41 results on '"COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE"'
Search Results
2. Examining the Needs of Green Infrastructure (GI) Facilities in Strata Low-cost Flats, Selangor
- Author
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Nor Zalina Harun, Mazlina Mansor, and Najiha Jaffar
- Subjects
low-cost strata housing ,community infrastructure ,green infrastructure ,health ,Architecture ,NA1-9428 ,Human ecology. Anthropogeography ,GF1-900 - Abstract
Rapid urbanization has transformed the pattern of urban land use to focus more onhousing development. Unfortunately, the focus is less on improving the optimal use of community and green infrastructure (GI) facilities for communities in low-cost housing. Studies have shown that the lack of proper facilities and GI have impacted the individual, physical, psychological, and social health of a community. The outdoor facilities of low-cost housing developments are claimed to be very limited. Hence, the planning standards and guidelines for housing should go beyond their basic provisions, to offer a more conducive environment that improves the health and wellbeing of the community, especially in the event of a pandemic. Hence, the paper presents the preference of GI facilities in three low-cost strata housing flats in Selangor (Lembah Jaya, Kajang Utama, and PKNS PJS2 low-cost flats). The data collection consists of (a) spatial analysis using drone images that were converted into AutoCAD spatial maps; (b) interviews with the Joint Management Bodies; and (c) a questionnaire survey of residents (Lembah Jaya–n=116; Kajang Utama Flats–n=50; PKNS PJS2–n=85). The results reveal the limitations of the existing developments, challenges, and needs of the community. Considering the current COVID-19 pandemic, the outdoor spaces in the housing areas are indispensable for residents to relax their minds and do various allowable outdoor activities. This paper emphasizes that the provision of a new model for community and GI facilities in low-cost apartments is a must. A comfortable living environment in the area will support the ecological and social system of a community, thus promoting a good society. It urges the government, developers, and local governments to change the development approach for this type of housing to one that emphasizes a healthier, higher-quality, and more sustainable environment for the local community.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The value of community technology workers for LPG use: A pilot in Shirati, Tanzania
- Author
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Annelise Gill-Wiehl, Sara Sievers, and Daniel M. Kammen
- Subjects
Clean cooking ,Community infrastructure ,Sustainable development ,LPG ,Community technology worker ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Abstract Background Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 calls for the adoption and continued use of clean-burning stoves by the 2.9 billion people relying on unclean fuels (both solid biomass and kerosene). However, to date, the clean cooking literature has found low rates of efficient stove adoption and continued use. This paper presents the application of a public health community engagement model to the use of clean cooking fuels. We implemented a pilot study with Community Technology Workers (CTWs) as a means to overcome maintenance, education, and behavioral barriers to clean fuel use in rural Tanzania. Methods The intervention was a free 6 kg Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinder and stove coupled with education from a local technically trained CTW on LPG use. We evaluated the training, work, and impact of a CTW on LPG use on 30 randomly selected households from two villages in a rural district of Tanzania over a 1-year period. After an initial baseline survey, technically trained local CTWs educated the households on safe LPG use and conducted 34 follow up surveys over the next year on their cooking fuel use. Additionally, we conducted qualitative interviews with all households and a focus group with six of the households. Results The results from the mixed methods approach show that 80% of families (n = 24) consistently refilled their LPG cylinders and ~ 40% of households exclusively used LPG. Households reported appreciating the CTWs’ visits for providing education and maintenance support, giving them confidence to use LPG safely, reminding them to save for their cylinder, and providing a community driven effort to use clean fuel. Conclusions The findings demonstrate the feasibility of this type of community infrastructure model to promote and facilitate consistent LPG use, but suggest the need to couple this local support with financial mechanisms (e.g., a microsavings program). This model could be a mechanism to increase LPG use, particularly in rural, low-income areas.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. How co-production contributes to urban equality: retrospective lessons from Dar es Salaam.
- Author
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Wilbard, Kombe, Kyessi, Alphonce Gabriel, and Limbumba, Tatu Mtwangi
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT policy ,EQUALITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,DEVELOPING countries ,POLICY discourse - Abstract
Despite varying conceptions of what co-production entails, there is a growing consensus in research, practice and public policy discourse that co-production is a preferred strategy for leveraging resources to deliver basic infrastructure services in low-income settlements. Using largely qualitative data, this paper explores the adaption of co-production in the low-income settlement of Hanna Nassif in Dar es Salaam, implemented 20 years ago by state actors, international agencies and grassroots actors, with attention to basic infrastructure and local employment. The findings reveal that co-production engendered partnerships and platforms and transformed sociocultural norms and values that made inroads toward urban equality in the settlement, although it failed to address inequalities among the partners, or to be replicated subsequently. The paper argues that meaningful co-production of basic infrastructure services in low-income settlements of the global South requires a focus on the context-specific pro-poor concerns and priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Mapping Resilience in the Town Camps of Mparntwe.
- Author
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Tucker, Chris, Klerck, Michael, and Flouris, Anna
- Subjects
URBAN planning ,CITIES & towns ,IMPERIALISM ,DECISION making - Abstract
From the perspective of urban planning, the history of the Town Camps of Mparntwe (Alice Springs) has made them a unique form of urban development within Australia; they embody at once a First Nation form of urbanism and Country, colonial policies of inequity and dispossession, and a disparate public and community infrastructure that reflects the inadequate and ever-changing funding landscape it has been open to. While these issues continue, this paper discusses the resilience of these communities through the Local Decision Making agreement, signed in 2019 between the Northern Territory Government and Tangentyere Council. One thing that has been critical to translating and communicating local decisions for government funding has been the establishment of an inclusive and robust process of participatory mapping—Mapping Local Decisions—where both the deficiencies and potential of community infrastructure within each Town Camp is being identified. As local community knowledge is embedded within these practices, so too are issues of health, accessibility, safety and a changing climate similarly embedded within the architectural and infrastructure projects developed for government funding. Being conceived and supported by local communities, projects are finding better ways to secure this funding, building on a resilience these communities have for the places they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The value of community technology workers for LPG use: A pilot in Shirati, Tanzania.
- Author
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Gill-Wiehl, Annelise, Sievers, Sara, and Kammen, Daniel M.
- Subjects
LIQUEFIED petroleum gas ,COMMUNITY involvement ,SUSTAINABLE development ,COMMUNITIES - Abstract
Background: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 calls for the adoption and continued use of clean-burning stoves by the 2.9 billion people relying on unclean fuels (both solid biomass and kerosene). However, to date, the clean cooking literature has found low rates of efficient stove adoption and continued use. This paper presents the application of a public health community engagement model to the use of clean cooking fuels. We implemented a pilot study with Community Technology Workers (CTWs) as a means to overcome maintenance, education, and behavioral barriers to clean fuel use in rural Tanzania. Methods: The intervention was a free 6 kg Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinder and stove coupled with education from a local technically trained CTW on LPG use. We evaluated the training, work, and impact of a CTW on LPG use on 30 randomly selected households from two villages in a rural district of Tanzania over a 1-year period. After an initial baseline survey, technically trained local CTWs educated the households on safe LPG use and conducted 34 follow up surveys over the next year on their cooking fuel use. Additionally, we conducted qualitative interviews with all households and a focus group with six of the households. Results: The results from the mixed methods approach show that 80% of families (n = 24) consistently refilled their LPG cylinders and ~ 40% of households exclusively used LPG. Households reported appreciating the CTWs' visits for providing education and maintenance support, giving them confidence to use LPG safely, reminding them to save for their cylinder, and providing a community driven effort to use clean fuel. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the feasibility of this type of community infrastructure model to promote and facilitate consistent LPG use, but suggest the need to couple this local support with financial mechanisms (e.g., a microsavings program). This model could be a mechanism to increase LPG use, particularly in rural, low-income areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Trabajo, vivienda e infraestructura comunitaria en tiempos de pandemia. Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
- Author
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Garay, Ana and Torres, Lucas Emanuel
- Subjects
- *
COMMUNITY housing , *GOVERNMENT policy , *LAND use , *COMMUNITY services , *ACCESS control , *VIRTUAL communities , *SOCIAL isolation - Abstract
In this paper we will characterize the socio-labor, housing and community infrastructure conditions of vulnerable populations in Santiago del Estero, Argentina, under Social, Preventive and Compulsory Isolation. The results of a survey carried out in August 2020 by means of online interviews to territorial referents are presented, paying special attention to the ways in which isolation affects labor activities and income and the alternative strategies deployed and the dimensions referred to housing, services and community infrastructure of the neighborhoods of residence. The sampling carried out is nonprobabilistic and intentional. Through the work, it is possible to observe the need to rethink the implementation of public policies for the generation of decent work, as well as to control the use of and access to land and housing, respecting the ways of life and habitation of our populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Meeting the challenges of parenting: factors that enhance and hinder the role of parents.
