, girişimciler tarafından başvurulan farklı fon bulma yoları yoğun olarak araştırmalara konu edilmiştir ancak Girişim Sermayesi ve Melek Yatırımcılar bu yolların arasındaki en göze çarpanları oluşturmaktadır. Bu tez, bu iki yatırımcı grubun temel prensiplerinin ve genel niteliklerinin ne olduğunu, yatırım süreçlerini nasıl yürüttüklerini, yatırım süreçlerinde dikkate aldıkları en önemli faktörlerin neler olduğunu ve nihai kararlarında yatırım fırsatının uluslararasılaşma kapasitesinin pozitif bir etkisinin olup olmadığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırmanın önemi, özellikle Kolombiya ve Türkiye gibi ortaya çıkan olan ülkelerde yukarıda belirtilen sorulara yanıt arıyor olmasıdır. Yaklaşık olarak 45-60 dakika süren 8 yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat ile toplanan veriler sınıflandırılmış, analiz edilmiş ve içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak bulgular sunulmuştur. Soru seti sekiz tema altında oluşturulmuştur: genel sorular, yatırım süreci, gözden geçirme, yatırım fırsatının detaylı ele alınması ve değerlendirilmesi, anlaşmanın yapılandırılması, yatırım sonrası faaliyetler, çıkış stratejileri ve uluslararasılaşma kapasitesi. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, ortaya çıkan olan ülkelerde Girişim Sermayesi ve Melek Yatırımcıların oldukça benzer bir karar alma süreci izlediği görülmektedir. Melek Yatırımcıların yürüttüğü bir yatırım sürecinin, Girişim Sermayesinin yürüttüğüne kıyasla daha informel ve öznel faktörlere dayandığı söylenebilir. İkinci bir nokta da potansiyel yatırım fırsatlarını değerlendirirken en önemli kriter hem Girişim Sermayesi hem Melek Yatırımcılar için yönetim ekibi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Son olarak, Girişim Sermayesi için bir girişimin uluslararasılaşma kapasitesi çok önemlidir ancak zorunlu olarak değerlendirilmezken Melek Yatırımcılar için bir girişimin uluslararasılaşma kapasitesi her açıdan zorunlu olarak görülmektedir. Funding has historically been one of the most critical areas considered by entrepreneurs while building their ventures up. Over the years, extensive research has been carried out in the distinctive funding sources appealed by entrepreneurs, however, the Venture Capital and the Business Angel investment stand out amongst them. This thesis aims to understand what the main guidelines and generalities of these two investors groups are, how the investment process is conducted, what the most relevant factors taken into account during the investment process are, and conclude on if the internationalization capacity of a venture positively impact the final investment decision given by Venture Capitalists and Business Angels. The relevance of this research goes beyond the limits as it profoundly responds to the above mentioned questions in emerging countries (specifically Colombia and Turkey). The content analysis was used to collect, group and analyze data coming from a total of 8 semi-structured interviews designed to last around 45-60 minutes. Questions were grouped to collect data in 8 specific areas of interest: Namely, General questions, Investment process, screening, deal screening and evaluation of the investment opportunities, deal structuring, post-investment activities, exit strategies, and internationalization capacity. According to the results, while it is true that VCs and BAs in emerging economies follow a quite similar making-decision process, it is safe to say, the one conducted by BAs is much more informal and based on subjective factors while compared with the one performed by VCs. Secondly, it seems the most important criterion while assessing potential investment opportunities is the management team for VCs as well as for BAs. Lastly, for VCs, the internationalization capacity of a venture is crucial yet not mandatory, conversely, for BAs, the internationalization capacity of a venture is mandatory from every point of view.

El presente ensayo académico es una propuesta académica formal que nace de la necesidad percibida de diseñar la formulación al interior de la estructura organizacional de la policía nacional una Oficina de gestión de proyecto (OGP). El trabajo desarrolla 3 fases metodológicas que permite desagregar cada uno de los componentes fundamentales que intervienen en el proceso de implementación una OGP. La primera fase hace una evaluación interna donde se relaciona una investigación que midió el nivel de madurez actual de los procesos asociados al manejo de proyectos, permitiendo obtener la cercanía de la institución con la dirección y gestión. En la segunda fase se describe el diseño funcional de la OGP; se define el marco estratégico delimitando las funciones, la tipología, el alcance y las funciones. Y como última fase del diseño de implementación muestra el posible escenario de funcionamiento y puesta en marcha de la OGP. This paper is a formal academic proposal that comes from the perceived need to develop within the national police with a project management office (PMO). The paper develops three methodological phases which allows disaggregate each of the key components involved in the process of implementing a PMO. The first phase makes an internal diagnostic research that measured the current maturity level of processes making possible to obtain proximity of the institution to address management issues. In the second phase the functional design of the OGP is described; it defined the strategic framework defining the functions, types, scope, functions. And last phase deployment scenario shows the operation and implementation of the OGP. Pregrado

Optimal Decision-Making under Uncertainty - Application to Power Transmission Investments