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2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylethanaminium methanesulfonate ([BHEM][mesy]) displayed good ability for separating cellulose from biomass material in previous works. In order to have a better understanding of the structure–property relationship and facilitate further potential applications in industry, it is necessary to obtain more data for the physicochemical properties of [BHEM][mesy] and its mixtures. In this work, the densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) of [BHEM][mesy] + solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and isopropanol) mixtures were measured at six temperatures from (298.15 to 323.15) K over the full molar composition range and fitted by an empirical quadratic equation and Vogel–Fucher–Tammann (VFT) equation. Moreover, the excess molar volumes (VE) and viscosity deviation (Δη) of five binary mixtures were calculated and correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation. In addition, the apparent molar volumes ( V φ ) and partial molar volumes ( V - ) of [BHEM][mesy] and solvents were also calculated and all these physicochemical property data (density, viscosity, excess molar properties as well as the apparent molar properties) are discussed in terms of the structure and interaction of binary mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electronic devices have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Textile fabrics have been widely used to fabricate flexible strain sensors owing to their high flexibility. However, the elasticity of ordinary textile fabrics is low, which limits their strain sensing range. In this article, we used a simple method to fabricate flexible strain sensing fabrics (FSSFs) through the coating of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on elastic nylon/polyurethane (nylon/PU) fabric, followed by reduction of GO with sodium borohydride. The reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets were adsorbed on the elastic fabrics to impart electrical conductivity to the fabrics. The coated fabrics were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The electromechanical performance and strain sensing properties of the FSSF were investigated. The fabricated strain sensor exhibited high sensitivity, a large workable strain range (0–30%), fast response and great stability. The mechanical property of fabrics did not change remarkably after the treatment with RGO. The surface resistance of the RGO/nylon/PU only increased from ∼112 KΩ/m 2 to ∼154 KΩ/m 2 after 8 washing cycles, exhibiting good washability. Furthermore, real-time monitoring of human motions, such as bending of finger and rotation of wrist, was achieved by the as-prepared FSSF. The RGO/nylon/PU fabrics as flexible strain sensors have potential applications in wearable electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To perform bending fatigue tests on fiber materials, a specially designed bending fatigue test apparatus has been developed. The test apparatus was equipped with a temperature control system and a Xenon lamp irradiation system, and thereby the test can be done in controlled environments such as temperature and light irradiation conditions. Using this apparatus, bending fatigue tests on Kevlar 49 and PBO fibers were performed. The test results showed that the bending fatigue strength of Kevlar49 and PBO fibers was strongly influenced by temperature and light irradiation. The σ–N and σ–lnN curves indicated that the pre-tension had significant effects on the bending fatigue life and the fatigue life decreased when temperature became high. In addition, the fatigue strength of fibers tested with light irradiation was lower than that without light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An efficient and stable SO 4 2−/TiO 2 -SiO 2 catalyst was developed for MMA production. • The Brønsted and Lewis acid site densities and ratios in catalyst can be modulated. • The cooperative catalytic effects between Brønsted and Lewis acid sites were noticed. • The catalytic pathway on such catalyst was confirmed as L-H mechanism. Either the ethylene or isobutene-based route for industrial production of methyl methacrylate (MMA) contains the esterification step between methacrylic acid (MAA) and methanol, therefore it is necessary to develop highly active and stable catalyst. Herein, series of superacid catalysts of SO 4 2-/TiO 2 -SiO 2 were prepared for esterification of MAA with methanol to produce MMA. The Brønsted and Lewis acid site densities and their ratios in SO 4 2-/TiO 2 -SiO 2 could be modulated by controlling the impregnated (NH 4) 2 SO 4 concentration, which were identified by pyridine titration and FT-IR. And no changes in structural skeleton and crystal phase of the SO 4 2-/TiO 2 -SiO 2 during the acid properties regulation process were noticed with FT-IR and XRD. The cooperative catalytic effects between Brønsted and Lewis acid sites were observed through catalytic evaluation. The kinetic studies indicated the catalytic pathway followed L-H mechanism and the activation barrier of forward esterification (48 kJ/mol) was greater than that of reverse hydrolysis (40 kJ/mol) step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Series of basic ionic liquids with sterically hindered cations were synthesized. • An ionic liquid catalyzed process for 4-hydroxy-2-butanone synthesis was developed. • The steric hindrance effect on selectivity of product was found and demonstrated. • The catalytic pathways and reaction kinetic were revealed. 