- Author
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Kolar, Violet, Weston, Ruth, and Soriano, Grace
- Published
- 2001
9. Association of Built Environmental Features with Rates of Infectious Diseases in Remote Indigenous Communities in the Northern Territory, Australia
- Author
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Amal Chakraborty, Victor Maduabuchi Oguoma, Neil T. Coffee, Peter Markey, Alwin Chong, Margaret Cargo, and Mark Daniel
- Subjects
built environment ,indigenous ,communicable diseases ,infectious diseases ,disease outbreaks ,community infrastructure ,Medicine - Abstract
The health of Indigenous Australians is far poorer than non-Indigenous Australians, including an excess burden of infectious diseases. The health effect of built environmental (BE) features on Indigenous communities receives little attention. This study’s objective was to determine associations between BE features and infectious disease incidence rates in remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Remote Indigenous communities (n = 110) were spatially joined to 93 Indigenous Locations (ILOC). Outcomes data were extracted (NT Notifiable Diseases System) and expressed as ILOC-specific incidence rates. Counts of buildings were extracted from community asset maps and grouped by function. Age-adjusted infectious disease rates were dichotomised, and bivariate binomial regression used to determine the relationships between BE variables and infectious disease. Infrastructure Shelter BE features were universally associated with significantly elevated disease outcomes (relative risk 1.67 to 2.03). Significant associations were observed for Services, Arena, Community, Childcare, Oval, and Sports and recreation BE features. BE groupings associated with disease outcomes were those with communal and/or social design intent or use. Comparable BE groupings without this intent or use did not associate with disease outcomes. While discouraging use of communal BE features during infectious disease outbreaks is a conceptually valid countermeasure, communal activities have additional health benefits themselves, and infectious disease transmission could instead be reduced through repairs to infrastructure, and more infrastructure. This is the first study to examine these associations simultaneously in more than a handful of remote Indigenous communities to illustrate community-level rather than aggregated population-level associations.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Schools as Community Hubs
- Author
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Cleveland, Benjamin, Backhouse, Sarah, Chandler, Philippa, McShane, Ian, Clinton, Janet M., and Newton, Clare
- Subjects
Schools as Community Hubs ,School Facilities ,School Design ,Learning Environments ,Community Infrastructure ,Social Infrastructure ,Multiple Service Delivery ,Community Development ,Public Education ,Neighbourhood Change ,Place-based Initiatives ,School Partnerships ,Family Wellbeing ,Community Planning ,Community Schools ,Educational Facility Planning ,Urban Planning ,School Architecture ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNK Educational administration and organization - Abstract
This open access book brings together research on the planning, design, governance and management of schools as community hubs—places that support the development of better-connected, more highly integrated, and more resilient communities with education at the centre. It explores opportunities and difficulties associated with bringing schools and communities closer together, with a focus on the facilities needed to accommodate shared experiences that generate social capital and deliver reciprocal benefits. This book discusses the expanded roles of schools, and investigates how schools may offer more to their communities—historically, currently and into the future—with respect to the role of the built environment in situating community activities and services. Organised around four sections, it showcases important areas of development in the field via an interdisciplinary approach, which weaves together empirical research with theoretical insights and practical examples. This book not only highlights the challenges associated with the development of schools as community hubs but offers evidence-based insights into how to overcome such hurdles to develop community-facing schools into the future.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Mapping Resilience in the Town Camps of Mparntwe
- Author
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Chris Tucker, Michael Klerck, and Anna Flouris
- Subjects
Town Camps ,First Nation communities ,topological mapping ,community infrastructure ,PPGIS ,minimalism ,architectural design - Abstract
From the perspective of urban planning, the history of the Town Camps of Mparntwe (Alice Springs) has made them a unique form of urban development within Australia; they embody at once a First Nation form of urbanism and Country, colonial policies of inequity and dispossession, and a disparate public and community infrastructure that reflects the inadequate and ever-changing funding landscape it has been open to. While these issues continue, this paper discusses the resilience of these communities through the Local Decision Making agreement, signed in 2019 between the Northern Territory Government and Tangentyere Council. One thing that has been critical to translating and communicating local decisions for government funding has been the establishment of an inclusive and robust process of participatory mapping—Mapping Local Decisions—where both the deficiencies and potential of community infrastructure within each Town Camp is being identified. As local community knowledge is embedded within these practices, so too are issues of health, accessibility, safety and a changing climate similarly embedded within the architectural and infrastructure projects developed for government funding. Being conceived and supported by local communities, projects are finding better ways to secure this funding, building on a resilience these communities have for the places they live.
- Published
- 2022
12. Understanding Multidimensional Determinants of Disability-Inclusive Education : Lessons from Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Zambia
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
ASSISTIVE DEVICES ,CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES ,INCLUSIVE LEARNING EXPERIENCE ,DISABILITY ,BARRIER-FREE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,TARGETED OUTREACH ,AWARENESS-RAISING ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE - Abstract
Children with disabilities undoubtedly face barriers within the education system, however they also face significant challenges within the broader ecosystem that can significantly undermine their and their family’s ability to pursue educational opportunities on par with their peers without disabilities. This study aimed to understand what key determinants beyond school-based factors shaped the experiences of children with disabilities and their families’ ability to support their educational participation in primary school through case studies in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Zambia. The report also includes findings from a short regional survey of parents’ and caregivers’ perceptions across Sub-Saharan Africa. The study explored factors such as: (1) parental aspirations and involvement in their child’s education; (2) stigma and attitudes about children with disabilities; (3) access to necessary supports such as assistive devices, learning materials, and personal assistance; (4) additional and out-of-pocket costs borne by families to support the educational participation of children with disabilities as compared to children without disabilities; (5) accessibility of community infrastructure and transportation; and (6) financial resources and government benefits available to families to support their child’s education.
- Published
- 2022
13. Governance and Finance: Availability of Community and Social Development Infrastructures in Rural China.
- Author
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Wang, Jing and Li, Bingqin
- Subjects
- *
INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) , *TRANSPORTATION , *SANITATION - Abstract
Abstract: This article studies the causes for unequal access to rural community and social development infrastructures in China. We use a dataset in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2012), the National Baseline Survey of Communities, to examine the availability of four types of infrastructures: public transportation, sanitation, health care and aged care. Three hundred and seven villages are included in this study. The findings suggest that the primary funder of infrastructures and the status of village governance have impacts on the unequal availability of rural infrastructures. The effects vary by the type of infrastructures under discussion. This is the first attempt to combine planning, finance and governance factors in explaining rural infrastructure availability. It has strong policy implications and shed important light on state–society relations and the urbanisation trends in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Public Spaces for Community Resilience
- Subjects
domestication ,community infrastructure ,Public Space ,interiority ,Rotterdam ,community empowerment ,interior architecture ,place-based approaches ,public interiors ,public interior space ,community network ,Community Resilience - Abstract
This paper focuses on public spaces for community resilience in their ‘response-related abilities’ and which can be improved. Comparative studies of communities, places, and/or disasters after the unforeseen impactful events are indicators to quantify the level of resilience. Within the broad scope of literature, in this line, 'community networks', 'people-place connections', and 'community infrastructure' are consequentially attributes that come out strongly in studying the resilience of community during change events. In other words, people, and spaces, in their social and physical interconnectivity, contribute to the level of community resilience. In this context, the aim of this paper is to take a closer look into the relation between community resilience and public spaces and specify those public spaces which enhance resilience by means of its design. Based upon reviewing literature and identifying similarities in reasoning community resilience as well as adherence in the discussed spaces as support for community resilience, these public spaces have been specified and some examples from Rotterdam are given to make an accurate image of them.
- Published
- 2021
15. Public Spaces for Community Resilience: Thinking beyond the Dichotomies of Public and Private as well as Exterior and Interior
- Author
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Harteveld, Maurice and Asadollahi Asl Zarkhah, S.
- Subjects
domestication ,community infrastructure ,Public Space ,interiority ,Rotterdam ,community empowerment ,interior architecture ,place-based approaches ,public interiors ,public interior space ,community network ,Community Resilience - Abstract
This paper focuses on public spaces for community resilience in their ‘response-related abilities’ and which can be improved. Comparative studies of communities, places, and/or disasters after the unforeseen impactful events are indicators to quantify the level of resilience. Within the broad scope of literature, in this line, 'community networks', 'people-place connections', and 'community infrastructure' are consequentially attributes that come out strongly in studying the resilience of community during change events. In other words, people, and spaces, in their social and physical interconnectivity, contribute to the level of community resilience. In this context, the aim of this paper is to take a closer look into the relation between community resilience and public spaces and specify those public spaces which enhance resilience by means of its design. Based upon reviewing literature and identifying similarities in reasoning community resilience as well as adherence in the discussed spaces as support for community resilience, these public spaces have been specified and some examples from Rotterdam are given to make an accurate image of them.
- Published
- 2021
16. Community Science Exemplars in SEAGrid Science Gateway: Apache Airavata Based Implementation of Advanced Infrastructure.
- Author
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Pamidighantam, Sudhakar, Nakandala, Supun, Abeysinghe, Eroma, Wimalasena, Chathuri, Rathnayaka, Shameera, Marru, Suresh, and Pierce, Marlon
- Subjects
COMPUTATIONAL chemistry ,CALCIUM carbonate ,WATER chemistry ,GRAPHENE ,METAL complexes ,OXIDATION-reduction reaction - Abstract
We will describe the science discovered by some of the community of researchers using the SEAGrid Science gateway using computational chemistry applications. Specific science projects to be discussed include calcium carbonate and bicorbonate hydrochemistry, graphene application modeling, photonic properties of some heavy metal complexes, mechanistic studies of redox proteins and diffraction modeling of metal and metal-oxide structures and interfaces. The modeling studies involve a variety of computational techniques and coupled execution of a workflows using specific set of applications enabled in the SEAGrid Science Gateway. The integration of applications and resources that enable workflows that integrate empirical, semi-empirical ab initio and DFT and perturbative ab initio techniques through a single point of access will be presented. SEAGrid gateway hitherto used Computational Chemistry Grid middlware infrastructure and provided GridChem desktop client for users to interact with the resources and services. This deployment suffers from maintainging unsupported service architectures and system specific scripts. Going forward, the services will be outsourced to the Apache Airavata infrastructure to gain from a sustainable and more easily maintaiable set of services. As part of the new deployment we will also provide a web browser based SEAGrid Portal in addition to the SEAGrid desktop application based on the previous GridChem client. We will elaborate the services and their enhancement in this process to exemplify how the new implementation will enhance the maintainability and sustainability. We will also provide exemplar science workflows and contrast how they are supported in the new deployment relative to the previous deployment to show case the adoptability and user support for services and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Public Spaces for Community Resilience: Thinking beyond the Dichotomies of Public and Private as well as Exterior and Interior
- Author
-
Harteveld, Maurice (author), Asadollahi Asl Zarkhah, S. (author), Harteveld, Maurice (author), and Asadollahi Asl Zarkhah, S. (author)
- Abstract
This paper focuses on public spaces for community resilience in their ‘response-related abilities’ and which can be improved. Comparative studies of communities, places, and/or disasters after the unforeseen impactful events are indicators to quantify the level of resilience. Within the broad scope of literature, in this line, 'community networks', 'people-place connections', and 'community infrastructure' are consequentially attributes that come out strongly in studying the resilience of community during change events. In other words, people, and spaces, in their social and physical interconnectivity, contribute to the level of community resilience. In this context, the aim of this paper is to take a closer look into the relation between community resilience and public spaces and specify those public spaces which enhance resilience by means of its design. Based upon reviewing literature and identifying similarities in reasoning community resilience as well as adherence in the discussed spaces as support for community resilience, these public spaces have been specified and some examples from Rotterdam are given to make an accurate image of them., Urban Design
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Wildland–Urban Interface Fires in Spain: Summary of the Policy Framework and Recommendations for Improvement
- Author
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Eulàlia Planas, Juan Antonio Muñoz, Elsa Pastor, Ferran Dalmau, Alba Àgueda, David Caballero, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Enginyeria de Processos Químics, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. CERTEC - Centre d'Estudis del Risc Tecnològic
- Subjects
Fire prevention ,Poison control ,020101 civil engineering ,Legislation ,02 engineering and technology ,Wildfire ,Community infrastructure ,Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Política i gestió ambiental [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,0201 civil engineering ,Fire protection engineering ,Urban planning ,Fire protection ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Forest fires -- Prevention and control ,General Materials Science ,Wildland–urban interface ,European union ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Incendis forestals -- Prevenció i control ,Incendis forestals -- Europa -- Dret i legislació ,Environmental planning ,media_common ,040101 forestry ,Fuel treatments ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Geography ,WUI standards ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Forest fires -- Europe -- Law and legislation ,Wildland-industrial interface - Abstract
Southern Europe is recurrently being hit by forest fires affecting wildland–urban interface (WUI) areas which, particularly in the last decade, have resulted in tremendous consequences. In the years to come, self-protection of communities will be a first priority over fire suppression, demanding better fire-resistant and resilient WUI scenarios through actions grounded on solid and sound regulations and legislation. As of today, the European Union as a whole, and the Member States in particular, are belatedly articulating new and appropriate regulations and implementing policies for the protection of WUI areas against forest fires. Spain is one of the EU Member States, holding 1.1 million ha of WUI areas (above 4% of the total forested land) and experiencing an average of 12,500 forest fires per year over the past decade. In this paper a review of the state of the art on regulations, codes, plans and recommendations on WUI fire prevention and management in Spain is presented. Shortcomings due to the current lack of building and urban planning standards and technical codes for WUI communities are highlighted. We underline some paramount needs to be covered by scientific research and fire engineering in particular topics. Some of them have received little attention in the literature related to European WUI fires while some others have been almost unexplored, such as planning of low-fuel fringes, design of road networks and accessibility, dimension of water supply networks, study of ignitability and combustibility of residential vegetation, role of construction methods and materials, and the wildland–industrial interface. Outcomes from research activities on such topics should lead to appropriately drive and inform the policy making processes on WUI fire prevention and management in Spain and, by extension, in other southern European countries under a similar situation.
