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Abstract The mountainous karst massif in the Sierra de las Nieves (southern Spain) and the adjacent large outcrops of subcontinental mantle peridotites provide this area with a distinctive geodiversity that has contributed to the recent declaration of the zone as the new Sierra de las Nieves National Park. In addition, the Alpine tectonic interaction between the peridotites and the carbonate formations originated an important fault, the Turquillas fault, that has conditioned the existence of two tectonic blocks in the karst massif, one uplifted with respect to the other. Also, in the uplifted block, the fault has contributed to the generation of Z-supercaves, which are defined in this paper as caves with more than 1000 m of development in the vertical or Z dimension. Sima GESM with 1100 m of depth is the only Z-supercave known in the giant geologic structure of the Gibraltar Arc, which speaks on the infrequent and exceptionality of the generation of these underground geomorphological systems. The task of this paper is to present a detailed study of the Turquillas fault and its influence in the surface and underground geomorphology and hydrogeology and in particular its influence and implications in the development of the deep karst system defined as the Z-supercave. It is hoped that this study will contribute to identify the necessary conditions for the development of these extraordinary geomorphic systems which are of great international relevance in the major mountain ranges of the world with high relief karst and deep karst systems.

Background & Aims: Expression of P21, encoded by the CDKN1A gene, has been associated with fibrosis progression in steatotic liver disease (SLD); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the function of CDKN1A in SLD. Methods: CDKN1A expression levels were evaluated in different patient cohorts with SLD, fibrosis, and advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). Cdkn1a-/- and Cdkn1a+/+ mice were fed with either a Western diet (WD), a Lieber-DeCarli (LdC) diet plus multiple EtOH (ethanol) binges, or a DuAL diet (metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver). Primary hepatocytes were isolated and functional assays performed. Results: A significant increase in CDKN1A expression was observed in patients with steatohepatitis and fibrosis (with a positive correlation with both NAFLD Activity Score and fibrosis staging scores), cirrhosis and ACLD. Cdkn1a+/+ mice, fed a DuAL diet exhibited liver injury and cell death increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and markers of senescence (γH2AX, β-GAL, Cdkn1a/p53) contributing to steatosis and inflammation. In contrast, Cdkn1a-/- mutant mice showed a significant decrease in senescence-associated markers as well as in markers of liver injury, hepatic steatosis and an increase in fatty acid oxidation and reduction in free fatty acid uptake as well as de novo lipogenesis. Mechanistically, activation of the AMPK-SIRT3 was observed in Cdkn1a-deleted animals. Conclusions: Cdkn1a deletion protected against preclinical SLD by promoting fatty acid oxidation and preventing free fatty acid uptake and de novo lipogenesis via the AMPK-SIRT3 axis. CDKN1A expression was found to be directly correlated with increased severity of NAFLD Activity Score and fibrosis in patients with SLD. CDKN1A could be a potential theragnostic target for the treatment of metabolic dysregulation in patients with SLD, with and without alcohol consumption. Impact and implications:: Expression of p21, encoded by the CDKN1A gene, has been associated with fibrosis progression in steatotic liver disease (SLD), but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Interestingly, in this study we found that Cdkn1a deletion protected against preclinical SLD by promoting fatty acid oxidation and preventing free fatty acid uptake and de novo lipogenesis, via the AMPK-SIRT3 axis. Translationally, Cdkn1a expression was found to be directly correlated with increased severity of NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) and fibrosis in SLD patients, and therefore, CDKN1A might be used potential theragnostic target for the treatment of metabolically induced SLD, with and without alcohol consumption.

La falla de Mecina se sitúa al SO de Sierra Nevada y allí afecta al contacto entre los complejos Nevado-Filábride y Alpujárride. Posteriormente su significado se extendió a todo este contacto, definiéndose entonces el detachment de Mecina, un despegue que, según se interpreta, separa ambos complejos, ampliamente fracturado el superior, el Alpujárride, mientras que el inferior, el Nevado-Filábride, queda por debajo, sin sufrir esas deformaciones. Pero los rasgos inicialmente atribuidos a esta falla se deben integrar junto con los de la banda de fallas E-O dextrorsas del corredor de las Alpujarras. En esta banda todos los materiales allí presentes, incluidos los del Nevado-Filábride están netamente afectados. Además, al O de Sierra Nevada hay otras deformaciones debidas al enorme levantamiento allí producido que afectan también al Nevado-Filábride. Las laminaciones que se observan en este último complejo se pueden atribuir sobre todo a ambos rasgos. La prolongación bajo la cuenca de Granada del propuesto detachment de Mecina como el principal nivel de despegue no se observa justificada y, menos aún, su continuación bajo la Zona Externa Bética.

El estudio de la historia de la inspección educativa demanda investigaciones centradas en la evolución de este cuerpo profesional desde un prisma provincial. En este artículo se realiza un recorrido por la inspección educativa en la provincia de Ávila (Castilla y León, España) durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, con especial énfasis en el caso de la Segunda República y las vicisitudes acaecidas durante el conflicto bélico civil. Los resultados confirman que la implicación de la plantilla en las realizaciones educativas del periodo republicano fue significativa y estuvo especialmente centrada en la formación del profesorado y la orientación pedagógica de los maestros para la puesta en práctica de un modelo de escuela renovador. Dicha significación fue motivo de represión, especialmente en el caso de los inspectores, los cuales tuvieron una posición política explícita en el panorama provincial.

La Sierra de Alhama presenta una muy diferente evolución de sus laderas N y S. En la ladera sur hay un importante desarrollo de deslizamientos de masas coherentes que están ausentes en la norte. Estos se han producido por la diferente estructura de esa sierra en cada ladera, combinada con la erosión, y probablemente por la acción de importantes paleoterremotos.

