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Background Bordetella trematum is unknown to most clinicians and microbiologists. However, this Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium can be responsible for ulcer superinfection but also bacteremia and sometimes death by septic shock. Case report We report the case of erysipelas due to B. trematum with bacteremia in an immunocompromised 88-year-old Caucasian patient. Conclusion In immunocompromised patients, unusual microbial agents such as B. trematum can be responsible for cutaneous and systemic infections, requiring specific antibiotic therapy. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the need for specific bacterial identification such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing in the context of atypical evolution of erysipelas in such patients.

The article is concerned with the study of main biological properties of bacteria B. trematum species. In this work the research results of their tinctorial, cultural and biochemical properties are shown, with the view to grounding for setup scheme of isolation and bacteriological test of stated microorganism. According to obtained data bacteria of the given species represents gram-negative, coccoid bacillus that are able to grow both on usual and differentially diagnostic mediums. Bacteria B. trematum grow in temperature range of 17-420С, optimal temperature of cultivation is 37˚С. It should be noticed that the most relevant medium for cultivation is bordetellagar It was established that bacteria grow on the sodium chloride mediums in the range of 3-5%. It was found that studied culture of bacteria B. trematum shows проявляет asugarlytic properties, has positive reaction on catalase, negative reaction on cytochrome oxidase and DNAse. Also during the research it was established that bacteria B. trematum doesn’t utilize urea and citrate, has weak proteolytic activity and doesn’t utilize a number of amino acids. Similar results were obtained when using the set Api 20 E and NEFERMtest 24. Additionally it was established that B. trematum doesn’t reconstruct nitrates to nitrites, doesn’t enzyme β-galactosidase, adrinin hydrolase, triptophane dyaminaze, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase and urea doesn’t utilize citrates, doesn’t produce H2S, indole and acetone, doesn’t oxidate sucrose, melibios, amigdalin . Research results represented in the article provide the basis of isolation scheme and identification of bacteria of given species.