- Published
- 2019
19. Identifying Environmental Determinants Relevant to Health and Wellbeing in Remote Australian Indigenous Communities: A Scoping Review of Grey Literature
- Author
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Alwin Chong, Nicola Slavin, Margaret Cargo, Natasha J. Howard, Alex Brown, Mark Daniel, Amal Chakraborty, Chakraborty, Amal, Daniel, Mark, Howard, Natasha J, Chong, Alwin, Slavin, Nicola, Brown, Alex, and Cargo, Margaret
- Subjects
environmental indicators ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,public policy ,Public policy ,lcsh:Medicine ,environmental health ,Review ,Indigenous ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gray Literature ,0302 clinical medicine ,Population Groups ,social planning ,medicine ,Northern Territory ,Health Services, Indigenous ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,indigenous ,Environmental planning ,Built environment ,Social policy ,030505 public health ,High prevalence ,community infrastructure ,Public health ,lcsh:R ,public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Grey literature ,built environment ,community capacity ,Identification (information) ,Geography ,grey literature ,Chronic Disease ,Public Health ,0305 other medical science - Abstract
The high prevalence of preventable infectious and chronic diseases in Australian Indigenous populations is a major public health concern. Existing research has rarely examined the role of built and socio-political environmental factors relating to remote Indigenous health and wellbeing. This research identified built and socio-political environmental indicators from publicly available grey literature documents locally-relevant to remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Existing planning documents with evidence of community input were used to reduce the response burden on Indigenous communities. A scoping review of community-focused planning documents resulted in the identification of 1120 built and 2215 socio-political environmental indicators. Indicators were systematically classified using an Indigenous indicator classification system (IICS). Applying the IICS yielded indicators prominently featuring the “community infrastructure” domain within the built environment, and the “community capacity” domain within the socio-political environment. This research demonstrates the utility of utilizing existing planning documents and a culturally appropriate systematic classification system to consolidate environmental determinants that influence health and disease occurrence. The findings also support understanding of which features of community-level built and socio-political environments amenable to public health and social policy actions might be targeted to help reduce the prevalence of infectious and chronic diseases in Indigenous communities Refereed/Peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2021
20. Neighborhood Correlates of Sitting Time for Australian Adults in New Suburbs.
- Author
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Foster, Sarah, Pereira, Gavin, Christian, Hayley, Knuiman, Matthew, Bull, Fiona, and Giles-Corti, Billie
- Subjects
- *
SUBURBS , *SEDENTARY behavior , *COMMUNITY involvement , *SOCIAL interaction - Abstract
The neighborhood influences on walking are well recognized, yet less is known about how the environment impacts sedentary behaviors. This study used a social-ecological model to examine the correlates of sitting time, independent of walking behavior. Objective built environment measures and self-reported community participation were examined for associations with sitting time for 1,179 residents in Perth, Western Australia. Neighborhood built environment and social factors were significantly associated with women’s sitting time only. In particular, the presence of community infrastructure was negatively associated with women’s weekday sitting (relative reduction = 0.951; p = .037), but statistical significance weakened after accounting for community participation (relative reduction = 0.951; p = .057). Community participation was independently associated with both women’s weekday and weekend sitting (both p < .001). More walkable neighborhoods may help limit women’s sitting time by providing better access to community infrastructure, as local venues may afford additional opportunities for social interaction and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Participation, a fundamental cog in a community infrastructure project (PIC), within the framework of building territorial Peace. The case of the PIC in La Montañita- Caquetá
- Author
-
Castro Salgado, Darío, Gaviria, Lydda, and Charry Joya, Carlos Andres
- Subjects
Implementación de acuerdos de paz ,Victims of the conflict ,Victimas del conflicto ,Problemas sociales & bienestar social en general ,Socio-educational projects ,Infraestructura comunitaria ,Implementation of peace agreements ,Proyectos socioeducativos ,Community infrastructure ,Procesos sociales - Abstract
En este documento se presenta la evaluación de un proyecto social, se analizan los niveles de participación de la comunidad en el Proyecto de Infraestructra Comunitaria (PIC), denominado “Aula de Clases con dos baterias sanitarias en la Vereda El Cedro del Municipio La Montañita - Caquetá”. Este proyecto fue realizado por la Agencia de Renovación del Territorio (ART), atendiendo al punto número uno, del Acuerdo de Paz, suscrito en 2016, entre el gobierno Colombiano y las FARC-EP (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, Ejercito del Pueblo). La línea estratégica, para cumplir el punto número uno, del Acuerdo de Paz, es la construcción de pequeñas infraestructuras comunitarias, en aquellos territorios, donde existió presencia de grupos ilegales y donde la comunidad es catalogada como vulnerable. This document presents the evaluation of a social project and the analysis of the levels of community participation in the PIC (Community Infrastructure Project, called “Classroom with two sanitary batteries in the Vereda El Cedro of the Municipality of La Montañita - Caquetá”. This project was carried out by the Territory Renewal Agency (ART), as a contribution to point number one, of the Peace Agreement, signed in 2016, between the Colombian Government and the FARC-EP (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Army of the People ). The strategic line, to fulfill the number one point, of the Peace Agreement, is the construction of small community infrastructure, in those territories, where illegal groups occupied and where the community is classified as vulnerable.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Participatory Design for Long-Term Access: User Research, Software Preservation and Emulation
- Author
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Anderson, Seth and Meyerson, Jessica
- Subjects
Participatory Design ,Community Infrastructure ,Emulation as a Service ,Software Preservation - Abstract
Our collections, research, and scholarship are increasingly software-dependent. However, within the digital repository landscape, few organizations are actively engaged in programmatic software preservation and emulation. The Sloan Foundation and Mellon Foundation-funded Scaling Emulation as a Service Infrastructure (EaaSI) program of work aim to enable access to digital objects within emulated software environments. The first six months of work on the project were dedicated to understanding our users' mental models of emulation, the use cases that drove their interest in the project and the gap between programmatic software preservation and existing practice. In this presentation, members of the EaaSI project staff will describe the user research activities undertaken by the founding nodes of the EaaSI network, the goal of each user research activity, methods used, activity results and the different ways that EaaSI staff have applied results to inform the design of EaaSI services. The presentation will address challenges associated with managing a broad and diverse group of stakeholders and provide examples of the EaaSI team's approach to managing their divergent expectations and requirements.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Wildland–urban interface fires in spain: summary of the policy framework and recommendations for improvement
- Author
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Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Enginyeria de Processos Químics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. CERTEC - Centre d'Estudis del Risc Tecnològic, Pastor Ferrer, Elsa, Muñoz Navarro, Juan Antonio, Caballero Valero, David, Agueda Costafreda, Alba, Dalmau Rovira, Ferran, Planas Cuchi, Eulàlia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Enginyeria de Processos Químics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. CERTEC - Centre d'Estudis del Risc Tecnològic, Pastor Ferrer, Elsa, Muñoz Navarro, Juan Antonio, Caballero Valero, David, Agueda Costafreda, Alba, Dalmau Rovira, Ferran, and Planas Cuchi, Eulàlia
- Abstract
Southern Europe is recurrently being hit by forest fires affecting wildland–urban interface (WUI) areas which, particularly in the last decade, have resulted in tremendous consequences. In the years to come, self-protection of communities will be a first priority over fire suppression, demanding better fire-resistant and resilient WUI scenarios through actions grounded on solid and sound regulations and legislation. As of today, the European Union as a whole, and the Member States in particular, are belatedly articulating new and appropriate regulations and implementing policies for the protection of WUI areas against forest fires. Spain is one of the EU Member States, holding 1.1 million ha of WUI areas (above 4% of the total forested land) and experiencing an average of 12,500 forest fires per year over the past decade. In this paper a review of the state of the art on regulations, codes, plans and recommendations on WUI fire prevention and management in Spain is presented. Shortcomings due to the current lack of building and urban planning standards and technical codes for WUI communities are highlighted. We underline some paramount needs to be covered by scientific research and fire engineering in particular topics. Some of them have received little attention in the literature related to European WUI fires while some others have been almost unexplored, such as planning of low-fuel fringes, design of road networks and accessibility, dimension of water supply networks, study of ignitability and combustibility of residential vegetation, role of construction methods and materials, and the wildland–industrial interface. Outcomes from research activities on such topics should lead to appropriately drive and inform the policy making processes on WUI fire prevention and management in Spain and, by extension, in other southern European countries under a similar situation., Postprint (author's final draft)
- Published
- 2019
24. Association of Built Environmental Features with Rates of Infectious Diseases in Remote Indigenous Communities in the Northern Territory, Australia.