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone as important chemical intermediate in the field of both pharmaceutical and food industries is traditionally synthesized from formaldehyde and acetone via aldol reaction with relatively low selectivity due to the heavy side reactions. Herein, series of basic ionic liquids with different sterically hindered cations were prepared for this reaction process. The catalytic performance evaluation results revealed the selectivity of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone could be enhanced with the extension of alkyl chain length substituted in the cation of ionic liquid and increasing number of substituted alkyl group. And the tetraoctyl ammonium hydroxide ([N8,8,8,8]OH) was identified as the optimal ionic liquid catalyst with selectivity of 91.1% toward 4-hydroxy-2-butanone at 40 °C. The kinetic studies indicated the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone was first-order dependent on both acetone and formaldehyde concentrations, with the lowest activation barrier of 49.8 kJ/mol among all steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of wearable electronic devices has greatly stimulated the research interest of textile-based strain sensors, which can effectively combine functionality with wearability. In this work, the fabrication of highly stretchable and compressible strain sensors from weft-knitted spacer fabric was reported. Carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole were deposited on the surface of fabric via an in situ polymerization approach to reduce the electrical resistance. The as-fabricated WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor exhibits high electrical conductivity and stable strain-sensing performance under different stretching deformations. The WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor can be stretched up to 450% and compressed to 60% with a pressure of less than 50 KPa, which can be attributed to the unique loop and interval filament structures. The distinguishing response efficiency of WSP-CNT-PPy can effectively detect faint and strenuous body movements. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of WSP-CNT-PPy was also characterized to study the comprehensive properties. The electro-heating performance was also evaluated for feasible Joule heater applications. This work demonstrates the practicability of WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor fabric for real-time monitoring in promising wearable garments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of cooling textiles has a significant impact on energy saving and cost‐effectiveness in the context of global warming. Engineering textiles with cooling performance while maintaining their intrinsic traits, for example, lightweight, washable, comfort, and durability, is a great challenge in developing personal cooling garments. Here, the synthesis of nanodiamond/polydopamine/wool (ND‐PDA‐wool) nanocomposites through a facile dip‐coating approach is demonstrated. Different types of ND including detonation ND (DND), carboxylated ND (ND‐COOH) and hydroxylated ND (ND‐OH), are used, and dopamine templating is applied to achieve strong adhesion and bonding between fiber and ND. The morphology, structure, and properties of the as‐coated fabrics are characterized, and the cooling performance together with comfort are measured. Due to the excellent thermal conductivity of ND, the temperature difference between the coated fabrics and uncoated ones is around 2.4–3.9 °C within a short time span of 30 min. The coated ND‐PDA‐Wool fabrics demonstrated enhanced thermal stability and improved mechanical properties with excellent durability, and the water absorbency is greatly enhanced with well‐maintained air permeability. ND‐PDA‐wool composite fabrics offer a strategy to develop durable, lightweight, washable, and comfortable cooling textiles with immense potential in energy saving and reducing space cooling costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Collagen/carboxylated CNF composite aerogels are successfully fabricated. • CDs can promote the in vitro self-assembly behavior of collagen. • CDs are beneficial for improving the properties of the collagen composite aerogels. • Composite aerogels have an excellent pH-responsive for drug delivery system. pH-responsive materials have great potential for use in various advanced fields, such as microreactors and drug delivery. This work proposes a promising strategy for preparing composite aerogels with pH-responsive properties based on collagen (COL) and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) through the self-assembly behavior of COL molecules for controlled-drug release. COL fibrils and carboxylated CNFs (cCNFs) exhibited a high-density, physical cross-linked supramolecular double network structure. Specifically, cyclodextrins (CDs) were introduced to optimize the structural stability and slow-release capability of the composite aerogels. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses were used to characterize the structure of the aerogels, and the swelling behavior and water contact angle of the aerogels were evaluated. Using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as the model drug, the slow-release mechanism was subsequently revealed. Compared with the COL aerogels and COL/cCNF composite aerogels, the COL/cCNF@CD composite aerogels exhibited enhanced structural stability and slow-release performance through the synergistic enhancement effect of cCNFs and CDs. The aerogels also exhibited sensitivity to pH for regulating 5-FU release, and the COL composite aerogels with CDs and cCNFs maintained excellent cytocompatibility. In conclusion, CDs had a positive effect on the structural stability and pH-responsiveness of the composite aerogels and promoted the possible utilization of aerogels in drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The expandable graphite-based cement composite (GCC) was fabricated. • The GCC exhibits with accurate and sensitive