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Seamounts have been likened to "oases" of life in the comparative deserts of the open ocean, often harbouring high densities of threatened and exploited pelagic top predators. However, few such aggregations have been studied in any detail and the mechanisms that sustain them are poorly understood. Here, we present the findings of an integrated study of 3 previously unexplored seamounts in the tropical Atlantic, which aimed to investigate their significance as predator "hotspots" and inform their inclusion in one of world's largest marine reserves. Baited underwater video and visual census transects revealed enhanced diversity and biomass of pelagic top predators, including elevated abundances of 7 species of sharks, predatory fish, and seabirds, within 5 km of 2 shallow seamounts (<100 m), but not a third deeper seamount (260 m). Hydroacoustic biomass of low- and mid-trophic level "prey" was also significantly elevated within 2.5 km of shallow seamounts. However, we found no evidence of enhanced primary productivity over any feature, suggesting high faunal biomass is sustained by exogenous energy inputs. Relative biomass enrichment also increased with trophic level, ranging from a 2-fold increase for zooplankton to a 41-fold increase for sharks. Tracking of the dominant predator species revealed that individual sharks (Galapagos, silky) and tuna (yellowfin, bigeye) often resided around seamounts for months to years, with evidence of connectivity between features, and (in the case of sharks) were spatially aggregated in localised hotspots that coincided with areas of high mid-trophic biomass. However, tuna and silky sharks also appeared to use seamounts as "hubs" in more extensive pelagic foraging ranges, which may help explain disproportionately high predator density. Our results reinforce the conservation significance of shallow seamounts for many marine top predators and offer fundamental insights into their functional roles as both prey "oases" and activity hubs for these species., Competing Interests: PR is an employee of National Geographic and contributed to data collection, study design, and the preparation of the manuscript. Other funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., (Copyright: © 2025 Weber et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The European sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) is under intense fishing pressure and exhibits distributional/abundance shifts linked to environmental change. The current understanding of population demographics needed for sustainable management is uncertain due to concerns that previous genetic studies lacked resolution and limited sampling of sardine north of the Bay of Biscay. To address these issues, we performed mtDNA sequencing and genome wide SNP analysis of samples collected across the Bay of Biscay, Celtic Sea, English Channel and North Sea. The complete SNP data reported a lack of structure throughout the sampled area compatible with high gene flow. A consensus suite of positive outlier SNPs was identified which reported a significant correlation with geographical distance with the largest differentiation between the southern Bay of Biscay and North Sea samples which also reported a significant mtDNA Φ ST . While the roles of dispersal limitation and environmental heterogeneity underpinning this require further study, this adds to growing evidence that selection is influencing sardine population structure against a background of high gene flow. The results indicate that while there may be a level of demographic independence between North Sea and South Biscay sardine, the current delimitation of central (Biscay) and northern (Channel and Celtic Sea) operational stocks may misrepresent connectivity between the Biscay and Channel. The North Sea sample exhibited markedly lower mtDNA and nuclear variation than other samples. As sardine have only recently invaded the North Sea such reduced genetic variation is compatible with predictions for peripheral leading-edge populations but contrasts with patterns for other small pelagic species and emphasises the need to consider species-specific genetic structure in ecosystem-based management. Nascent management of the North Sea sardine fishery must ensure that current low levels of genetic diversity are not eroded further as this may decrease the species adaptive potential and inhibit its expansion., Competing Interests: The authors declare no known conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The phenomenon violence against health professionals has received increasing attention in recent years because of its frequency and significant impact on victims' mental health and disruption of health services. Despite this attention, little is known about the incidence of workplace violence in the highly politicized immunization services. Therefore, we decided to examine the prevalence of workplace violence in the COVID-19 immunization campaign, the risk and protective factors, and the impact on victims' mental health., Methods: Between March and April 2022, we conducted an anonymous online survey among health professionals working in COVID-19 vaccination centers in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region (Italy). We used the Questionnaire for Workplace Violence in Healthcare Settings and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised., Results: Of the 200 participants, 93 (46.5%) reported being victims of an act of violence during the vaccination campaign, 60 of them verbally and 7 physically. In 35.5% of cases, the IES score indicated a possible post-traumatic stress reaction in the victim. Opinions on measures to prevent violence and support workers in the workplace differed according to the sex of the health professional, with women emphasizing the need for self-defense training and improvement of security arrangements ( p < 0.001)., Conclusion: One-third of health professionals involved in the COVID-19 immunization campaign reported that their mental health was affected by workplace violence. Public health professionals dealing with politicized and debated issues such as immunization should receive more attention, as should the implementation of a more structured and multidisciplinary approach to the problem within healthcare organizations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Brunelli, Scarpis, Lo Presti, Fiorillo, Campanella, Zuliani, Farneti, Croci, Pellizzari, Cocconi and Arnoldo.)