- Author
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Chakraborty, Amal, Oguoma, Victor Maduabuchi, Coffee, Neil T., Markey, Peter, Chong, Alwin, Cargo, Margaret, and Daniel, Mark
- Subjects
COMMUNICABLE diseases ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission ,DISEASE incidence ,INDIGENOUS Australians ,DISEASE outbreaks - Abstract
The health of Indigenous Australians is far poorer than non-Indigenous Australians, including an excess burden of infectious diseases. The health effect of built environmental (BE) features on Indigenous communities receives little attention. This study's objective was to determine associations between BE features and infectious disease incidence rates in remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Remote Indigenous communities (n = 110) were spatially joined to 93 Indigenous Locations (ILOC). Outcomes data were extracted (NT Notifiable Diseases System) and expressed as ILOC-specific incidence rates. Counts of buildings were extracted from community asset maps and grouped by function. Age-adjusted infectious disease rates were dichotomised, and bivariate binomial regression used to determine the relationships between BE variables and infectious disease. Infrastructure Shelter BE features were universally associated with significantly elevated disease outcomes (relative risk 1.67 to 2.03). Significant associations were observed for Services, Arena, Community, Childcare, Oval, and Sports and recreation BE features. BE groupings associated with disease outcomes were those with communal and/or social design intent or use. Comparable BE groupings without this intent or use did not associate with disease outcomes. While discouraging use of communal BE features during infectious disease outbreaks is a conceptually valid countermeasure, communal activities have additional health benefits themselves, and infectious disease transmission could instead be reduced through repairs to infrastructure, and more infrastructure. This is the first study to examine these associations simultaneously in more than a handful of remote Indigenous communities to illustrate community-level rather than aggregated population-level associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Community Science Exemplars in SEAGrid Science Gateway: Apache Airavata Based Implementation of Advanced Infrastructure
- Author
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Marlon Pierce, Eroma Abeysinghe, Supun Nakandala, Suresh Marru, Sudhakar Pamidighantam, Shameera Rathnayaka Yodage, and Chathuri Wimalasena
- Subjects
Computer science ,Process (engineering) ,02 engineering and technology ,Gateway (computer program) ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Data science ,Workflows ,0104 chemical sciences ,Variety (cybernetics) ,Visualization ,Apache Airavata ,Set (abstract data type) ,Computational Chemistry ,Workflow ,Cyberinfrastructure ,Community Infrastructure ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,SEAGrid Science Gateway ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
We describe the science discovered by some of the community of researchers using the SEAGrid Science gateway. Specific science projects to be discussed include calcium carbonate and bicarbonate hydrochemistry, mechanistic studies of redox proteins and diffraction modeling of metal and metal-oxide structures and interfaces. The modeling studies involve a variety of ab initio and molecular dynamics computational techniques and coupled execution of a workflows using specific set of applications enabled in the SEAGrid Science Gateway. The integration of applications and resources that enable workflows that couple empirical, semi-empirical, ab initio DFT, and Moller-Plesset perturbative models and combine computational and visualization modules through a single point of access is now possible through the SEAGrid gateway. Integration with the Apache Airavata infrastructure to gain a sustainable and more easily maintainable set of services is described. As part of this integration we also provide a web browser based SEAGrid Portal in addition to the SEAGrid rich client based on the previous GridChem client. We will elaborate the services and their enhancements in this process to exemplify how the new implementation will enhance the maintainability and sustainability. We will also provide exemplar science workflows and contrast how they are supported in the new deployment to showcase the adoptability and user support for services and resources.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Governance and Finance: Availability of community and social development infrastructures in rural China
- Author
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Wang, J, Li, B, Wang, J, and Li, B
- Published
- 2018
27. Destination + Identity + Community + Connection = [Vibrant] Hornby - Jasmine Goh
- Author
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Jasmine Goh
28. Identifying Environmental Determinants Relevant to Health and Wellbeing in Remote Australian Indigenous Communities: A Scoping Review of Grey Literature.
- Author
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Chakraborty A, Daniel M, Howard NJ, Chong A, Slavin N, Brown A, and Cargo M
- Subjects
- Chronic Disease, Humans, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Northern Territory epidemiology, Population Groups, Public Health, Gray Literature, Health Services, Indigenous
- Abstract
The high prevalence of preventable infectious and chronic diseases in Australian Indigenous populations is a major public health concern. Existing research has rarely examined the role of built and socio-political environmental factors relating to remote Indigenous health and wellbeing. This research identified built and socio-political environmental indicators from publicly available grey literature documents locally-relevant to remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Existing planning documents with evidence of community input were used to reduce the response burden on Indigenous communities. A scoping review of community-focused planning documents resulted in the identification of 1120 built and 2215 socio-political environmental indicators. Indicators were systematically classified using an Indigenous indicator classification system (IICS). Applying the IICS yielded indicators prominently featuring the "community infrastructure" domain within the built environment, and the "community capacity" domain within the socio-political environment. This research demonstrates the utility of utilizing existing planning documents and a culturally appropriate systematic classification system to consolidate environmental determinants that influence health and disease occurrence. The findings also support understanding of which features of community-level built and socio-political environments amenable to public health and social policy actions might be targeted to help reduce the prevalence of infectious and chronic diseases in Indigenous communities.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Public Works as a Productive Safety Net in a Post-Conflict Setting : Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Sierra Leone
- Author
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Rosas, Nina and Sabarwal, Shwetlena
- Subjects
TRANSFER AMOUNT ,PUBLIC‐WORKS ,DURABLE GOODS ,DESCRIPTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,FOOD EXPENDITURE ,PROJECTS ,DESIGN ,FOOD POLICY ,IN‐KIND TRANSFERS ,SAVINGS GROUPS ,POOR ,CASH PAYMENTS ,PRODUCTIVE ASSETS ,SAFETY NETS ,INCOME ,BENEFICIARIES ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,NUMBER OF CHILDREN ,FOOD INSECURITY ,TRANSITION COUNTRIES ,SELF‐ TARGETING ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,FEMALE ,INCOME SHOCKS ,OCCUPATION ,HEALTH ,SOCIAL ACTION ,COVARIATE SHOCKS ,GOVERNMENT CAPACITY ,INTERVENTION ,INTERVENTIONS ,BENEFICIARY ,CONDITIONAL CASH ,WORK PROGRAM ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,MARKETS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,HEALTH FACILITIES ,WELFARE ,SAFETY NET ,LABOR MARKET ,SOCIAL COHESION ,HOUSEHOLD ,SERVICES ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,WORKS PROGRAM ,MARKET ,TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY RELIEF ,MARKET WAGE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LEAN SEASON ,TARGETING ,ATTENDANCE RATES ,NATIONAL COVERAGE ,IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS ,CHILD LABOR ,FOOD SECURITY ,ROAD REHABILITATION ,FACILITIES ,FINANCIAL CRISES ,COST‐EFFECTIVENESS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,COMMUNITY ,YOUTH ,SAFETY ,HOUSEHOLDS ,ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,TEMPORARY JOBS ,HYGIENE ,PROJECT ,INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,PARTICIPATION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,VILLAGE‐LEVEL ,WAGE RATE ,HEALTH FACILITY ,ANTIPOVERTY INSTRUMENTS ,SELF‐TARGETING ,FUTURE EARNINGS ,LABOR MARKETS ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,CONFLICT ,HOMES ,IN‐KIND PAYMENTS ,ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ,HOUSEHOLD‐LEVEL ,CASH INTERVENTIONS ,INTERHOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS ,SAVINGS ,CASH TRANSFER ,PUBLIC WORKS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ,TRANSFER PROGRAM ,URBAN AREAS ,COST‐ EFFECTIVENESS ,GENDER ,INCOME SUPPORT ,COMMUNITIES ,EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
This paper examines the short-term impacts of a labor-intensive public works program on household welfare and economic prospects. Using a community-level randomized control trial approach, the paper finds that the public works program targeted at youth in Sierra Leone successfully provided temporary employment to youth characterized by low educational attainment. Cash income among program participants increased by nearly three times relative to the control counterparts, and treatment households experienced a 29 percent rise in monthly income. There is also evidence of significant re-optimization of household labor allocation and expenditure in response to program participation. First, there is an overall crowding-in of labor force participation by household members beyond program participation. Second, the extra income is spent partly to improve the quality of life and partly to secure future earnings. The treated households raised spending on food, medicines, and assets. They also expanded utilization of health services. Meanwhile, the consumption of temptation goods was greater, albeit by a small amount, and the rate of absenteeism among students was higher. To secure future earnings, the treated households set up new businesses: they were nearly four times more likely than the control households to set up new household enterprises. They also boosted their participation in informal savings groups and their investments in their homes and existing businesses. These results demonstrate that public works interventions have considerable potential as productive safety nets in post-conflict settings such as Sierra Leone. They can provide immediate income support, but also open avenues for investment in the productive capacity of poor households.