temperature sensing performance. • The GCC exhibits excellent mechanical and sensing stability when exposed to flame. • The GCC can be easily integrated into a building and transmit a fire alert. Fire alarms in buildings are essential for safety. However, due to the poor conductivity of cement, it remains a challenge to detect fire without the assistance of other monitoring equipment. In this study, a fire alarm cement composite containing expandable graphite, carbon fiber, and ordinary Portland cement that can achieve ultrasensitive temperature monitoring and indoor climate control in a building is developed. Homogeneously distributed expandable graphite in this smart cement rapidly expands under high temperatures, forming new electrically conductive pathways. This results in excellent temperature sensing performance, with a temperature coefficient of resistance of − 0.467 %/°C in the range of 220 °C–400 °C. The smart cement can be easily integrated into a building to transmit a fire alert to a computer, mobile phone, or visual alarm device in a timely manner. Furthermore, this smart cement exhibits higher flexural strength in harsh environments compared to ordinary cement. This smart cement exhibits potential to considerably broaden cement applications and be highly desirable for next-generation smart building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling of photocatalyst in wastewater treatment is a big challenge. Fixation of photocatalyst on a flexible surface of solid substrates is a promising solution. In this work, copper ferrite (CuFe 2 O 4) particles were loaded onto polydopamine (pDA) pretreated ceramic/polyester fabrics (CPF) via coprecipitation. The CPF not only acts as loading material for CuFe 2 O 4 particles, but also makes this photocatalyst convenient to recycle. The morphology, elemental composition and structure of the as-fabricated CPF/CuFe 2 O 4 were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The degradation rate of methylene blue (MB) by the CPF/CuFe 2 O 4 photocatalyst reached to 98.2% under visible light irradiation for 80 min, reflecting the excellent photocatalytic activity of the composites. The CPF/CuFe 2 O 4 demonstrated good photostability and recoverability, indicating its great potential in wastewater treatment. Moreover, the degradation mechanism and possible degradation pathway of MB by CPF/CuFe 2 O 4 photocatalyst were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic photocatalysts with excellent photocatalytic reactivity have significant potential for wastewater treatment. In this study, using sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) as a copper source, Cu atoms were incorporated into the center cavities of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets by hydrothermal-calcination combined processes. Cu atoms doping led to a narrower optic band gap and the dramatic improvement in photocurrent response as well as corresponding declines in the intensity of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Consequently, the photocatalytic property the Cu/g-C 3 N 4 was enhanced dramatically as evidenced by a 53.4% increase in the photocatalytic degradation rate of tetracycline. Superoxide ions and hydroxyl radicals were found to be the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing the degradation. The increased photocatalytic capability of Cu/g-C 3 N 4 might be attributed to the increased chance of intersystem crossing in photosensitizing process of Cu/g-C 3 N 4 as well as the lowered adsorption energy required for the adsorption of O 2 to the catalyst. Minor decline in the photocatalytic efficiency of Cu/g-C 3 N 4 was observed while the crystal structure of the Cu/g-C 3 N 4 remained stable after three cycles of tetracycline degradation. These results indicated the good stability of Cu/g-C 3 N 4 and the possibility of recycling the catalyst during the photocatalytic applications. [Display omitted] • SCC as a copper source was incorporated into the g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets by hydrothermal-calcination combined processes. • The Cu/g-C 3 N 4 samples showed good photocatalytic property in degrading tetracycline solution. • O 2 •− and •OH were found to be the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing the degradation. • A possible catalytic mechanism of Cu/g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green approach was successfully developed to fabricate flexible sensors by utilizing carbonized waste cotton fabrics in combination with natural rubber latex. Waste cotton fabrics were firstly carbonized by heat treatment in the nitrogen atmosphere before they were combined with natural rubber latex using three methods, i.e., vacuum bagging, negative pressure adsorption and drop coating. After impregnation with natural rubber, the carbonized cotton maintained the fabric structure and showed good conductivity. More importantly, the electric resistance of the textile composites changed with the tensile strain. The cyclic stretching-releasing tests indicated that the prepared wearable flexible strain sensors were sensitive to strain and stable under cyclic loading. The flexible strain sensor also demonstrated the capability of monitoring human finger and arm motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A flexible and highly sensitive strain sensor was developed by using carbonized biomass Juncus effusus fiber. • The 3D fractal composite structure showed robust mechanical strength and excellent sensitivity. • Reliable sensing performance was achieved with mechanism revealed. • Potential applications include health care monitoring and human motion monitoring were demonstrated. • The promising potential of energy conversion and harvesting was demonstrated. Fabricating strain sensors with