Background: The detection of subclinical/silent atrial fibrillation (SAF) in the general population is of the utmost importance, given its potential adverse consequences. Incident AF has been observed in 30% to 70% of patients with implanted devices, but its prevalence may indeed be lower in the general population. The prospective, multicentric, observational Silent Atrial Fibrillation ANCE Research Initiative (SAFARI) study aimed at assessing the SAF prevalence in a real-world outpatient setting by the means of a small, wearable, prolonged ECG Holter monitoring (>5 days) device (CGM HI 3-Lead ECG; CGM TELEMEDICINE, Piacenza, Italy)., Methods: Patients ≥ 55 years of age at risk for AF were screened according to the inclusion criteria to undergo prolonged 3-lead ECG Holter monitoring. SAF episodes were classified as follows: Class A, <30 s; Class B, 30 to 299 s; and Class C, ≥300 s., Results: In total, 119 patients were enrolled (64 men; median age 71 (IQR 55-85) years). At a median of 13.5 (IQR 5-21) days of monitoring, SAF episodes were found in 19 patients (16%). A total of 10,552 arrhythmic episodes were registered, 6901 in Class A (n = 7 patients), 2927 in Class B (n = 3), and 724 in Class C (n = 9), (Class A vs. B and C, p < 0.001). This latter group had multiple (all-class) episodes, and two patients had >1000 episodes. There were no clinical, echocardiographic, or laboratory findings able to discriminate patients with SAF from those in sinus rhythm in univariate and multivariable analyses; of note is that the Class C patients showed a higher diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, and indexed LA volume., Conclusions: Over a median of 13 days of Holter monitoring, the SAFARI study confirmed the usefulness of small wearable devices in detecting SAF episodes in real-world outpatients at risk for, but with no prior history of, AF.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in adults. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is the most likely source of thrombus formation in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) represents an effective alternative to NOAC in patients with NVAF. Expert consensus documents recommend intraprocedural imaging by means of either transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in addition to standard fluoroscopy to guide LAAC. TEE-guided LAAC usually requires general anesthesia. The ICE technique is a "minimalist approach", without general anesthesia, but ICE imaging techniques are not yet simplified and standardize, and the ICE may result in inferior image quality compared with that of TEE. Another "minimalist approach" can be the use of ICE via the esophageal route (ICE-TEE), that jet is validated to identify the presence of LAA thrombi in patients and to perform other procedures. In our cath laboratory ICE-TEE to guide LAAC is used in some complex patients. Indeed, our single center experience suggests that ICE-TEE could be a good alternative imaging technique to guide LAAC procedure without general anesthesia.