- Published
- 2016
30. Taking on New Challenges : A Compendium of Good Practices in Rural Water Supply Schemes
- Author
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World Bank and India Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
- Subjects
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT ,LOCAL WATER ,WATER CONSUMPTION ,ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER ,METER READINGS ,ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY ,WATER SOURCES ,WATER ,RURAL WATER SUPPLY ,LITRES PER DAY ,MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ,POPULATION GROWTH ,COMMUNITY WATER ,COMMUNITY LEADERS ,WATER SCHEMES ,RURAL DRINKING WATER ,HOUSEHOLD USE ,WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ,WATER RESOURCE ,TOWNS ,WATER TARIFF ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,WATER DEMAND ,WATER INFRASTRUCTURE ,WATER SOURCE ,WATER TARIFFS ,WATER AUTHORITY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,PIPELINE ,SOLID WASTE ,WELLS ,RURAL COMMUNITY ,WATER USER ,SERVICE STANDARDS ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,INDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONS ,QUALITY OF WATER ,CONTRACT PERIOD ,SURFACE WATER ,FINANCIAL INCENTIVES ,QUANTITY OF WATER ,SANITATION SECTOR ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY ,SUSTAINABLE WATER ,REGULARITY OF WATER SUPPLY ,TOWN ,WATER SERVICES ,WATER SYSTEM ,WATER SUPPLIES ,FIXED CHARGES ,WATER METER ,POOR WATER QUALITY ,WATER TANKERS ,DRINKING WATER ,SEWERAGE SERVICES ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,CONNECTION FEE ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,TARIFF STRUCTURE ,CLEAN WATER ,COST RECOVERY ,COST SAVINGS ,WATER SUPPLY SERVICES ,WATER SCARCITY ,COST SHARING ,WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ,WATER SECTOR ,DRINKING WATER SUPPLY ,BULK SUPPLY ,WATER SHORTAGES ,DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,WATER CONSERVATION ,SANITATION FACILITIES ,ADEQUATE WATER ,WATER STORAGE ,COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION ,QUALITY WATER ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,WATER METERS ,QUALITY OF SERVICE ,SANITATION SERVICES ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ,WATER DEVELOPMENT ,NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS ,SAFE WATER ,MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ,CONSUMPTION CHARGE ,HYGIENE EDUCATION ,COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY ,MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY ,METER READING ,SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY ,WATERSHEDS ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,BILL COLLECTION ,WATER SYSTEMS ,SAFE DRINKING WATER ,HOUSEHOLDS ,RAW WATER ,MAINTENANCE COSTS ,POTABLE WATER ,DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS ,QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY ,URBAN WATER ,RURAL WATER ,PROVISION OF WATER ,DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ,HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS ,CONNECTION CHARGES ,SYSTEMS ,WATER SERVICE ,WATER DISTRIBUTION ,COLLECTION SYSTEM ,PROVIDING WATER SUPPLY ,CUBIC METRE ,WATER TREATMENT PLANT ,WATER COVERAGE ,HAND PUMP ,WATER QUALITY ,WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ,WATER SUPPLY ,TARIFF SETTING ,WATER USE ,PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES ,CONNECTION FEES ,SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ,MUNICIPAL COUNCIL ,WATER RESOURCES ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,WASTE DISPOSAL ,LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS ,LARGER VOLUMES OF WATER - Abstract
Provision of safe drinking water is a basic necessity and has been a major topic for key political discourses in the country over the last decade. The Government of India has been focusing on safe drinking water since 1972-73 when it introduced the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) to assist States and Union Territories to accelerate the coverage of drinking water in the country. Despite increased outlays since then, access to safe drinking water in India remains a challenge. Apart from access, water quality and sustainability of resources (water points and infrastructure developed) are issues of major concern. The National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP), which is supplementing the efforts of the State Governments by providing technical and financial assistance, is looking at rural drinking water from a holistic viewpoint. The Ministry has shifted its focus from hand pumps to piped water supply systems with the aim of providing monitored clean water and is focusing on those States which have low levels of piped water supply. The Water and Sanitation Program has compiled an excellent collection of success stories and best practices from the States of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Punjab and Uttarakhand which address these key constraints. Some of these success stories, such as the Asoga village intervention in Karnataka which showcases a unique demand driven approach to facilitate participatory decision making leading to community ownership, the Bidholi piped water supply scheme in Uttarakhand which manages and recovers 100 per cent operation and maintenance costs from the community, the Shikayat Nivaran Kendra experiment in Punjab which uses information technology for online web enabled centralised complaint redressal and the Water and Sanitation Management Organisation experiment in Gujarat where the registered body acts as a facilitator in developing water and sanitation facilities owned and managed by communities, are all outstanding examples of how to address various challenges and shortcomings the program is facing.
- Published
- 2016
31. Framework for the Development of Social Protection Systems : Lessons from International Experience
- Author
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Infante-Villarroel, Mariana
- Subjects
MEASURES ,TRANSFER AMOUNT ,INFORMAL SUPPORT ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS ,HOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE ,BENEFIT AMOUNT ,HEALTH CENTERS ,INSURANCE PROGRAM ,VULNERABLE POPULATIONS ,DISABILITY INSURANCE ,WORKS PROGRAMS ,FOOD RATIONS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PENSION ,POOR ,CASH PAYMENTS ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTIVE ASSETS ,INCOME ,BENEFICIARIES ,LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,FOOD INSECURITY ,PROGRAM COVERAGE ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,MALNUTRITION ,ROAD CONSTRUCTION ,SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS ,POVERTY ,PENSION ,HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ,PRIVATE PENSION ,INCOME SHOCKS ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,OLD AGE ,SKILLED WORKERS ,PENSIONS ,BENEFICIARY ,SUBSIDIES ,WORK PROGRAM ,CONDITIONAL CASH ,WORK PROJECTS ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS ,CASH ASSISTANCE ,MEDICAL SERVICES ,WORK PROGRAMS ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL POVERTY ,PROTECTION SYSTEM ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,UNSKILLED WORK ,SAFETY NET PROGRAMS ,RISK MITIGATION ,WELFARE ,PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,POCKET EXPENDITURE ,SAFETY NET ,SHORT-TERM EMPLOYMENT ,LOSS OF INCOME ,RURAL WORKS ,TRANSFER OF CASH ,DONOR FUNDING ,EMERGENCY RELIEF ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,RISKS ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT ,JOB TRAINING ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,UNIVERSAL BENEFITS ,FORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,MARKET WAGE ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,INEQUALITY ,LEAN SEASON ,TARGETING ,HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES ,SOCIAL INVESTMENTS ,VOUCHERS ,DISABILITY PENSIONS ,FAMINE ,ENERGY SUBSIDIES ,HOME CARE ,FEEDING PROGRAMS ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,HEALTH CENTER ,CONTRIBUTORY PENSIONS ,INCOME SECURITY ,ECONOMIC SHOCKS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD LEVELS ,CHILD LABOR ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,UNIVERSAL HEALTH ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,FINANCIAL CRISES ,PROTECTION SYSTEMS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES ,FOOD TRANSFERS ,PROTECTION POLICY ,COPING STRATEGIES ,HEALTH SYSTEMS ,INSURANCE ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,RATIONS ,POVERTY PROGRAMS ,WORKFARE ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,SOCIAL CONTRACT ,WELFARE PROGRAMS ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,CASH BENEFIT ,SOCIAL RISK ,HEALTH CLINIC ,FOOD AID ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,SOCIAL PENSIONS ,FOOD DISTRIBUTION ,VULNERABLE CHILDREN ,UNSKILLED WORKERS ,PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS ,SOCIAL FUNDS ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,CONFLICT ,LOAN PROGRAM ,ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,EMERGENCY FOOD ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,CHILD ALLOWANCES ,POVERTY LINE ,SUBSIDY ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,SAVINGS ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,CASH TRANSFER ,PUBLIC WORKS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,CASH TRANSFERS ,SOCIAL TRANSFER ,NEAR‐POOR ,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,PROTECTION POLICIES ,INCOME SUPPORT ,EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ,CONTRIBUTORY PENSION ,SOCIAL SAFETY NET ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
Many countries have used social protection to achieve broader development goals, particularly on poverty reduction and inclusive growth. A wide range of social protection programs allows countries to tackle specific development constraints at national, community, and household levels; provide support to particular population groups; and enhance growth-promoting opportunities.For instance, public works programs and cash transfers are important and flexible social assistance programs that can be tailored to achieve specific objectives and adjusted to various levels of institutional capacity. They can also be implemented as national and centralized programs or delivered in a more decentralized fashion through community-driven development platforms.
- Published
- 2015
32. Building Resilience, Equity and Opportunity in Myanmar : The Role of Social Protection -- Overview
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
INSTITUTIONAL CARE ,TRANSFER AMOUNT ,INFORMAL SUPPORT ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,CHILD HEALTH ,EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE ,DISABILITY INSURANCE ,WORKS PROGRAMS ,SOCIAL PENSION ,SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,POOR ,PROVISION OF FOOD ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTIVE ASSETS ,INCOME ,BENEFICIARIES ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,FOOD INSECURITY ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,CROWDING OUT ,PROGRAM COVERAGE ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,MALNUTRITION ,CAPACITY- BUILDING ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS ,POVERTY ,PENSION ,HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,HEALTH EXPENDITURE ,HEALTH CARE SERVICES ,HEALTH ORGANIZATION ,WORK INJURY ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,OLD AGE ,REFORM PROCESS ,PENSIONS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,BENEFICIARY ,SUBSIDIES ,CONDITIONAL CASH ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,CASH ASSISTANCE ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,TRANSFERS ,PROTECTION SYSTEM ,PURCHASING POWER ,HEALTH FACILITIES ,WELFARE ,POCKET EXPENDITURE ,SAFETY NET ,FOOD ASSISTANCE ,RURAL WORKS ,HEALTH VOUCHER ,DONOR FUNDING ,EMERGENCY RELIEF ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HEALTH CLINICS ,RISKS ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT ,JOB TRAINING ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,LANDLESS ,HEIGHT-FOR-AGE ,ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,NUTRITION PROGRAMS ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,INEQUALITY ,LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,CASH BENEFITS ,LEAN SEASON ,RURAL POPULATION ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,TARGETING ,WAGE BILL ,VOUCHERS ,OLD-AGE PENSION ,BLOCK GRANTS ,WAGE RATES ,HOME CARE ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,FAMILY BENEFIT ,SAFE WATER ,INCOME SECURITY ,ECONOMIC SHOCKS ,CHILD LABOR ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,UNIVERSAL HEALTH ,FINANCIAL CRISES ,PROTECTION SYSTEMS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,LEAN AGRICULTURAL SEASON ,FOOD TRANSFERS ,PROTECTION POLICY ,COPING STRATEGIES ,INSURANCE ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,POVERTY PROGRAMS ,WORKFARE ,PAYROLL TAX ,WELFARE PROGRAMS ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,MEDICAL CARE ,HEALTH CLINIC ,BENEFIT PACKAGE ,FOOD AID ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,SOCIAL PENSIONS ,UNSKILLED WORKERS ,PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,HOUSING BENEFITS ,CONFLICT ,FAMILY SUPPORT ,ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS ,EMERGENCY FOOD ,CHILD PROTECTION ,ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ,SCHOOL ENROLLMENT ,NATIONAL PENSION ,SCHOOL SUPPLIES ,SOCIAL SPENDING ,POVERTY LINE ,SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS ,SAVINGS ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,CASH TRANSFER ,SUPPORT PROGRAM ,PUBLIC WORKS ,HEALTH SERVICES ,VOCATIONAL TRAINING ,CASH TRANSFERS ,NEAR‐POOR ,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ,PROTECTION POLICIES ,BENEFIT LEVELS - Abstract
Myanmar is a country in transition and faces the following main challenges: a) reducing the incidence of poverty and improving human development outcomes, particularly for the poor and vulnerable; and b) addressing the insecurity of incomes and developing mechanisms to reduce exposure to risks and ability to cope with ill-health, disasters, and other shocks. Social protection policies and programs can play an important role in Myanmar’s strategy for poverty reduction and people-centered development. Many countries have used a range of programs to achievetheir development goals, particularly on poverty reduction and inclusive growth. An effective social protection system can help the poor and vulnerable better manage the opportunities and risks arising from the ongoing reforms, and can help promote household and community resilienceand social cohesion.