environmental-friendly, stretchable, and highly sensitive properties remains challenging. Nature has designed an abundance of biomaterials with distinctive biological structures, which may promote the development of ideal strain sensors. Herein, we present a carbonized Juncus effusus (CJE) fiber-based wearable electronic for strain sensing and energy harvesting. The CJE strain sensor demonstrated a combined superiority of large tolerable strain (over 80%), high sensitivity (GF 4.5–31.0), low detection limit (0.1% strain), fast response (within 100 ms), and excellent durability (3500 cycles), which benefit from the self-similar and homogenous three-dimensional (3D) networks of CJE fibers. Moreover, CJE-based woven fabrics exhibited enhanced sensing characteristics (GF up to 101.9, over 110% strain) and great application prospects as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Finally, the applications in detecting human activities and energy transformation were evaluated in detail. The structural advantages made CJE as a promising candidate for the feasible integration of flexible strain sensors and portable power source in wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A core-sheath sensing yarns was fabricated via scalable friction spinning. • The yarn exhibited excellent heat resistance and stretchability simultaneously. • High-temperature alarm could be transmitted through stretching and thermosensation. Electronic textiles with functions of temperature monitoring and human motion detection have attracted considerable interest, especially those which can be operated under extreme conditions such as high temperature. However, the restricted working conditions and poor stretchability have limited the practical application of most reported electronic textiles. Herein, we report a facile and scalable strategy to fabricate flame-resistant sensing yarn with a core–sheath structure for temperature monitoring and strain sensor applications via a large-scale spinning technique. The hierarchical yarn comprises a spandex filament as the core, carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated aramid fibers as the middle layer, and aramid fibers as the sheath. The obtained spandex/CNT@Aramid/Aramid (SCAA) yarn exhibited stretchability up to 160 % with excellent thermal resistance, outstanding thermal insulation performance, and temperature monitoring ability within a wide-range of 50–400 °C. Additionally, SCAA-based textiles showed excellent strain sensing performance in a wide operating temperature range (0–300 °C). Based on the above, a SCAA-based textiles which can transmit high-temperature alarms through active (stretching) and passive (thermosensation) modes was designed, enabling temperature monitoring presenting at extremely high temperatures. We believe this work will contribute to the development of practical sensing e-textiles towards applications in harsh environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polydopamine for in-situ growth of three dimensional(3D) ZnO/Ag nanocomposites. • Raman hot spots of Ag on cluster-like ZnO nanorods for target molecules detection. • Enhanced photocatalysis by inhibited recombination of electron-hole pairs. • PET/pDA/ZnO/Ag SERS substrate with excellent sensitivity and reproducibility. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy as an effective method in sensitive detection applications has attracted more and more attentions recently. In this work, polydopamine was taken to achieve the modification of PET film surface for in-situ growth of three-dimensional (3D) ZnO/Ag nanocomposites. Ag nanoparticles on cluster-like ZnO nanorods surface were applied as Raman hot spots for target molecules detection. SEM, XPS, and XRD were used to characterize the microstructures and morphologies of 3D SERS substrates. pATP molecules were selected to measure the sensitivity, uniformity, and durability, the surface-enhanced enhancement mechanism of Raman scattering was analyzed by finite difference time domain (FDDT) simulation method. Malachite green (MG) was further used as the demonstrative pesticide residue, and the catalytic activity was studied by the deoxidization of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). This work has indicated that SERS substrates exhibited the advantages of facile fabrication process, low cost, high sensitivity, good stability and excellent uniformity, which can be used for the rapid Raman enhanced spectroscopy analysis of environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Durable core-sheath electro-thermochromic CNT/cotton composite yarn was fabricated. • The yarn shows excellent mechanical properties and thermochromic performance. • The yarn exhibits excellent electrified heating performance with stability. • The yarn is durable against mechanical deformations, washing and chemicals. • The color of the yarn can be tuned by changing the applied current for design. A core-sheath nanocomposite yarn, with CNT/cotton composite yarn (CCY) as the core and nanofibrous polyurethane/temperature sensitive ink as the sheath, was fabricated to generate highly robust and durable electro-thermochromic performance. Due to its novel core-sheath nanocomposite structure, the as-fabricated electro-thermochromic composite yarn (ECCY) brought together the excellent mechanical properties and electrothermal properties together with electrochromic performance. The ECCY exhibited excellent electrified heating performance with stability even after 100 cycles of heating/cooling. Moreover, the ECCY showed excellent durability against repeated bending, twisting and stretching, washing and even soaking in acid and alkali solutions. The color of ECCY was successfully tuned via changing the applied current. In addition, the ECCY was used to design different patterns and to