Heart failure (HF) is a complex, multifactorial, progressive clinical condition affecting 64.3 million people worldwide, with a strong impact in terms of morbidity, mortality and public health costs. In the last 50 years, along with a better understanding of HF physiopathology and in agreement with the four main models of HF, many therapeutic options have been developed. Recently, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) HF guidelines enthusiastically introduced inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2i) as first line therapy for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in order to reduce hospitalizations and mortality. Despite drugs developed as hypoglycemic agents, data from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial encouraged the evaluation of the possible cardiovascular effects, showing SGLT2i beneficial effects on loading conditions, neurohormonal axes, heart cells' biochemistry and vascular stiffness, determining an improvement of each HF model. We want to give a boost to their use by increasing the knowledge of SGLT2-I and understanding the probable mechanisms of this new class of drugs, highlighting strengths and weaknesses, and providing a brief comment on major trials that made Gliflozins a cornerstone in HF therapy. Finally, aspects that may hinder SGLT2-i widespread utilization among different types of specialists, despite the guidelines' indications, will be discussed.

Extensive neuroimaging literature suggests that understanding others' thoughts and emotions engages a wide network encompassing parietal, temporal and medial frontal brain areas. However, the causal role played by these regions in social inferential abilities is still unclear. Moreover very little is known about theory of mind deficits in brain tumours and whether potential anatomical substrates are comparable to those identified in functional MRI literature. This study evaluated the performance of 105 tumour patients, before and immediately after brain surgery, on a cartoon-based non-verbal task evaluating cognitive (intention attribution) and affective (emotion attribution) theory of mind, as well as a non-social control condition (causal inference). Across multiple analyses, we found converging evidence of a double dissociation between patients with right superior parietal damage, selectively impaired in intention attribution, and those with right anteromedial temporal lesion, exhibiting deficits only in emotion attribution. Instead, patients with damage to the frontal cortex were impaired in all kinds of inferential processes, including those from the non-social control conditions. Overall, our data provide novel reliable causal evidence of segregation between different aspects of the theory of mind network from both the cognitive and also the anatomical point of view., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The dynamics of fish communities at tropical and sub-tropical rocky reefs are influenced in many cases by predation activity and predator-prey interactions. These processes usually follow specific diel patterns in reef areas with higher rates of these interactions occurring during the crepuscular periods. However, other factors such as habitat complexity and species-specific behavior may alter these patterns, increasing variability in species interactions. A better understanding of the dynamics of these patterns and processes would allow us to manage and monitor fish communities in these productive and vulnerable areas more efficiently. We investigated behavioral changes of predators and prey fish in sub-tropical "live-bottom" (sandstone) reefs at Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS), located 20 nautical miles off the coast of Georgia, USA, using fisheries acoustic methods in association with visual census and direct observation using SCUBA. Changes in co-location and habitat preferences of predators and prey over time throughout the diel cycle were investigated using species distribution models (MAXENT) based on habitat predictors and by means of spatial statistics. The results indicate that predator and prey distribution patterns changed considerably throughout the day. Prey and predator species exhibited complex spatial dynamics and behavior over diel periods, with prey modifying patterns of habitat use and spatial distribution, likely as a response of their interactions with predators. Crepuscular periods were confirmed to be the most active phases in terms of predator-prey interactions and consequently the most variable. The combination of tools and approaches used in this study provided valuable sources of information that support the inferences of predation risk-driven habitat selection of prey in this sub-tropical reef system., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The effects of Ca 2+ -activated K⁺ (BK) channel modulation by Paxilline (PAX) (10 -7 ⁻10 -4 M), Iberiotoxin (IbTX) (0.1⁻1 × 10 -6 M) and Resveratrol (RESV) (1⁻2 × 10 -4 M) on cell cycle and proliferation, AKT1p Ser473 phosphorylation, cell diameter, and BK currents were investigated in SH-SY5Y cells using Operetta-high-content-Imaging-System, ELISA-assay, impedentiometric counting method and patch-clamp technique, respectively. IbTX (4 × 10 -7 M), PAX (5 × 10 -5 M) and RESV (10 -4 M) caused a maximal decrease of the outward K⁺ current at +30 mV (Vm) of -38.3 ± 10%, -31.9 ± 9% and -43 ± 8%, respectively, which was not reversible following washout and cell depolarization. After 6h of incubation, the drugs concentration dependently reduced proliferation. A maximal reduction of cell proliferation, respectively of -60 ± 8% for RESV (2 × 10 -4 M) (IC50 = 1.50 × 10 -4 M), -65 ± 6% for IbTX (10 -6 M) (IC50 = 5 × 10 -7 M), -97 ± 6% for PAX (1 × 10 -4 M) (IC50 = 1.06 × 10 -5 M) and AKT1p ser473 dephosphorylation was observed. PAX induced a G1/G2 accumulation and contraction of the S-phase, reducing the nuclear area and cell diameter. IbTX induced G1 contraction and G2 accumulation reducing diameter. RESV induced G2 accumulation and S contraction reducing diameter. These drugs share common actions leading to a block of the surface membrane BK channels with cell depolarization and calcium influx, AKT1p ser473 dephosphorylation by calcium-dependent phosphatase, accumulation in the G2 phase, and a reduction of diameter and proliferation. In addition, the PAX action against nuclear membrane BK channels potentiates its antiproliferative effects with early apoptosis.