- Published
- 2015
33. Beyond Connections : Energy Access Redefined
- Author
-
Bhatia, Mikul and Angelou, Niki
- Subjects
ACCESS TO ENERGY ,ENERGY QUALITY ,NONSOLID FUELS ,SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,SE4ALL ,ENERGY FOR HOUSEHOLDS ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL - Abstract
This report from the Sustainable Energyfor All (SE4All) Knowledge Hub beyond connections energy access redefined conceptualizes a new multi-tier framework for defining and measuring access to energy. Binary metrics such as whether a household has an electricity connection, and whether a household cooks with nonsolid fuels don’t help us understand the phenomenon of expanding energy access and how it impacts socioeconomic development. This report heralds a new definition and metric of energy access that is broader—it covers energy for households, productive engagements and community facilities, and focuses on the quality of energy being accessed. The multi-tier framework underlying Beyond Connections will prove to be a tool for measuring and goal-setting,investment prioritization, and tracking progress.Access to energy is a key enabler of socioeconomic development. Energy is needed for multifariousapplications across households, productive uses, and community infrastructure. “Universal access tomodern energy by 2030” has been proposed as one of the three key pillars of the Sustainable Energyfor All (SE4All) program, an initiative co-chaired by the United Nations (UN) Secretary General and the World Bank President. Achieving this goal would require a wide range of interventions by variousagencies. The success of such interventions depends in part on the ability to assess the level of access to energy—both for planning and investment, and, later, for tracking progress. SE4All’s Global Tracking Framework (GTF) 2013 report introduced multi-tier frameworks for measuring energy access. It identified tasks for improved measurement of energy access over the medium term, including further development of the multi-tier frameworks.
- Published
- 2015
34. Operations and Maintenance of Rural Infrastructure in Community-Driven Development and Community-Based Projects : Lessons Learned and Case Studies of Good Practice
- Author
-
Salomonsen, Andreas and Diachok, Myrtle
- Subjects
LOCAL WATER ,PASSENGERS ,DRAINAGE ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,PRIVATE OPERATOR ,ROAD ,COLLECTION EFFICIENCY ,WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT ,CONTRACT MANAGEMENT ,INITIATIVES ,WATER SOURCES ,WATER ,RURAL WATER SUPPLY ,WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES ,MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ,COMMUNITY WATER ,INVESTMENTS ,VEHICLE ,STREET LIGHTING ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,WATER SCHEMES ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,TOWNS ,MUNICIPAL LEVEL ,CAR ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,WATER INFRASTRUCTURE ,STREETS ,WATER TARIFFS ,COMPLAINTS HANDLING ,TOLL ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,LIGHT VEHICLES ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,WELLS ,RURAL COMMUNITY ,FLAT RATE ,WATER USER ,IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,FINANCIAL BURDEN ,INDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONS ,PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE ,SANITATION ,SANITARY FACILITIES ,SANITATION SECTOR ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,SUSTAINABLE WATER ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,TOWN ,RIDER ,WATER SERVICES ,WATER SYSTEM ,TRAINS ,WATER SUPPLIES ,ROAD NETWORK ,DRINKING WATER ,RURAL VILLAGES ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,CULVERTS ,POTABLE WATER SUPPLY ,GRANT FINANCING ,COST RECOVERY ,NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES ,COST SHARING ,WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ,WATER SECTOR ,INVESTMENT PROJECT ,COSTS ,MONTHLY WATER BILL ,LOCAL ROADS ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,TRAFFIC VOLUME ,WATER CONSERVATION ,RURAL TRANSPORT ,MAINTENANCE “COSTS ,MAINTENANCE OBLIGATIONS ,FUEL ,BRIDGE ,MAINTENANCE OF ASSETS ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,OPERATIONAL COSTS ,WATER METERS ,HEAVY VEHICLES ,SANITATION SERVICES ,ROAD SECTOR ,WATER PROJECTS ,ROADS ,MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ,RURAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,REGULATORY AGENCY ,POLICIES ,COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY ,COMMUNITY SANITATION ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,HEAVY TRUCKS ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,VEHICLES ,SAFETY ,WATER SYSTEMS ,SAFE DRINKING WATER ,HOUSEHOLDS ,TOLLS ,INVESTMENT COSTS ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,MAINTENANCE COSTS ,POTABLE WATER ,GRANTS ,MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS ,TRAINING ,PRIVATE COMPANIES ,RURAL WATER ,TRAFFIC ,RURAL ROADS ,HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS ,LOCAL TRANSPORT ,UTILITIES ,SYSTEMS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,JETTIES ,NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,TRUCKS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,HAND PUMP ,WATER QUALITY ,WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ,WATER SUPPLY ,MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS ,TARIFF SETTING ,PRIVATE OPERATORS ,INSPECTION ,CASH FLOWS ,TRANSPORT ,TRANSPORTATION ,MAINTENANCE WORKERS ,SMALL TOWN ,SMALL TOWNS ,LOCAL CONTRACTORS ,LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
This paper is organized into three main sections. Section one presents the background, objectives, scope, and limitations of the study. It also provides a general definition of OM and presents prototypical OM arrangements for rural CDD and community-based subprojects. Section two presents the detailed case studies for the seven selected projects. Section three summarizes the conclusions from the review and recommends steps for moving ahead. Five annexes provide extra background information, including the complete list of projects from which the seven main case studies were selected, as well as: examples of maintenance requirements for rural infrastructure; considerations for task teams planning for OM design and implementation; sample OM measures and timelines; and links to OM materials.
- Published
- 2015
35. Country Partnership Framework for Azerbaijan for the Period FY16-FY20
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
PRODUCERS ,INLAND WATERWAYS ,TAX RATES ,DRAINAGE ,FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTING ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,RAIL TRANSIT ,ROAD MANAGEMENT ,RAILWAYS ,ROAD ,ROUTES ,DRIVERS ,INITIATIVES ,TRAFFIC DEATH ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,POPULATION GROWTH ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,TRANSPORT FACILITATION ,INVESTMENTS ,VEHICLE ,OM ,AFFORDABLE HOUSING ,VALUES ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,CAR ,RAILWAY ,ROAD SERVICES ,OPTIONS ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,POLICY DECISIONS ,CONSUMER PROTECTION ,MARKET INSTRUMENTS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPARENCY ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,MODELS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,REAL WAGES ,RAILWAY SECTOR ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ,TRANSIT CORRIDORS ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,PRICES ,WAGES ,INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,ROAD SAFETY ,TRAFFIC DEATHS ,ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT ,SUSTAINABLE WATER ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,DECISION MAKING ,ENVIRONMENT ,RAIL ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,ROAD NETWORK ,DRINKING WATER ,CONSUMPTION ,VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEBT ,TRUE ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,TRADE ,ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ,RAIL TRANSPORT ,COST SAVINGS ,MOBILITY ,GAS PRICES ,ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,RAIL NETWORKS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,PROPERTY ,HIGHWAYS ,COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,LOCAL ROADS ,TRANSPORT NETWORK ,RESOURCES ,DEMAND ,LANES ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,TRANSIT ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,SCHOOL ACCESS ,ACCESSIBILITY ,BRIDGE ,AUDITS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ROAD SECTOR ,ROADS ,ACCESS ROADS ,TRAVEL TIME ,TREND ,EQUITY IMPLICATIONS ,EFFECTIVE USE ,TRANSPORT CORRIDORS ,AIR ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,ROAD USER ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,POLICIES ,DRIVING ,HIGHWAY ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,OIL PRICES ,TRAVEL ,VEHICLES ,SAFETY ,VEHICLE OPERATING ,REVENUE ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,REGIONAL TRANSPORT ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,GRANTS ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,RECYCLING ,TRAINING ,OIL SECTOR ,TRAFFIC ,RURAL ROADS ,CREDIT ,EXPENDITURES ,SECURITIES ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,BUS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,ROAD TRAFFIC ,FREIGHT ,FISCAL POLICIES ,EXPECTATIONS ,HIGHWAY NETWORK ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMICS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,TRAFFIC SAFETY ,GAS SECTOR ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,INSPECTION ,LABOR FORCE ,TRANSPORT ,TRANSPORTATION ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,REVENUES ,WASTE DISPOSAL ,INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT ,INDUSTRIAL SITES ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
The country partnership framework (CPF) for Azerbaijan covering the period FY2016-20, sets out the World Bank Group (WBG) support to the country on its path toward a sustainable, inclusive, and private sector-led growth underpinned by a diversified asset base. The country’s strategic goals are laid out in its development strategy - Azerbaijan 2020: vision for the future and other strategic documents that aim at reducing Azerbaijan’s dependence on oil and gas revenues and strengthening its resilience to external shocks through investments into diversified human capital, physical infrastructure, and stronger institutions. The CPF builds on the WBG systematic country diagnostic (SCD) for Azerbaijan and aligns its objectives with the constraints and priorities identified in the SCD. Over the past decade, Azerbaijan has made remarkable progress toward reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. In response to the emerging challenges and the mounting depreciation pressures, the government devalued the national currency and committed to fiscal consolidation. The CPF takes into account the government’s intention to optimize the external borrowing over the medium term as part of the ongoing effort to maintain fiscal sustainability. The CPF lending program will help Azerbaijan in meeting its development objectives through engagement in priority areas where the country’s ownership is strong, where the WBG has a comparative advantage and where the potential impact on the WBG twin goals is substantial. The CPF will address the SCD connectivity agenda through investments into the development of the county’s transport and transit corridors as well as improvement of local infrastructure at the community level. The CPF results are grouped around two focus areas and eight objectives that aim at improved public sector management and service delivery, and enhanced economic competitiveness.