We report the case of isolation ofBordetella trematumfrom the respiratory tract of a patient with lung carcinoma. This gram-negative, opportunistic rod was firstly described in 1996. To date, only several strains ofBordetella trematumhave been isolated and reported, mostly from skin and soft tissue infections. The patient was admitted to the ICU of the Pulmonary Department in incipient septic shock with respiratory failure. Intravenous fluid resuscitation and non-invasive ventilation were administered immediately. A broad spectrum antibiotic piperacillin/tazobactam was administered empirically after sampling of material for microbiological examination. The bronchoscopy showed a large cavern of decayed tumour invading into mediastinum. Both sample cultures showed significant quantities of gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria. The isolate was identified using MALDI-TOF MS asBordetella trematumand the identification was confirmed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. In the last few years, routine bacterial identification using MALDI-TOF MS has enabled correct discrimination of this species. Nevertheless, isolation ofBordetella trematumin clinical samples is still very uncommon, and it is appropriate to confirm the species identification via 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first case ofB. trematumisolated from the human respiratory tract since its first description. The clinical significance ofBordetella trematumin the rapid deterioration of the patient’s status remains unclear.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Bordetella trematum is a Gram-negative coccobacillus found in wounds, diabetic foot ulcers, otitis, peritonitis and bacteremia. Usually it does not cause infections in humans. There are few case reports described in the literature, mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. The pathogenicity, life cycle, reservoir and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of B. trematum are poorly elucidated. Virulence factors are critical to the establishment of the infection. Identificating them is crucial to understand bacterial pathogenesis and interaction with the host. Information about antimicrobial resistance mechanisms plays a key role in the choice of appropriate therapy wich may contribute to a favorable clinical outcome. The aims of this work were to report a rare case of B. trematum in diabetic ulcer and to present the cases already described by other authors; to investigate and describe the function of possible genes encoding virulence factors; to investigate and describe the function of possible antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance phenotype of the clinical isolate, correlating it to the genotype. The isolate was identified by the VITEK 2 system, whose identification was confirmed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization- Time of flight mass spectometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the VITEK-MS system. Afterwards, it was submitted to whole genome sequencing by the Illumina MiSeq technology, with subsequent bioinformatic analysis. The virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were investigated using the ABRicate tool in the Virulence Factors Database (VFDB) and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). The antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by broth microdilution. Sixteen genes encoding virulence factors were found, cheA, cheW, cheI, fliI, fliN, fliC, bplA, bplA, bplB, bplC, bplD, iroN, mgtA, relA, mtrD and brkB. These genes are involved in several functions in the bacterial cell, such as chemotaxis, motility, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, iron and magnesium acquisition, remodeling of bacterial metabolism, expression of efflux pumps and resistance to complement-mediated cell death. Further studies are needed to evaluate the expression and functionality of these genes. In the resistance analysis, the macB, mdsB, mexI and ceoB genes related to efflux pumps were found. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test, only aztreonam had a high inhibitory concentration (>16 μg/mL). The absence of the ftsI gene, which encodes the penicillinbinding protein 3 (PBP3), targeting aztreonam, may be related to this phenotype. The efflux pumps found are not related to beta-lactam resistance. Additional studies will be needed to determine the impact of these efflux pumps on antimicrobial resistance in B. trematum. Bordetella trematum é um cocobacilo Gram-negativo encontrado em feridas, úlceras de pé diabético, otite, peritonite e bacteremia. Usualmente não causa infecções em humanos, visto que há poucos relatos de casos descritos na literatura, acometendo sobretudo pacientes imunocomprometidos. A patogenicidade, ciclo de vida, reservatório e mecanismos de resistência aos antimicrobianos de B. trematum são pouco elucidados. Os fatores de virulência (FV) de uma bactéria são fundamentais para o estabelecimento de uma infecção. Sua identificação possui importância no esclarecimento da patogênese bacteriana e interação com o hospedeiro. Já o conhecimento acerca dos mecanismos de resistência aos antimicrobianos tem papel fundamental na escolha da antibioticoterapia adequada a ser administrada ao paciente, o que pode contribuir para um desfecho clínico favorável. Os objetivos desse trabalho consistiram em relatar um caso raro de B. trematum em úlcera de pé diabético e apresentar os casos já descritos por outros autores, comparando aos dados obtidos; pesquisar e descrever a função de possíveis genes codificadores de fatores de virulência; pesquisar e descrever a função de possíveis genes de resistência aos antimicrobianos, bem como avaliar o fenótipo de resistência aos antimicrobianos do isolado clínico, correlacionando-o ao genótipo. O isolado foi identificado pelo sistema VITEK 2, tendo sua identificação confirmada por Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of flight mass spectometry (MALDI-TOF MS) no sistema VITEK MS. Após, foi submetido a sequenciamento do genoma total (Whole Genome Sequencing- WGS) pela tecnologia Illumina MiSeq, com posterior análise bioinformática. A pesquisa dos genes de virulência e resistência aos antimicrobianos foi realizada pela ferramenta ABRicate nas bases de dados Virulence Factors Database (VFDB) e Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). A susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos foi avaliada por microdiluição em caldo. Foram encontrados dezesseis genes codificadores de fatores de virulência, cheA, cheW, cheY, fliI, fliN, fliQ, fliC, bplA, bplB, bplC, bplD, iroN, mgtA, relA, mtrD e brkB. Esses genes estão envolvidos em diversas funções na célula bacteriana, como quimiotaxia, motilidade, biossíntese do lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), aquisição de ferro e magnésio, no remodelamento do metabolismo bacteriano, na expressão de bombas de efluxo e na resistência à morte celular mediada pelo sistema complemento. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar a expressão e funcionalidade desses genes. Na análise de resistência, foram encontrados os genes macB, mdsB, mexI e ceoB, relacionados a bombas de efluxo. No teste de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos (TSA), apenas o aztreonam apresentou concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) elevada (>16μg/mL). A ausência do gene ftsI, que codifica a proteína de ligação a penicilina 3 (penicillin-binding protein 3- PBP3), alvo de ação do aztreonam, pode estar relacionada a esse fenótipo. As bombas de efluxo encontradas não estão relacionadas à resistência aos β-lactâmicos. São necessários estudos adicionais para determinar o impacto da ação dessas bombas de efluxo na resistência aos antimicrobianos em B. trematum.