Background: Radiological practices are the first anthropic sources of ionizing radiation exposure of the population. However, a review of recent publications underlines inadequate doctors' knowledge about doses imparted in medical practices and about patient protection that might explain unnecessary radiological prescriptions. We investigated the knowledge of the physicians of Pavia District (Italy) on the risk of radiation exposure., Methods: A cross sectional study was performed involving the Medical Association of Pavia District. Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire, available on-line with private login and password., Results: Four hundred nineteen physicians fulfilled the questionnaire; 48% of participants reported training about radiation protection. The average percentage of correct answers on the knowledge on ionizing radiation was 62.29%, with a significantly higher result between radiologist. Around 5 and 13% of the responders do not know that, respectively, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance do not expose patients to ionizing radiations. Only 5% of the physicians properly identified the cancer risk rate associated to abdomen computed tomography., Conclusions: The findings show a quite good level of the general knowledge about ionizing radiations, higher that reported in literature. Nevertheless, we believe the usefulness of training on the risk linked to radiation exposure in medicine for physicians employed in every area.

Introduction: The Working Group for Hygiene of Built Environment and the National Council of Residents of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health conducted a nation-wide survey to evaluate the knowledge and training needs on Built Environment and Indoor Health of Italian public health residents., Results: The compliance was very high (52,4%), covering the totality of Italian postgraduate schools. The results underline a severe lack of theoretical formation and practical training, but also diffuse discrepancies across the country, and show a strong interest of residents on this topic., Conclusions: The authors propose to adopt a national core curriculum, and suggest some strategies to improve learning.

Introduction: In the European Union three different health systems could be defined according to service delivery, financing, and economic policies: Beveridge, Bismarck and Mixed system. Although health systems are hardly to compare, various organizations are developing methods assessing performance. In the present work the performance of the three systems were evaluated using European Community Health Indicators according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development., Methods: The study has been conducted among the 28 states of the European Union using the following indicators: Standardized death rate for diseases of the circulatory system, standardized death rate of malignant neoplasms, road traffic accidents with injury, life expectancy at birth, incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), infant deaths, pure alcohol consumption, infants vaccinated against Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis (DTP), public and total expenditure on health over the period 2001-2010., Results: The variation of health indicators over the observational time shows similar trend of circulatory system diseases and malignant neoplasms death rates, road accidents with injury, infant deaths, life expectancy at birth, public and total health expenditure. Some differences in the trend of HIV incidence, alcohol intake and DTP vaccination rates arise among systems. Grouping countries by health system paradigm and geographical area, resulted in a relevant heterogeneity (I 2 ≥ 90%, Pvalue < 0.0001). No clear superiority of a given health delivery system was found with respect to other paradigms., Conclusions: In accordance with the evidence of our study, it can be stated that best performances are more likely to be linked to country specific economic factors. In conclusion, it was not possible to identify the best health system model.