- Published
- 2015
36. What Makes a Sustainable City? : Sampling of Global Case Studies Highlighting Innovative Approaches to Sustainability in Urban Areas
- Author
-
Santos, Valerie, Gashi, Drilon, and Armendaris, Fernando
- Subjects
PASSENGERS ,DRAINAGE ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAIL TRANSIT ,ALTERNATIVE FUEL ,CITY TRANSPORT ,CONGESTION ,ROAD ,TRANSPORT PLANNING ,BOTTLENECKS ,ROUTES ,DRIVERS ,INITIATIVES ,CARS ,TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ,LAND USE ,POPULATION GROWTH ,EMISSIONS ,INVESTMENTS ,PRIVATE VEHICLE ,VEHICLE ,BUS SYSTEM ,EMISSIONS REDUCTION ,AFFORDABLE HOUSING ,STREET LIGHTING ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,CITY BUS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,TRAFFIC LIGHT ,FIRE HYDRANTS ,CAR ,INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION ,STREETS ,URBAN PASSENGER ,BUS STOPS ,GREENHOUSE GAS ,PEAK HOURS ,COMMUTERS ,TRANSPARENCY ,RIDERSHIP ,SUBSIDIES ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,TAX REVENUE ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ,INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE ,AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT ,BUSES ,FUEL CONSUMPTION ,CARBON EMISSIONS ,RAIL ,RIDERS ,SPRAWL ,PRIVATE TRANSPORT ,TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ,VEHICLE USE ,GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ,URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT ,MOBILITY ,BUS PASSENGERS ,METRO RAIL ,AUTOMOBILE ,HISTORIC CITIES ,COSTS ,EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS ,LANES ,BUS TRAVEL ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,TRANSIT ,FUEL ,BRIDGE ,BUS OPERATORS ,HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ,METHANE ,PEAK PERIODS ,CARBON CREDITS ,SIGNALS ,ROUTE ,PROPERTY TAXES ,BUS LANES ,TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY ,TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,ROADS ,NEIGHBORHOODS ,TREND ,TRANSIT SYSTEMS ,AIR ,ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ,POLICIES ,DRIVING ,TRAVELERS ,BUS STATIONS ,AIR POLLUTION ,TRAVEL ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURES ,SAFETY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT USE ,PASSENGER TRANSPORT ,TAXES ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,GREENHOUSE GASES ,TRAINING ,TRAFFIC ,RESETTLEMENT ,BUS ,PUBLIC BUS SERVICE ,BUS RELIABILITY ,TRANSPORT OFFICIALS ,URBAN TRANSPORT ,BUS SERVICE ,BUS FLEET ,EMISSION TARGETS ,BUS COMPANY ,TRUCKS ,URBAN BUS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ,TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ,INSPECTION ,TRANSPORT ,TRANSPORTATION ,GAS EMISSIONS ,BUS NETWORK ,TRAFFIC CONGESTION ,URBANISM ,EMISSION ,ROAD TRANSPORT - Abstract
The majority of the world is now urban. Cities are attracting people because they are centers for economic activity and can offer a higher quality of life: there are more jobs, more services available, transport options to move within the city, trade, knowledge exchange, and connections to other cities and countries. As a result, in 2050, two-thirds of the world population is expected to live in cities. Cities around the world are implementing innovative ideas to efficiently manage urbanization. They are facing challenges head on and placing themselves on a path toward sustainability. Increasingly, city governments are becoming empowered administratively and financially to be able to serve their growing populations, offering good public transport options, access to clean water, effective waste management, and other essential basic services. This booklet of case studies showcases cities in developing countries that are implementing bold ideas with the objective of achieving environmental, economic and social sustainability. In all the stories included, the World Bank Group has been able to work alongside the cities to help them meet their goals by offering a number of services. These case studies show what a wide variety of cities have achieved in this endeavor, with clear and measurable results. Cities have responded to the new challenges and opportunities of rapid urbanization by spurring innovation to improve services, create jobs, and enhance livability for future generations.
- Published
- 2015
37. Supporting Communities in Transition: The Impact of the Armenian Social Investment Fund
- Author
-
Robert S. Chase
- Subjects
Economic growth ,REHABILITATIONS ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,WASTE ,EDUCATION LEVELS ,INCLUSION ,Recession ,Transition economy ,Economics ,EMPLOYMENT ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ,SOCIETIES ,ROADS ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,Investment fund ,JOBS ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,FEMALE ,CENTRAL AUTHORITIES ,IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH ,HOUSEHOLDS ,INTERVENTION ,COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,INTERVENTIONS ,Social capital ,REHABILITATION ,Economics and Econometrics ,COMMUNITY INITIATIVES ,Community organization ,media_common.quotation_subject ,SOCIETY ,Water industry ,Development ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,SCHOOL SERVICE ,COMMUNITY PROJECTS ,SCHOOLS ,SANITATION ,Accounting ,BENEFICIARY ASSESSMENTS ,RURAL AREAS ,SOCIAL FUNDS ,HOMES ,business.industry ,Planned economy ,BIASES ,WATER SUPPLY ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,COMMUNITY CENTERS ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,SCHOOL SERVICES ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,URBAN AREAS ,COMMUNITIES ,business ,Finance ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - Abstract
The Armenian Social Investment Fund supports communities’ efforts to improve local infrastructure during Armenia’s economic transition away from central planning, financing community-designed and -implemented projects to rehabilitate primary schools, water systems, and other infrastructure. This article considers the targeting, household impact, and community effects of the social fund’s activities. It relies on a nationally representative household survey, oversampled in areas where the social fund was active. Using propensity and pipeline matching techniques to control for community self-selection into the social fund, it evaluates the household effects of rehabilitating schools and water systems. The results show that the social fund reached poor households, particularly in rural areas. Education projects increased households’ spending on education significantly and had mild effects on school attendance. Potable water projects increased household access to water and had mild positive effects on health. Communities that completed a social fund project were less likely than the comparison group to complete other local infrastructure projects, suggesting that social capital was expended in these early projects. By contrast, communities that joined the social fund later and had not yet completed their projects took more initiatives not supported by the social fund. In centrally planned economies, national governments exerted tremendous economic control. This control extended to investment in local infrastructure, including building and maintaining roads, schools, and water systems. When these economies collapsed, governments became bereft of resources. Systems for maintaining local infrastructure began to fail; as deep economic recession took hold, schools and water systems fell into disrepair. Local public services deteriorated, compounding other hardships for people living in postcommunist conditions. But because communities were accustomed to relying on central authorities to meet local needs, they often were unable to address their problems.
- Published
- 2002
38. Liberia : World Bank Country-Level Engagement on Governance and Anticorruption
- Author
-
DeGroot, David, Talvitie, Antti, and Umarov, Uktirdjan
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,MONEY MANAGEMENT ,DECISION-MAKING ,NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ,GENERAL ELECTIONS ,ROAD MANAGEMENT ,ROAD ,PRESIDENCY ,EMPLOYMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,PRESIDENTS ,INCOME ,INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,FRAUD ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,ARTERIAL ROADS ,REORGANIZATION ,ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ,VIOLENCE ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,BASIC SERVICE ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,DEPOSITS ,ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,PATRONAGE ,EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION ,COUNTRIES MUST ,CIVIC EDUCATION ,GOVERNANCE REFORM ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY ,RAIL ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,INTERNAL CONTROLS ,DECLARATION OF ASSETS ,PROSECUTION ,PARLIAMENT ,BUSINESS CLIMATE ,RATIONALIZATION ,ROAD DESIGN ,LOCAL ROADS ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,AUDITOR ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,AUDITS ,POLITICAL APPOINTEES ,CITIZENSHIP ,YOUNG WOMEN ,LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ROADS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,CONSOLIDATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ,ANTICORRUPTION COMMISSION ,DECENTRALIZATION ,MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ,POLICE ,JUSTICE ,JUDICIAL REFORM ,YOUTH ,DEBT RELIEF ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,EXECUTION ,EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE ,JUDICIAL SYSTEM ,COLLAPSE ,GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS ,LOW INCOME COUNTRIES ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,MONEY LAUNDERING ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,TRANSIT OPERATIONS ,DISABILITIES ,LEADERSHIP ,GOVERNMENT ENTITIES ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,TAX RATES ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,TAX ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,OPERATIONAL RISK ,ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM ,DRIVERS ,PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,INFORMATION DISSEMINATION ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,COUNCILS ,ROAD IMPROVEMENT ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,TERRORISM ,MANDATES ,NATIONS ,RULE OF LAW ,GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE ,CONSTITUTION ,INTEGRITY ,RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE ,AUDITING ,INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION ,CITY STREETS ,INVESTIGATIONS ,STREETS ,PROCUREMENT ,REPRESENTATIVES ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,SANCTIONS ,REHABILITATION ,LOCAL INSTITUTIONS ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,PUBLIC ROADS ,CORRUPT ,NATIONAL ELECTIONS ,MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,SANITATION ,GOVERNANCE COMPONENTS ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,ECONOMIC REVITALIZATION ,CIVIL SERVICE ,ROAD NETWORK ,AFFILIATES ,NATIONALS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,GOVERNANCE PROGRAMS ,ALLEGIANCE ,INSTITUTION BUILDING ,INFRASTRUCTURE GRANTS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,DISCLOSURE ,AUTHORITY ,COMPLAINT ,NATIONAL INTEGRITY ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,TRANSIT ,MINISTERS ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,GOVERNANCE ISSUES ,BRIDGE ,FINANCIAL SECTORS ,IMPROVING GOVERNANCE ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,CORRUPT PRACTICES ,ROAD SECTOR ,ACCOUNTING ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,FORMAL EDUCATION ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,VEHICLES ,CITIZEN ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,CIVIL SERVANT ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,RURAL ROADS ,LEGISLATION ,RAIL LINE ,GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES ,GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS ,ANTI-CORRUPTION ,COUNTRY DATA ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,GLOBAL INITIATIVES ,LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,ANTICORRUPTION ISSUES ,TAX SHARING ,PUBLIC WORKS ,DISCRIMINATION ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,TRUST FUNDS ,ETHICS ,EXPENDITURE ,HUMAN RESOURCE - Abstract
This case study summarizes the findings of desk reviews and a field visit carried out in January 2011 as part of IEG's evaluation of the 2007 Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) strategy. The case study sought to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of Bank support for GAC efforts over the FY2004-10 period, to assess the contributions of 2007 strategy implementation, and to identify early outcomes and lessons. This Background Paper is based on findings of the mission that visited Liberia in January 2011. The team is particularly grateful for informative meetings with officials from the Government of Liberia, Bank staff, and members of civil society. The evaluation aims to help enhance the Bank's approach to governance and anticorruption and to improve its effectiveness in helping countries develop capable and accountable states that create opportunities for the poor. Pursuant to this objective, the evaluation assessed the relevance of the 2007 GAC strategy and implementation plan, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of implementation efforts in making Bank engagement with countries and other development partners more responsive to GAC concerns. It also sought to identify early lessons about what works and what does not in helping to promote good governance and reduce corruption. The Liberia case study is based on an extensive desk review as well as a field visit to Monrovia from January 17-22, 2011. It evaluates the relevance and effectiveness of Bank support for governance and anticorruption efforts since the launch of the Bank's GAC strategy in 2007. It elaborates on a desk review of the GAC responsiveness of the Bank's Liberia program and reviews the following GAC entry points: core public sector reform (public financial management and decentralization); demand for good governance (including social accountability issues); GAC in the road sector; and the investment climate. The case study also examines the extent to which the Bank's GAC Strategy has made a difference in staff attitudes toward addressing GAC issues in their operational work. The mission interviewed government, Bank, donor, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) staff based in Washington and in Monrovia.