form a fabric, resulting in color conversion patterns/fabrics when applying/releasing a current. This work provides a novel strategy of developing electro-thermochromic composite yarn by designing the core-sheath micro-nano fibrous composite structure. The highly robust and durable performance of yarn will benefit its applications as wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Implementing in situ hydrothermal growth of Cu NPs on textiles. • Introducing polydopamine as a template to facilitate growing nanoparticles. • Fibrous structure has been preserved with nanoparticles deposited on fibers. • Durable and highly-flexible textile based wearable sensor was developed. Incorporating conductive components into fibrous structure for wearable applications has attracted research attention recently. However, utilizing the flexibility and wearability of textiles to maintain a stable and durable wearable performance is a big challenge, as the intrinsic properties of textiles and the conductivity of the incorporated components have to work synergically in the fibrous system without compromising. In this work, polydopamine-templated PET fabrics were prepared to grow copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on the surface of the knitted PET fabrics. The surface morphology, chemical composition and crystalline structure of the Cu NP-coated PET fabrics were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that Cu NP layer was successfully deposited onto the polydopamine-templated PET fabrics. The fabrics showed excellent electrical conductivity due to the loading of Cu NPs. The unique knitted structure together with the durable deposition of Cu NPs resulted in negative change in electrical resistance of the fabrics under strains, granting the fabrics the potential in wearable applications. The Cu NP-coated PET fabrics were demonstrated to be applicable as wearable strain sensors and electrical heaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With fiber-based wearable electronics being developed and widely used in various fields, the safety and durability of nanomaterials in fibrous system become big concerns due to the leakage of nanomaterials and possible failure in functionality. To date, it is still challenging to fabricate wearable strain sensors with sensitivity and durability. Herein, we report a simple strategy for large-scale fabrication of core-sheath nanocomposite yarn (CSCY) based wearable sensor with high sensitivity and superior durability. By dispersing aqueous CNT ink into braided composite yarns as the core (BYs-CNT) and electrospun polyurethane (PU) nanofibers as the sheath, a unique core-sheath micro-nanofibrous structure was fabricated to grant the yarn with extremely high sensing sensitivity (maximum GF up to 980), long-term stability and great durability (against washing and dilute hydrochloric acid). The as-developed CSCY strain sensor was demonstrated to monitor real-time subtle and vigorous human activities. The present work provides insights for developing reliable and stable, highly sensitive, flexible and durable wearable electronics with potential applications in different areas. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MgFe 2 O 4 /graphene aerogel (MFO/GA) composites were designed and fabricated through a combined electrospinning technique and hydrothermal-induced self-assembly strategy, in which the MFO nanofibers with high crystallinity were wrapped homogeneously and tightly. The as-synthesized MFO/GA composites formed a three-dimensional (3D) conductive network structure with large surface area, high porosity, and high conductivity, which are favorable to accommodate the volume changes of MFO during the repeated lithiation-delithiation processes, shorten the diffusion path, and promote the ions/electrons transfer. As anode material for half-cell, a high reversible capacity of ~1104 mAh g−1 is obtained after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. Even at 1 A g−1, the MFO/GA delivers a stable capacity of ~686 mAh g−1 over 500 cycles, exhibiting superior rate performance. When assembled with commercial LiCoO 2 cathode to build a full cell system, the MFO/GA anode also can show a reversible capacity of ~714 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of MFO/GA in both half and full cells indicates its potential application in practical lithium-ion batteries in the future. Unlabelled Image • MgFe 2 O 4 /graphene aerogel anodes have been facilely prepared by combination of electrospinning and hydrothermal. • MgFe 2 O 4 nanofibers were wrapped in graphene aerogel to form 3D conductive network. • The reversible capacity can reach ~1104 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles in half-cell. • The full cell exhibited a stable capacity of ~714 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive cotton fabric was prepared by coating single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a knitted cotton fabric surface through a “dip-and-dry” method. The combination of CNTs and cotton fabric was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The CNTs coating improved the mechanical properties of the fabric and imparted conductivity to the fabric. The electromechanical performance of the CNT-cotton fabric (CCF) was evaluated. Strain sensors made from the CCF exhibited a large workable strain range (0~100%), fast response and great stability. Furthermore, CCF-based strain sensors was used to monitor the real-time human motions, such as standing, walking, running, squatting and bending of finger and elbow. The CCF also exhibited strong electric heating effect. The flexible strain sensors and electric heaters made from CCF have potential applications in wearable electronic devices and cold weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]