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La virose du court-noué, qui s’est étendue à la faveur de la reconstitution post-phylloxérique, constitue aujourd’hui une préoccupation majeure des vignobles mondiaux. La lutte directe s’avérant hors de portée à l‘heure actuelle, concernant une maladie incurable dont les vecteurs se maintiennent et restent infectieux dans le sol durant de très longues périodes, les efforts de la recherche se concentrent sur plusieurs pistes, parmi lesquelles la voie génétique semble la plus prometteuse et la plus avancée. Si la caractérisation de résistances et tolérances au sein du genre Vitis est exploitée en vue de l’obtention de porte-greffes retardant ou limitant la contamination, les différences d’expressions symptomatiques au sein des variétés de Vitis vinifera ont été très peu abordées jusqu’à présent. Dans cet article, basé sur des observations de terrain et des notations en collection, nous proposons une liste de cépages traditionnels de diverses origines peu ou très peu impactés par la maladie, dans le but de désigner du matériel d’étude pour de futurs travaux.

Grapevine is a very important crop species that is mainly cultivated worldwide for fruits, wine and juice. Identification of the genetic bases of performance traits through association mapping studies requires a precise knowledge of the available diversity and how this diversity is structured and varies across the whole genome. An 18k SNP genotyping array was evaluated on a panel of Vitis vinifera cultivars and we obtained a data set with no missing values for a total of 10207 SNPs and 783 different genotypes. The average inter-SNP spacing was ~47 kbp, the mean minor allele frequency (MAF) was 0.23 and the genetic diversity in the sample was high (He = 0.32). Fourteen SNPs, chosen from those with the highest MAF values, were sufficient to identify each genotype in the sample. Parentage analysis revealed 118 full parentages and 490 parent-offspring duos, thus confirming the close pedigree relationships within the cultivated grapevine. Structure analyses also confirmed the main divisions due to an eastern-western gradient and human usage (table vs. wine). Using a multivariate approach, we refined the structure and identified a total of eight clusters. Both the genetic diversity (He, 0.26–0.32) and linkage disequilibrium (LD, 28.8–58.2 kbp) varied between clusters. Despite the short span LD, we also identified some non-recombining haplotype blocks that may complicate association mapping. Finally, we performed a genomewide association study that confirmed previous works and also identified new regions for important performance traits such as acidity. Taken together, all the results contribute to a better knowledge of the genetics of the cultivated grapevine, The GrapeReSeq project (Large scale resequencing in the Vitis genus for identification of resistance genes, SNP discovery and high throughput genotyping) was funded by Research project of Transnational Plant Alliance for Novel Technologies toward implementing the Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (PLANT - KBBE2008) in Europe (France, Germany and Spain)

International audience; It is briefly described the various introductions of Vitis vinifera L. in Chile and its expansion in the territory, as well as the predominance of the French paradigm in its more recent development. From the beginning of the 21st century, the first steps are taken in search of a new identity, with the introduction of varieties of different origins and the rescue of smaller varieties. Among the latter, stands out Verdot or Grosse Mérille, an old and rare French variety. This variety describes its presence in Chile, some climatic requirements, phenology, ampelographic characteristics and potentiality of its wines.

International audience; It is briefly described the various introductions of Vitis vinifera L. in Chile and its expansion in the territory, as well as the predominance of the French paradigm in its more recent development. From the beginning of the 21st century, the first steps are taken in search of a new identity, with the introduction of varieties of different origins and the rescue of smaller varieties. Among the latter, stands out Verdot or Grosse Mérille, an old and rare French variety. This variety describes its presence in Chile, some climatic requirements, phenology, ampelographic characteristics and potentiality of its wines.

It is briefly described the various introductions of Vitis vinifera L. in Chile and its expansion in the territory, as well as the predominance of the French paradigm in its more recent development. From the beginning of the 21st century, the first steps are taken in search of a new identity, with the introduction of varieties of different origins and the rescue of smaller varieties. Among the latter, stands out Verdot or Grosse Mérille, an old and rare French variety. This variety describes its presence in Chile, some climatic requirements, phenology, ampelographic characteristics and potentiality of its wines.