Background: The circulatory diseases, in particular ischemic heart diseases and stroke, represent the main causes of death worldwide both in high income and in middle and low income countries. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive report to depict the circulatory disease mortality in Europe over the last 30 years and to address the sources of heterogeneity among different countries., Methods: Our study was performed using the WHO statistical information system - mortality database - and was restricted to the 28 countries belonging to the European Union (EU-28). We evaluated gender and age time series of all circulatory disease mortality, ischemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, pulmonary and other circulatory diseases and than we performed forecast for 2016. Mortality heterogeneity was evaluated by countries using the Cochrane Q statistic and the I-squared index., Results: Between 1985 and 2011 SDR for deaths attributable to all circulatory system diseases decreased from 440.9 to 212.0 x 100,000 in EU-28 and a clear uniform reduction was observed. Heterogeneity among countries was found to be consistent, therefore different analysis were carried out considering geographical area., Conclusions: We forecast a reduction in European cardiovascular mortality. Heterogeneity among countries could only in part be explained by both geographical and health expenditure factors.

Background: Cognitive effects of brain surgery for the removal of intracranial tumors are still under investigation. For many basic sensory/motor or language-based functions, focal, albeit transient, cognitive deficits have been reported low-grade gliomas (LGGs); however, the effects of surgery on higher-level cognitive functions are still largely unknown. It has recently been shown that, following brain tumors, damage to different brain regions causes a variety of deficits at different levels in the perception and interpretation of emotions and intentions. However, the effects of different tumor histologies and, more importantly, the effects of surgery on these functions have not been examined., Methods: The performance of 66 patients affected by high-grade glioma (HGG), LGG, and meningioma on 4 tasks tapping different levels of perception and interpretations of emotion and intentions was assessed before, immediately after, and (for LGG patients) 4 months following surgery., Results: Results showed that HGG patients were generally already impaired in the more perceptual tasks before surgery and did not show surgery effects. Conversely, LGG patients, who were unimpaired before surgery, showed a significant deficit in perceptual tasks immediately after surgery that was recovered within few months. Meningioma patients were substantially unimpaired in all tasks., Conclusions: These results show that surgery can be relatively safe for LGG patients with regard to the higher-level, more complex cognitive functions and can provide further useful information to the neurosurgeon and improve communication with both the patient and the relatives about possible changes that can occur immediately after surgery., (© The Author(s) 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Patients affected by brain tumours may show behavioural and emotional regulation deficits, sometimes showing flattened affect and sometimes experiencing a true 'change' in personality. However, little evidence is available to the surgeon as to what changes are likely to occur with damage at specific sites, as previous studies have either relied on single cases or provided only limited anatomical specificity, mostly reporting associations rather than dissociations of symptoms. We investigated these aspects in patients undergoing surgery for the removal of cerebral tumours. We argued that many of the problems described can be ascribed to the onset of difficulties in one or more of the different levels of the process of mentalizing (i.e. abstracting and reflecting upon) emotion and intentions, which impacts on everyday behaviour. These were investigated in terms of (i) emotion recognition; (ii) Theory of Mind; (iii) alexithymia; and (iv) self-maturity (personality disorder). We hypothesized that temporo/limbic areas would be critical for processing emotion and intentions at a more perceptual level, while frontal lobe structures would be more critical when higher levels of mentalization/abstraction are required. We administered four different tasks, Task 1: emotion recognition of Ekman faces; Task 2: the Eyes Test (Theory of Mind); Task 3: Toronto Alexithymia Scale; and Task 4: Temperament and Character Inventory (a personality inventory), both immediately before and few days after the operation for the removal of brain tumours in a series of 71 patients (age range: 18-75 years; 33 female) with lesions located in the left or right frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Lobe-based and voxel-based analysis confirmed that tasks requiring interpretation of emotions and intentions at more basic (less mentalized) levels (Tasks 1 and 2) were more affected by temporo/insular lesions, with emotion recognition (Task 1) being maximally impaired by anterior temporal and amygdala lesions and Task 2 (found to be a 'basic' Theory of Mind task involving only limited mentalization) being mostly impaired by posterior temporoparietal lesions. Tasks relying on higher-level mentalization (Tasks 3 and 4) were maximally affected by prefrontal lesions, with the alexithymia scale (Task 3) being mostly associated with anterior/medial lesions and the self-maturity measure (Task 4) with lateral prefrontal ones., (© The Author (2014). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Several studies have addressed the issue of how knowledge of common objects is organized in the brain, whereas the cognitive and anatomical underpinnings of familiar people knowledge have been less explored. Here we applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left and right temporal poles before asking healthy individuals to perform a speeded word-to-picture matching task using familiar people and common objects as stimuli. We manipulated two widely used semantic variables, namely the semantic distance and the familiarity of stimuli, to assess whether the semantic organization of familiar people knowledge is similar to that of common objects. For both objects and faces we reliably found semantic distance and familiarity effects, with less accurate and slower responses for stimulus pairs that were more closely related and less familiar. However, the effects of semantic variables differed across categories, with semantic distance effects larger for objects and familiarity effects larger for faces, suggesting that objects and faces might share a partially comparable organization of their semantic representations. The application of rTMS to the left temporal pole modulated, for both categories, semantic distance, but not familiarity effects, revealing that accessing object and face concepts might rely on overlapping processes within left anterior temporal regions. Crucially, rTMS of the left temporal pole affected only the recognition of pairs of stimuli that could be discriminated at specific levels of categorization (e.g., two kitchen tools or two famous persons), with no effect for discriminations at either superordinate or individual levels. Conversely, rTMS of the right temporal pole induced an overall slowing of reaction times that positively correlated with the visual similarity of the stimuli, suggesting a more perceptual rather than semantic role of the right anterior temporal regions. Results are discussed in the light of current models of face and object semantic representations in the brain.

Objective: Although the intra-aortic balloon pump is the most used ventricular assist device, no study has ever evaluated the best weaning method. We compared 2 different intra-aortic balloon pump weaning methods., Methods: Thirty consecutive patients needing an intra-aortic balloon pump because of perioperative low-output cardiac syndrome were randomized to be weaned by ratio (4 consecutive hours of a 1:2 assisting ratio followed by 1 hour of a 1:3 ratio; group R) or by progressive volume deflation (10% of total volume every hour for 5 consecutive hours; 15 patients, group V). A duration of 5 hours was set a priori as the weaning duration. The weaning protocol was started when the cardiac index was greater than 2.5 L/min/m(2), the central venous pressure was 12 mm Hg or less, the blood lactate was less than 2.5 mmol/L, the mean arterial pressure was greater than 65 mm Hg, and the preserved urine output (≥1 mL/kg/hr) lasted for at least 5 consecutive hours before weaning. The cardiac index, indexed systemic vascular resistance, cardiac cycle efficiency, and central venous pressure were registered at 9 points (T0, start; T1 to T5, the first 5 weaning hours; T6, 2 hours after withdrawal; T7, 12 hours after withdrawal; and T8, at intensive care unit discharge) using the pressure recording analytical method. The interval from intra-aortic balloon pump withdrawal to intensive care unit discharge, weaning failure, perioperative troponin I, and lactate (same points) were compared., Results: All patients, except for 1 belonging to group R (P = 1.0), were successfully weaned. Group V had better preserved cardiac index, indexed systemic vascular resistance, cardiac cycle efficiency, and central venous pressure (group*time P = .0001). Group R had worse cardiac index from T5 to T8 (P ≤ .0001), indexed systemic vascular resistance from T2 to T8 (P ≤ .004), cardiac cycle efficiency from T3 to T8 (P ≤ .001), central venous pressure from T4 to T8 (P ≤ .0001), and a longer interval from intra-aortic balloon pump withdrawal to intensive care unit discharge (P = .0001). The lactate level was lower in group V from T5 to T8 (P ≤ .027; group*time P = .001)., Conclusions: Intra-aortic balloon pump weaning by volume deflation allowed better hemodynamic and metabolic parameters., (Copyright © 2013 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)