- Published
- 2011
39. Local Governance and Community Development Initiatives : Contributions for Community Development Programs in Timor-Leste
- Author
-
Butterworth, David and Dale, Pamela
- Subjects
DECISION-MAKING ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,DESCRIPTION ,STATE AUTHORITY ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES ,PRESIDENCY ,COUNCILS ,YOUTH REPRESENTATIVES ,COMMUNITY LEADERS ,PARTICIPATORY PLANNING ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMUNITY MEMBERS ,PAMPHLETS ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ,NATIONS ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,HOUSES ,POLITICAL POWER ,TRAININGS ,GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENT ,FEMALE ,SUBNATIONAL LEVELS ,CONSULTATION ,DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,REVOLUTION ,OCCUPATION ,SETTLEMENT ,SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION ,REHABILITATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,SKILLED WORKERS ,DECISIONMAKING ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DISTRICT ,DEMOCRACY ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,EMPLOYMENT GENERATION ,POLITICAL PARTY ,YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIC EDUCATION ,DECISION MAKING ,DISTRICT ADMINISTRATOR ,KINGDOMS ,DISTRICTS ,DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ,MERITOCRACY ,VOTING ,LOCAL LEVELS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,LOCAL COMMUNITIES ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES ,COUNTRYSIDE ,COMMUNITY LEVEL ,DISTRICT-LEVEL ,GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES ,PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ,CONSENSUS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS ,AUTHORITY ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ,BLOCK GRANTS ,CITIZENSHIP ,FACILITATORS ,YOUNG WOMEN ,LOBBYING ,LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ,CITIZENS ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP ,LOCAL GOVERNANCE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,DISTRICT EDUCATION ,DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS ,STATE BUDGET ,VILLAGES ,KEY ACTORS ,DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIONS ,VILLAGE ,COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ,DECENTRALIZATION ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,YOUTH ,DISTRICT OFFICES ,CITIZEN ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DISTRICT LEVELS ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES ,NATIONAL POLICY ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ,EXECUTION ,COMMUNITY MEETINGS ,REFERENDUM ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,TRADITIONAL LEADERS ,COMMUNITY RESOURCES ,DISTRICT ASSEMBLY ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,SUBNATIONAL ,SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ,LOCAL INDUSTRY ,SUBDISTRICT OFFICIALS ,CORRUPTION ,STATE ADMINISTRATION ,STATE AUTHORITIES ,MINISTRY OF JUSTICE ,GOVERNANCE OBJECTIVES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS ,POSTERS ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,LEGITIMACY ,PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,GENDER ,DEMOCRATIC STATE ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,COMMUNITIES ,COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING ,DATA COLLECTION - Abstract
What happens when the state's vision and expanding reach bring it into contact with traditional value systems and governance structures? In what circumstances can the distribution of resources in a fragile society prevent-or exacerbate-conflict within and between communities? How do state expansion and public spending impact upon societal expectations of the state and state legitimacy? This report examines these questions through the lens of access, claiming, and decision making in government-sponsored community development programs. The findings illustrate the hurdles faced by government and development actors operating in pluralistic societies, and provide input on how local governance and decision making might be incorporated to enrich programming. This report aims to provide the government of Timor-Leste, particularly those responsible for decentralization, community development, and local governance planning, with information to inform their determination of an appropriate mix of models for local development. The relative priority the government will ultimately give to these different models, partly a trade-off between speed and depth, will impact on the way in which development and local governance are understood and taken on board by rural communities. This report finds that the achievement of the dual goals of state legitimacy and sustainable, effective local development hinges in large part on the willingness of state officials (and the donors that support them) to engage productively with communities and locally legitimate customary systems of authority.
- Published
- 2011
40. Results Readiness in Social Protection and Labor Operations : Technical Guidance Notes for Social Funds Task Teams
- Author
-
Van Domelen, Julie
- Subjects
BASELINE INDICATORS ,DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ,SEVERANCE PAY ,MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES ,SPILLOVER ,PROGRAM EFFECTS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS ,HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ,RESPONSE TO CRISES ,MALNUTRITION ,PENSION ,FACILITY SURVEYS ,GOVERNMENT CAPACITY ,INTERVENTIONS ,PUBLIC PROVISION ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,LABOR SUPPLY ,IMMUNIZATIONS ,COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS ,SERVICE QUALITY ,SOCIAL INVESTMENT ,SOCIAL FUND PROJECTS ,SETTLEMENTS ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,BENEFICIARY ASSESSMENTS ,HEALTH FACILITIES ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,ELDERLY ,POVERTY LEVEL ,PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,DISTRICTS ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT ,HOSPITALS ,COMMUNITY SERVICES ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,LABOR LAWS ,SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,TARGETING ,HEALTH EDUCATION ,POSTCONFLICT SETTING ,CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE ,IMPACT EVALUATION ,AUDITS ,OUTPUT INDICATORS ,BLOCK GRANTS ,EMERGENCY PLAN ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,HEALTH CENTER ,MONITORING DATA ,IMPACT MONITORING ,INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES ,NATIONAL GOALS ,LEGAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL MOBILIZATION ,VILLAGES ,NATIONAL LEVELS ,ESSENTIAL DRUGS ,YOUTH ,HEALTH CARE ,SAFETY ,ORPHANS ,SAFE DRINKING WATER ,RESPECT ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,DEVELOPMENT PLANS ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,SECONDARY SCHOOL ,INCOME TRANSFERS ,CONTRACEPTIVES ,PROJECT OBJECTIVES ,RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT ,LABOR MARKETS ,SOCIAL ACTION FUND ,MORTALITY RATE ,NEEDS ASSESSMENT ,CORRUPTION ,HIV ,COMMUNES ,WATER SUPPLY ,MEANS TEST ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE ,CASH TRANSFER ,BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,GENDER ,FLEXIBILITY ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,LIVELIHOODS ,DESCRIPTION ,TRACER STUDIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,POOR ,COMMUNITY CAPACITY ,SOCIOECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,INTERMEDIATE INDICATORS ,INSURANCE POLICIES ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,OUTCOME INDICATORS ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,LOCALITIES ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,PROJECT MANAGEMENT ,SUPPLY SYSTEMS ,SOCIAL PROGRAM ,SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ,BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES ,IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH ,IMPACT ASSESSMENT ,SOCIAL ACTION ,INTERVENTION ,ELIGIBLE COMMUNITIES ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,BENEFICIARY ,CONDITIONAL CASH ,BASIC EDUCATION ,DROPOUT ,SANITATION ,ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ,JOB LOSS ,NUTRITION PROGRAM ,MARRIED WOMEN ,PROGRESS ,SCHOOL COMPLETION ,LABOR MARKET ,SAFETY NET ,MORTALITY ,EARLY CHILDHOOD ,WORKS PROGRAM ,JOB TRAINING ,NUMBER OF WOMEN ,PROJECT MONITORING ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,FORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,SKILLED HEALTH PERSONNEL ,LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,SOCIAL POLICY ,LOCAL COMMUNITY ,NATIONAL STRATEGY ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,SOCIAL SERVICE ,ACCESS TO EDUCATION ,FOOD SECURITY ,SELF HELP ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS ,HEALTH WORKERS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,CITIZEN ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PRENATAL CARE ,SOCIAL FUND ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,MEANS TESTING ,SOCIAL RISK ,QUALITY OF SERVICES ,PROCESS INDICATORS ,VULNERABLE CHILDREN ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,COMMUNITY GROUPS ,TRANSFER PAYMENTS ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ,REPEATERS ,EMERGENCY FOOD ,ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ,POOR SETTLEMENTS ,SCHOOL ENROLLMENT ,ICR ,LABOR FORCE ,SAVINGS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,PUBLIC WORKS ,SOCIAL AUDITS ,DISCRIMINATION ,INCOME SUPPORT - Abstract
Social funds represent a diverse universe of World Bank projects. Social funds are defined as agencies or programs that channel grants to communities for small scale development projects. Social funds typically finance some mixture of socio economic infrastructure (e.g. building or rehabilitating schools, health centers, water supply systems,), productive investments (e.g. micro?finance and income generating projects), social services (e.g. supporting nutrition campaigns, literacy programs, youth training, support to the elderly and disabled), and capacity building programs (e.g., training for community based organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and local governments). Social Fund programs are demand driven and aim to involve the active participation of several local actors, often using a community driven development approach. The main goal is usually to address the needs of poor and vulnerable communities while building social capital and empowerment at the local level. Social funds have several features that place them in the social protection (SP) realm. They typically target poor communities and/or vulnerable households. They finance social risk management interventions like temporary employment generation and expanded access to basic services by the poorest. Social funds are often employed to address immediate post?conflict needs and responses to natural disasters.
- Published
- 2011
41. Constructing community: the state in everyday life
- Author
-
Duckworth, Penelope Jane and Duckworth, Penelope Jane
- Abstract
This thesis critically analyses how the idea of community has been constituted through political and policy discourses in Australia from the 1940s to the early 2000s, and the myriad ways in which people’s everyday lives have, in the process, been visualised, problematized, categorised and localised by a range of experts and authorities. Drawing on analytical tools and concepts developed through governmentality studies, I trace the emergence and re- emergence of the idea of community as a tool of political and social intervention in Australia, with a particular focus on the establishment of community facilities at the local level in Victoria. While the establishment and provision of community facilities has been central to policy discourses of community in Australia in the 1940s, 1970s and 2000s, the concept of community has not always been central to the rationales for the establishment or provision of community facilities. I suggest that it is just as important to examine the apparent absence of policy discourses of community, as it is to critically engage with those periods in which community emerges and re-emerges as a major area of policy activity. The central argument of this thesis is that infant welfare centres, kindergartens, municipal libraries, community centres, swimming pools, senior citizens centres, youth centres and recreational facilities have been conceptualised and promoted as transformative instruments, specifically designed to shape and guide the self-governing capacities of individuals and groups by affirming particular norms of behaviour and conduct. The figure of the ideal active citizen, constituted between the 1940s and 1970s through self-help and volunteerism, shifts to one shaped and defined through the market from the 1980s onwards. Through an empirically focused analysis of government policies and programs, correspondence, memos, meeting minutes, cabinet submissions, government reports, parliamentary debates, discussion papers, strategie
- Published
- 2013
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