Fil: Aliquó, Gustavo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza (EEA); Argentina. Fil: Torres, Rocío. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza (EEA); Argentina. Fil: Lacombe, Thierry. Montpellier SupAgro – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (UMR AGAP), F-34060 Montpellier Cedex I, France. Fil: Boursiquot, Jean Michel. Montpellier SupAgro – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (UMR AGAP), F-34060 Montpellier Cedex I, France. Fil: Laucou, Valérie. Montpellier SupAgro – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (UMR AGAP), F-34060 Montpellier Cedex I, France. Fil: Gualpa, José. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC); Argentina. Fil: Fanzone, Martín. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza (EEA); Argentina. Fil: Sari, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza (EEA); Argentina. Fil: Pérez Peña, Jorge. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza (EEA); Argentina. Fil: Prieto, Jorge Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza (EEA); Argentina. Background and Aims: Based on 19 nuclear simple sequence repeat markers and parental analysis, we aimed to identify and propose the pedigree of different accessions held at the Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria germplasmcollection. The results were compared with data recorded in large, international databases. Methods and Results: We identified 37 different cultivars, of which 18 were original and not previously identified. The parentage analysis showed that European cultivars, such as Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat à Petits Grains, Listán Prieto, Mollar Cano and Malbec, were involved in natural crossings resulting in different South American cultivars. Conclusions: Many of the cultivars identified here represent unique individuals based on their genotype. The number of cultivars that participated as progenitors in the origin of South American germplasm is higher than previously thought. Significance of the Study: Germplasm collections planted many years ago play a key role in the conservation and characterisation of genotypes that otherwise may have been lost. It is highly probable that there might be other genotypes not identified and mixed in old vineyards. The identification, rescue and conservation of these genotypes are a challenge to preserve the existing genetic variability. Sitio de la revista: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajgw.12282

Currently, many monovarietal vineyards present a minority of mixed cultivars. Some of these cultivars are unknown and could represent an opportunity to discover new and potentially useful genotypes both for research and production purposes. In a 'Carmenère' vineyard planted in 1994 in Palmilla (Colchagua Valley, Chile), a minority presence of other cultivars was found. The present work covers for the first time the identification and characterization of one of these cultivars, which presented a very poor fruit set. Through classic ampelography, it was not possible to associate the studied cultivar with any known cultivar in Chile. However, through a simple sequence repeats (SSR) comparison against the database of the INRA Germplasm Repository "Domaine de Vassal" in France, the cultivar was identified as a triploid accession named 'Folle Blanche Faux' (Vitis vinifera L.) that was previously found in Chile during the season of 1950-1951. This cultivar presents earlier bud breaking than 'Carmenère', has morphologically complete flowers, and shows a physiological disorder around the fruit set, leading to partial or complete bunch necrosis under the environmental conditions of Palmilla. This cultivar contributes to the genotypic richness present in Chile and might be an interesting tool for physiological and molecular studies. It also could become productive under other environmental conditions (i.e., environmental conditions that favor a good fruit set) or by the application of adequate vineyard practices, such as cane girdling at bloom time. Actualmente, muchos viñedos monovarietales presentan mezclas de otros cultivares en proporciones menores. Algunos de estos cultivares son desconocidos y podrían representar una oportunidad para descubrir genotipos nuevos y potencialmente útiles en investigación y/o producción. En un viñedo cv. 'Carmenère', plantado en 1994 en la comuna de Palmilla (Valle de Colchagua, Chile), se determinó la presencia minoritaria de otros cultivares. El presente trabajo cubre por primera vez la identificación y caracterización de uno de estos cultivares, el cual presentó una muy pobre fructificación. A través de ampelografía clásica, no fue posible asociar el cultivar en estudio a ningún cultivar conocido en Chile. Sin embargo, a través de una comparación de marcadores moleculares microsatélites con la base de datos del Repositorio de Germoplasma de Vid del INRA "Domaine de Vassal" en Francia, fue identificado como un acceso triploide llamado 'Folle Blanche Faux' (Vitis vinifera L.), el cual había sido descubierto en Chile previamente durante la temporada 1950-1951. Este cultivar presenta una brotación más precoz que la del cv. 'Carmenère', posee flores morfológicamente completas y muestra un notorio desorden fisiológico en su fructificación, el cual se manifiesta a través de una necrosis de racimo parcial o completa, bajo las condiciones ambientales de Palmilla. Este cultivar contribuye a la riqueza genotípica presente en Chile y eventualmente podría llegar a ser una herramienta interesante para estudios fisiológicos y moleculares. Adicionalmente, podría volverse productiva bajo otras condiciones ambientales (i.e. condiciones ambientales que favorezcan una buena cuaja frutal) o por la aplicación de prácticas vitícolas adecuadas, como el anillamiento de cargadores durante la floración.