Background Bordetella trematum is an infrequent Gram-negative coccobacillus, with a reservoir, pathogenesis, a life cycle and a virulence level which has been poorly elucidated and understood. Related information is scarce due to the low frequency of isolates, so it is important to add data to the literature about this microorganism. Case presentation We report a case of a 74-year-old female, who was referred to the hospital, presenting with ulcer and necrosis in both legs. Therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam was started and peripheral artery revascularization was performed. During the surgery, a tissue fragment was collected, where Bordetella trematum, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated. After surgery, the intubated patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), using vasoactive drugs through a central venous catheter. Piperacillin-tazobactam was replaced by meropenem, with vancomycin prescribed for 14 days. Four days later, levofloxacin was added for 24 days, aiming at the isolation of S. maltophilia from the ulcer tissue. The necrotic ulcers evolved without further complications, and the patient’s clinical condition improved, leading to temporary withdrawal of vasoactive drugs and extubation. Ultimately, however, the patient’s general condition worsened, and she died 58 days after hospital admission. Conclusions Despite being a rare finding, B. trematum is typically associated with the clinical manifestation of disorders that predispose to ulcer development, which can be infected by microorganisms. The combination of antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement plays a key role in preventing systemic infections. Monitoring the appearance of new cases of B. trematum is essential, since it can be an emerging microorganism. Isolating and defining the clinical relevance of unusual bacteria yields a more accurate perspective in the development of new diagnostic tools and allows for assessment of proper antimicrobial therapy.

Bordetella trematum is a relatively newly discovered and potentially frequently overlooked Bordetella species, mostly isolated from chronic wounds and predominantly in those of the lower extremities. Its susceptibility profile and clinical significance is still debated, given the limited amount of available data. We contribute providing a molecular and phenotypical analysis of three unique clinical B. trematum isolates detected between August 2019 and January 2020 to aid the matter. Cryo-conserved isolates were subcultured and re-identified using various routine means of identification. Bacterial genomes were fully Illumina-sequenced and phenotypical susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution and gradient-strip tests. All isolates displayed increased susceptibility to piperacillin–tazobactam (B. trematum can be resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is warranted.

Endotoxin is recognized as one of the virulence factors of the Bordetella avium bird pathogen, and characterization of its structure and corresponding genomic features are important for an understanding of its role in pathogenicity and for an improved general knowledge of Bordetella spp virulence factors. The structure of the biologically active part of B. avium LPS, lipid A, is described and compared to those of another bird pathogen, opportunistic in humans, Bordetella hinzii, and to that of Bordetella trematum, a human pathogen. Sequence analyses showed that the three strains have homologues of acyl-chain modifying enzymes PagL, PagP and LpxO, of the 1-phosphatase LpxE, in addition to LgmA, LgmB and LgmC, which are required for the glucosamine modification. MALDI mass spectrometry identified a high amount of glucosamine substituting the phosphate groups of B. avium lipid A; this modification was absent from B. hinzii and B. trematum. The acylation patterns of the three lipid As were similar, but they differed from those of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. They were also found to be close to the lipid A structure of Bordetella bronchiseptica, a mammalian pathogen, only differing from the latter by the degree of hydroxylation of the branched fatty acid.

Bordetella trematum spp. nov. has been isolated from wounds, ear infections and diabetic ulcers. We report a case of a 7-month-old infant with fever, vomiting and abnormal body movements with bacteremia caused by this novel species. The infant responded to fluoroquinolone and macrolide combination therapy.

Introduction: Bordetella hinzii has been isolated mainly from respiratory specimens and from blood of immunocompromised patients, and Bordetella trematum from ear infections or leg, arm and ankle wounds and from diabetic foot ulcers. Bordetella holmesii is instead associated with bactaeremia in young adults, mostly with underlying conditions. Only three septic arthritis cases due to this species have been described in the literature. Case presentation: Herein we describe four cases of infections due to Bordetella species that have been recovered from unusual infection sites: two cases of B. hinzii infections, one recovered from the urine of a patient with chronic prostatitis and the other from a liver cyst in an immunocompetent patient; one B. trematum case from a bone biopsy of a patient with chronic osteomyelitis of the hip; and one B. holmesii case isolated from the joint fluid of an immunocompetent patient with diagnosed septic arthritis. The organisms were identified using standard biochemical tests, by API 20 NE version 6.0, by automated system VITEK 2, by mass spectrometry using the Bruker Daltonics MicroFlex LT spectrometer with MALDI Biotyper 3.1, and by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK 2 system, except for B. holmesii, for which the epsilometric method (Etest technique; bioMerieux) was used. Conclusion: We highlight the importance of isolating Bordetella species from severe infections and unusual sites, and also of combining both phenotypic and genotypic methods for definitive identification.

