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Simple Summary: Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a term for cancer cells spreading from tumors of internal organs and massively invading a large part of the membrane lining the abdomen and pelvis. For most patients, peritoneal carcinomatosis suggests only several months of life left. Current medicine can offer only alleviation of symptoms from this incurable disease. Researchers are intensely exploring some new therapeutic targets. Among promising candidates are non-coding RNAs, short molecules serving as important regulators in cells. When a disease such as cancer develops in the body, it is accompanied by typical changes in levels of non-coding RNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of current state of knowledge regarding the changes of non-coding RNA levels in peritoneal carcinomatosis. Deeper understanding of this topic could lead to the identification of non-coding RNAs as feasible specific biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Peritoneal carcinomatosis represents an advanced stage of tumors within the peritoneal cavity. Once considered an incurable terminal cancer metastasis, contemporary medicine is on the hunt for certain potentially curative options alongside the present day's palliative disease management. However, for most patients, peritoneal carcinomatosis continues to pose a fatal late-stage prognosis with a grim future outlook. Over the past two decades, non-coding RNAs have garnered significant attention due to their undeniable significance in regulating cellular processes across all levels. Disruption of the intricate regulation led by non-coding RNAs has been demonstrated to have a substantial impact on various human diseases, particularly in cancer, including solid tumors originating from the organs of the peritoneal cavity. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in the under-researched field of peritoneal carcinomatosis, focusing specifically on the role of non-coding RNAs in the development of this condition and delineating potential avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The detection of prostate cancer (PCa) is currently based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) quantification as an initial screening followed by ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy. However, the high rate of false-negative biopsies often leads to inappropriate treatment. Therefore, new molecular biomarkers, such as urine microRNAs (miRNAs), are a possible way to redefine PCa diagnostics., Patients and Methods: Urine samples of 356 patients undergoing prostate biopsy (256 cases with confirmed prostate cancer, 100 cases with negative prostate biopsy) at the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (Czech Republic) and additional 36 control subjects (healthy controls, benign prostatic hyperplasia - BPH) were divided into the discovery and validation cohorts and analyzed. In the discovery phase, small RNA sequencing was performed using the QIAseq miRNA Library Kit and the NextSeq 500 platform. Identified miRNA candidates were validated by the RT-qPCR method in the independent validation phase., Results: Using the small RNA sequencing method, we identified 12 urine miRNAs significantly dysregulated between PCa patients and controls. Furthermore, independent validation showed the ability of miR-501-3p and the quantitative miR-335:miR-501 ratio to distinguish between PCa patients and patients with negative prostate biopsy. The subsequent combination of the miR-335:miR-501 ratio with PSA and total prostate volume (TPV) using logistic regression exceeded the analytical accuracy of standalone parameters [area under curve (AUC)=0.75, positive predictive value (PPV)=0.85, negative predictive value (NPV)=0.51)] and discriminated patients according to biopsy outcome., Conclusion: Combination of miR-335:miR-501 ratio with PSA and total prostate volume was able to identify patients with negative prostate biopsy and could potentially streamline decision making for biopsy indication., (Copyright © 2023, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)