A total of 90 grapevine samples collected in five countries of the Western Balkan region were evaluated for trueness-to-type and kinship relations based on comparative analysis with 1,130 grapevine genotypes held at the INRA "Domaine de Vassal" French Grape Germplasm Repository, using 14 microsatellite markers. In the context of the comparative analysis, twenty-four synonyms/counterparts and the putative parents for twelve Balkan accessions were identified. We discovered five pairs of homonyms, subsequently confirming the identity or parentage of three of them. Some of the examined accessions were identified either on the basis of the genotypes found in the literature, or through parentage relationships revealed in this study. For the remaining fifty accessions we were unable to establish either their pedigree or to identify them on the basis of SSR profiles available elsewhere. Finally, the Balkan genotypes that were not well classified by synonymy or parentage analysis were further studied with a Principal Coordinate Analysis to reveal genetic clustering within larger datasets of genotypes. The graphical display of the individual and group distances showed that about forty accessions (85 %) are structured within a group of Balkan and Eastern Europe genotypes and only a minor proportion resulted in admixed population assignment., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 54 (2015): Vitis (Special Issue)

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International audience

International audience; The availability of high throughput genotyping tools in grape, allow the development of GWAS and GS approaches in breeding programs. GS allows the obtention of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) of breeding candidates based on large sets of markers while GWAS using mlmm R-package, allows the selection of the more pertinent associations (selection of cofactors) to obtain a model explaining the maximum of phenotypic variability. We estimated the efficiency of GWAS and GS, separately or combined, for the marker assisted selection in grape breeding programs using a large diversity panel on four different traits which covariate with the population structure (berry weight, pruning weight, cluster weight and cluster length). Genotypic informations were obtained with a 18000 Illumina SNP genotyping chip (http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Species/Vitis/GrapeReSeq_Illumina_20K) on two different samples: • Diversity panel (DP) of 279 individuals divided into three sub-populations used as training population for the phenotype prediction. • 21 individuals of a Syrah X Grenache progeny used as validation population for phenotype prediction. GWAS was realized on each sub-population separately and on the entire DP. Associations were only identified in the sub-populations. Best mlmm models, contained cofactors only for berry weight and cluster length. We detected 0 to 9 cofactors according to the tested panel for a total of 24 significant SNPs. The percentage of variance explained varied between 2% and 28% per marker and from 27.5 to 91.7% per model. Four different phenotype prediction models were performed based on i) effects of cofactors from mlmm analysis ii) Ridge regression iii) Bayesian LASSO and iv) combined model using cofactors effect from mlmm and Ridge regression. These phenotype prediction methods gave r² values (correlation between GEBVs and phenotypes) ranging from -0.38 to +0.40. For each studied trait the best phenotype prediction gave r² values superior to 0.3. In conclusion, we have thus demonstrated the capacity to predict with a good precision the phenotype of breeding candidates even if no association was found by GWAS.