Analysis of the O-chain subunit of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) isolated from Bordetella trematum, a recently identified human pathogen, was undertaken. The polysaccharide (PS) moiety was shown to contain only two O-chain subunits, which differed in the anomeric bond of their first sugar. A trisaccharide fragment resulting from the cleavage of a FucNAc glycosidic bond was isolated after treatment of the PS with anhydrous HF. Nitrous deamination of the LPS led to the release of the following heptasaccharide corresponding to two trisaccharide subunits linked to an anhydromannitol residue. beta-ManNAc3NAmA-(1-4)-beta-ManNAc3NAmA-(1-3)-alpha-FucNAc-(1-4)-beta-ManNAc3NAmA-(1-4)-beta-ManNAc3NAmA-(1-3)-beta-FucNAc-(1-6)-2,5-anhManol.

The BvgAS two-component system is the master regulator of virulence gene expression in the mammalian pathogens Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. This paper reports the partial cloning and characterization of the bvgAS loci of the ‘new’ Bordetella species Bordetella holmesii, Bordetella trematum and Bordetella hinzii, which are increasingly recognized as opportunistic pathogens in humans. It is demonstrated that the cytoplasmic signalling domains of the BvgS histidine kinases of B. pertussis and B. holmesii are functionally interchangeable, while signal perception by the two sensor proteins seems to be different. Furthermore, it is shown that, despite the high similarity of the BvgA proteins of B. pertussis and B. holmesii, promoter recognition by the response regulator proteins differs substantially in these organisms.

The genus Bordetella is reportedly a human or animal pathogen and environmental microbe. We report the draft genome sequence of Bordetella trematum strain HR18, which was isolated from the rumen of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo; Bos taurus coreanae ). It is the first genome sequence of a Bordetella sp. isolated from the rumen of cattle.

Ten strains recognized on the basis of a computer-assisted numerical comparison of whole-cell protein patterns as members of a novel species belonging to the family Alcaligenaceae were examined by using an integrated phenotypic and genotypic approach. This species, for which we propose the name Bordetella trematum sp. nov., was more closely related to the type species of the genus Bordetella (Bordetella pertussis) than to the type species of the genus Alcaligenes (Alcaligenes faecalis) and had the general characteristics of members of this family (i.e., a DNA base ratio in the range from 57 to 70 mol%, a fatty acid profile characterized by high percentages of 16:0, 17:0 cyclo, and 14:0 3OH, nonsaccharolytic metabolism, and several classical biochemical characteristics, including aerobic and microaerobic growth, catalase activity, assimilation of citrate, an absence of anaerobic growth, and an absence of acetylmethylcarbinol and indole production, gelatin liquefaction, and esculin hydrolysis). A reevaluation of the criteria used to classify Alcaligenes denitrificans Rüger and Tan 1983 and Achromobacter xylosoxidans Yabuuchi and Ohyama 1971 as subspecies of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans and additional evidence provided in recent studies revealed that, consistent with present standards, it is appropriate to consider these two taxa distinct species of the genus Alcaligenes.

Bordetella hinzii colonizes the respiratory tracts of poultry but can also infect immunocompromised humans. Bordetella trematum , however, only infects humans, causing ear and wound infections. Here, we present the first draft genome sequences of strains B. hinzii ATCC 51730 and B. trematum CCUG 13902.

Two novel strains of Gram-negative, non-sporulating, short rod-shaped, motile bacteria, designated DCY25T and DCY28, were isolated from soil of a ginseng field in South Korea and characterized in order to determine their taxonomic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strains DCY25T and DCY28 belonged to the Betaproteobacteria, the highest sequence similarities being found with Pusillimonas noertemannii BN9T (96.9 %), Bordetella trematum DSM 11334T (95.9 %), Achromobacter denitrificans DSM 30026T (95.9 %), Achromobacter insolitus LMG 6003T (95.8 %) and Pigmentiphaga kullae K24T (95.5 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that both strains DCY25T and DCY28 possessed ubiquinone Q-8. Fatty acid analysis of strain DCY25T demonstrated the presence of 19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (22.8 %) and 16 : 0 (16.6 %). The polar lipid profiles of strains DCY25T and DCY28 included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unknown aminolipids and diphosphatidylglycerol. The G+C contents of strains DCY25T and DCY28 were 57.3 and 57.2 mol%, respectively. DNA–DNA relatedness values, biochemical and physiological characteristics strongly supported the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strains DCY25T and DCY28 from Pusillimonas noertemannii. Therefore, strains DCY25T and DCY28 should be classified in a novel species, for which the name Pusillimonas ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY25T (=KCTC 22046T =JCM 14767T); strain DCY28 (=KCTC 22047=JCM 14768) is a reference strain.