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We consider material bodies exhibiting a response function for free energy, which depends on both the strain and its gradient. Toupin–Mindlin’s gradient elasticity is characterized by Cauchy stress tensors, which are given by space-like Euler–Lagrange derivative of the free energy with respect to the strain. The present paper aims at developing a first version of gradient elasticity of non-Toupin–Mindlin’s type, i.e., a theory employing Cauchy stress tensors, which are not necessarily expressed as Euler–Lagrange derivatives. This is accomplished in the framework of non-conventional thermodynamics. A one-dimensional boundary value problem is solved in detail in order to illustrate the differences of the present theory with Toupin–Mindlin’s gradient elasticity theory.

Materialien aus Einkristall-Legierungen werden in vielen Industrie-Anwendungen verwendet. In der Luftfahrt-Industrie z.B. werden Turbinenschaufeln aus Nickel-Einkristall Superlegierungen hergestellt. Diese Superlegierungen halten höhere Temperaturen aus und reduzieren somit den Treibstoffverbrauch. Deshalb ist es wichtig, das mechanische Verhalten der Einkristalle so gut wie möglich beschreiben zu können. Der Zweck dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer thermodynamisch konsistenten Theorie für Einkristall Viskoplastizität für das "face centered cubic" (f.c.c.) Kristallsystem. Die Theorie beinhaltet isotrope und kinematische Verfestigung. Mit der entwickelten Theorie werden einige Runge-Kutta Rechnungen für einfache Scherung durchgeführt. Das Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Rotation der Achsen während der Deformation gelegt. Rechnungen mit ungekoppelter isotroper oder kinematischer Verfestigung zeigen unbegrenzte Rotation der Achsen und somit einen periodischen Spannungs-Dehnungs Verlauf. Dieses Verhalten ist aber unphysikalisch, da sich das Kristallgitter im Einkristall nicht unbegrenzt drehen kann. Deshalb werden "Kopplungseffekte" in die Verfestigungsgleichungen eingeführt. Dadurch können die Gitterrotationen sinnvoll stabilisiert werden. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit werden mehrere Beispiele von Kopplungen aufgezeigt. Nach der Behandlung der Einkristall Mechanik wird das mechanische Verhalten von Polykristallen mithilfe des "Taylor-Modells" simuliert. Da der wichtigste physikalische Prozess für die anisotrope plastische Materialantwort eines polykristallinen Metalls die Reorientierung des Kristallgitters der einzelnen Körner ist, wird die hier entwickelte Theorie für Einkristalle auf Polykristalle angewendet. Es wird die Entwicklung der kristallographischen Textur jeweils mit und ohne Kopplungseffekte in den Verfestigungsgleichungen untersucht. Als ein Resultat erhält man "Ideale Scher Texturen" bei Verfestigung mit Kopplungseffekten.

We develop asymptotic solutions for near-tip fields of Mode-I and Mode-II crack problems and for model responses reflected by implicit gradient elasticity. Especially, a model of gradient elasticity is considered, which is based on Laplacians of stress and strain and turns out to be derivable as a particular case of micromorphic (microstrain) elasticity. While the governing model equations of the crack problems are developed in Part I, the present paper addresses analytical solutions for near-tip fields by using asymptotic expansions of Williams’ type. It is shown that for the assumptions made in Part I, the model does not eliminiate the well-known singularities of classical elasticity. This is in contrast to conclusions made elsewhere, which rely upon different assumptions. However, there are significant differences in comparison to classical elasticity, which are discussed in the paper. For instance, in the case of Mode-II loading conditions, the leading terms of the asymptotic solution for the components of the double stress exhibit the remarkable property that they include two stress intensity factors.

A two-dimensional formulation of the 3-PG Model of implicit gradient elasticity has been developed in Part I. The predicted near-tip fields for Mode-I and Mode-II crack problems have been derived in Part II. It has been found that both the classical Cauchy stress and the nonclassical double stress are singular with the order of singularity r‚àí12. In the present chapter, the two-dimensional model formulation is implemented in a finite element code. For verification of the resulting finite element model, a square section with a circular hole subjected to displacement-controlled tension loading is considered and discussed. The main concerns of the chapter are, on the one hand, to validate the analytical solutions of Part II. On the other hand, the chapter aims to investigate the effect of nonclassical material parameters on the stress intensity factors.

Models of implicit gradient elasticity based on Laplacians of stress and strain can be established in analogy to the models of linear viscoelastic solids. The most simple implicit gradient elasticity model including both, the Laplacian of stress and the Laplacian of strain, is the counterpart of the three-parameter viscoelastic solid. The main investigations in Parts I, II, and III concern the “three-parameter gradient elasticity model” and focus on the near-tip fields of Mode-I and Mode-II crack problems. It is proved that, for the boundary and symmetry conditions assumed in the present work, the model does not avoid the well-known singularities of classical elasticity. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in the form of the asymptotic solutions in comparison to the classical elasticity. These differences are discussed in detail on the basis of closed-form analytical solutions. Part I provides the governing equations and the required boundary and symmetry conditions for the considered crack problems.