International audience

Clonal variation is considered as an effective contribution to breeding programs of vegetatively propagated species with major agronomical interest such as banana, coffee and grape. After several propagation cycles, stable and heritable phenotypic variations appear giving rise to a phenotypic variation known as "clonal diversity". Clonal diversity is very important for wine-growers because it allows preserving cultivars identity in the strict respect of Appellation wines specifications. The most parsimonious hypothesis explaining clonal diversity is the accumulation of somatic mutations. Using the power of NGS, we provided the first broad description of polymorphism in different clones of a single grapevine cultivar (Pinot) and then compared the clonal polymorphism in 4 different cultivars: Pinot, Syrah, Grenache and Sultanine. Three types of polymorphism (SNPs, Indels, mobile elements) were observed. As expected, the polymorphism at cultivars level was much higher than at clonal level. The insertion polymorphism generated by mobile elements represented the highest mutational event with respect to clonal variation while SNP and indel polymorphisms were of higher importance for cultivar diversity. Among mobile element with a high polymorphism level, four were analyzed and polymorphisms were confirmed at different diversity levels: inter-species, inter-cultivars, inter-clones and between organs/tissues of a single individual. We confirm the high instability of these elements between clones and between tissues in single individuals. Clone identification through molecular methods would be of high significance for the wine industry. SNP or small indels mutations are less frequent but more stable than structural variation and could have much potential for accurate identification.

UMR 1334 AGAP : Equipe DAVEM = Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne et des Espèces Méditerranéennes; absent

L’ampélographie reste un problème d’actualité chez Vitis vinifera L. En effet, reconnaître et identifier une variété est souvent une opération délicate. Ceci est dû au grand nombre de cépages existants et à l’importance de la fluctuation présente au sein de chacun d’eux. Une aide à la reconnaissance est proposée en utilisant par des moyens informatiques un fichier ampélographique portant sur 5 226 clones (2 076 variétés). Ce fichier a été réalisé au Domaine de VASSAL (I.N.R.A., 34340 Marseillan-Plage). Les descriptions intéressent 75 caractères, ce qui représente 272 modalités. Après sauvegarde de ces données sur Mini 6, un programme en Pascal a été mis au point permettant de questionner ce fichier et d’obtenir ainsi des listes d’hypothèses pouvant correspondre aux échantillons testés. Une analyse statistique (A.F.C.) de ces données a permis de mettre en évidence les caractères ampélographiques les plus importants et d’obtenir une image de la population de Vitis vinifera L. contenue dans ce fichier. Deux directions dispersent ainsi le mieux les variétés : - la première oppose les cépages de cuve (petites baies) présentant généralement une densité des poils couchés forte, aux variétés de table (grosses baies), souvent glabres ; - la seconde met en opposition les variétés à caractères juvéniles marqués (pigmentation anthocyanique prononcée, densité des poils dressés importante) avec des cépages plus évolués., Ampelography remains a problem of current concern. The great number of varieties of Vitis vinifera L. and the great variability within cultivars cause difficulty in identifying and recognizing varieties. A method for aiding recognition of varieties using computerized ampelographic data has accordingly been developed. Data were collected from the Research Station of VASSAL (I.N.R.A., 34340 Marseillan-Plage). 5 226 clones representing 2 076 cultivars were described using 75 characters (with 272 values). The descriptions were recorded in a Mini 6 computer and a programme was developed to examine the file and obtain hypothetical listings which might agree with an unknown sample. Statistical analysis (C.F.A.) of these data showed which ampelographic characters were most useful and gave a picture of the population of Vitis vinifera L. The population of varieties was dispersed in two main directions. The first opposed wine-production cultivars with small berries and often a high density of prostrate hairs to table varieties (large berries), which are usually hairless. The second opposed varieties with marked juvenile characters (high anthocyanin colour, high density of erect hairs) to more developed varieties.