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Background: Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) are extremely effective in eradicating hepatitis C virus (HCV) in chronically infected patients. However, the protective role of the sustained virologic response (SVR) achieved by second- and third-generation DAAs against the onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mortality is less well established., Aim: To examine the occurrence of HCC or death from any cause in a retrospective-prospective study of patients treated with DAAs., Methods: Patients were enrolled from a tertiary academic hospital center for liver disease management that collects subject data mainly from northeastern Italy. The study was conducted in 380 patients (age: 60 ± 13 years, 224 males, 32% with cirrhosis) treated with DAAs with or without SVR (95/5%), with a median follow up of 58 wk (interquartile range: 38-117). The baseline anthropometric features, HCV viral load, severity of liver disease, presence of extra-hepatic complications, coinfection with HIV and/or HBV, alcohol consumption, previous interferon use, alpha-fetoprotein levels, and renal function were considered to be confounders., Results: The incidence rate of HCC in patients with and without SVR was 1.3 and 59 per 100 person-years, respectively (incidence rate ratio: 44, 95%CI: 15-136, P < 0.001). Considering the combined endpoint of HCC or death from any cause, the hazard ratio (HR) for the SVR patients was 0.070 (95%CI: 0.025-0.194, P < 0.001). Other independent predictors of HCC or death were low HCV viremia (HR: 0.808, P = 0.030), low platelet count (HR: 0.910, P = 0.041), and presence of mixed cryoglobulinemia (HR: 3.460, P = 0.044). Considering SVR in a multi-state model, the independent predictors of SVR achievement were absence of cirrhosis (HR: 0.521, P < 0.001) and high platelet count (HR: 1.019, P = 0.026). Mixed cryoglobulinemia predicted the combined endpoint in patients with and without SVR (HR: 5.982, P = 0.028 and HR: 5.633, P = 0.047, respectively)., Conclusion: DAA treatment is effective in inducing SVR and protecting against HCC or death. A residual risk of HCC persists in patients with advanced liver disease or with complications, such as mixed cryoglobulinemia or renal failure., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: Authors do not have any conflict-of-interest to disclose., (©The Author(s) 2019. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

A suspected pancreatic lesion can be a difficult challenge for the clinician. In the last years we have witnessed tumultuous technological improvements of the radiological and nuclear medicine imaging. Taking this into account, we will try to delineate the new role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in pancreatic imaging and to place it in a shareable diagnostic and staging algorithm of pancreatic cancer (PC). To date the most accurate imaging techniques for the PC remain contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and EUS. The latter has the highest accuracy in detecting small lesions, in assessing tumor size and lymph nodes involvement, but helical CT or an up-to-date magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must be the first choice in patients with a suspected pancreatic lesion. After this first step there is place for EUS as a second diagnostic level in several cases: negative results on CT/MRI scans and persistent strong clinical suspicion of PC, doubtful results on CT/MRI scans or need for cyto-histological confirmation. In the near future there will be great opportunities for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic EUS and pancreatic pathology could be the best testing bench.