En Sierra Elvira existen deslizamientos de masas coherentes de calizas. Su formación fue favorecida por la litología, la estructura del área (un anticlinal volcado vergente al sur y la presencia de fallas importantes). El núcleo del anticlinal quedó expuesto cuando la erosión le quitó su envoltura más friable. Esos deslizamientos fueron probablemente desencadenados por paleoterremotos importantes acaecidos en tiempos geológicos recientes, hipótesis que se apoya en la intensa actividad sísmica actual y reciente de la región.

Ecosystem engineers are organisms that cause changes in the physical state of biotic and abiotic structures that modulate the availability of resources to other species, thus affecting biochemical cycles. Molluscs, especially bivalves such as mussels, are widespread in coastal environments and they are excellent ecosystem engineers because of the durability of their shells, which add complexity and heterogeneity to benthic environments. The presence of mussel farms favours the accumulation of shells in benthic environments and may influence surrounding bare sediments, with potential legacy effects on benthic communities. We studied the effects of the accumulation of mussel shells at finfish farms and mussel farms by experimentally comparing bare sediment and sediment with fragmented shells in terms of the abundance of the most relevant faunal groups, specifically polychaete families as well as physical–chemical variables in sediment water samples, specifically organic matter (OM), redox potential, and acid-volatile sulphides (AVS) NH4+ and PO43−. The experiment was replicated under two environmental conditions over a period of 35 days: eutrophic muddy sediments and oligotrophic sandy sediments. The OM and AVS values were significantly higher in the eutrophic sediment with mussel shells. Only NH4+ was positively affected by the mussel shells in the oligotrophic conditions. Differences between the two environments were observed, and the effect of the mussel shells on the polychaete assemblages was more significant in the oligotrophic conditions. Mussel shell accumulations affected the structure of benthic assemblages by modifying their heterogeneity and complexity, which suggests that the presence of mussel farms above bare sediment may affect ecosystem functioning. Aquaculture has potentially negative or positive effects that must be addressed on a large scale, considering the increased input of organic matter and also the simultaneous presence of mussel shell waste, both of which alter the surrounding environment. This is particularly important in oligotrophic sandy sediment.

Summary: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter required in a broad range of mechanisms controlling plant development and stress conditions. However, little is known about the specific role of this signaling molecule during lipid storage in the seeds. Here, we show that NO is accumulated in developing embryos and regulates the fatty acid profile through the stabilization of the basic/leucine zipper transcription factor bZIP67. NO and nitro-linolenic acid target and accumulate bZIP67 to induce the downstream expression of FAD3 desaturase, which is misregulated in a non-nitrosylable version of the protein. Moreover, the post-translational modification of bZIP67 is reversible by the trans-denitrosylation activity of peroxiredoxin IIE and defines a feedback mechanism for bZIP67 redox regulation. These findings provide a molecular framework to control the seed fatty acid profile caused by NO, and evidence of the in vivo functionality of nitro-fatty acids during plant developmental signaling.

Abstract Soil contamination is one of the main threats to ecosystem health and sustainability. Yet little is known about the extent to which soil contaminants differ between urban greenspaces and natural ecosystems. Here we show that urban greenspaces and adjacent natural areas (i.e., natural/semi-natural ecosystems) shared similar levels of multiple soil contaminants (metal(loid)s, pesticides, microplastics, and antibiotic resistance genes) across the globe. We reveal that human influence explained many forms of soil contamination worldwide. Socio-economic factors were integral to explaining the occurrence of soil contaminants worldwide. We further show that increased levels of multiple soil contaminants were linked with changes in microbial traits including genes associated with environmental stress resistance, nutrient cycling, and pathogenesis. Taken together, our work demonstrates that human-driven soil contamination in nearby natural areas mirrors that in urban greenspaces globally, and highlights that soil contaminants have the potential to cause dire consequences for ecosystem sustainability and human wellbeing.

Abstract In face of the growing systemic conflict between the West and China and the sudden escalation of tensions with Russia in the wake of the invasion of Ukraine, the concept of the Cold War reappears in recent years as a reference category. Terefore, the purpose of this article is to present an exhaustive and up-to-date review of the historiographical state of the art in relation to the concept, interpretations, physical and mental spaces and defining systemic structures of the world order between 1947 and 1991. Classic references are included, as well as the most recent, innovative and ground-breaking contributions to the historiography of the Cold War, which since 1991 has undergone a profound makeover, due to the broadening of interpretative categories and the multiplication of historiographical sources. Only by identifying what the Cold War really was will it be possible to construct valid comparative analyses, highlight lines of continuity, describe new variables and, ultimately, draw interpretative frameworks that allow us to understand a potential new cold war in light of the systemic confrontation during the second half of the twentieth century.

The policies, perceptions and discourses around return migration to Spain during the years of Franco dictatorship were transformed in parallel to the changes experienced by emigration outside the country. This article analyses this transformation of return migration, initially identified with repatriation, until its conceptualization within the framework of assisted migration schemes articulated in the Europe of the “guestworker system”. This transformation took place as a result of the displacement of the American migration cycle by the European migration cycle. In this process, return migration lost its assistance character and began to be conceived from an economic and labor perspective that connected with de developmental objectives of the Spanish government. Based on archival research and the analysis of legislative texts, publications and cultural production, this essay highlights the limits and contradictions of the discourses and public policies on return migration under the dictatorship.

En la última década, políticos, analistas y periodistas han reactivado el concepto de Guerra Fría (GF) para aplicarlo como categoría analítica a situaciones del presente. La invasión de Ucrania por Rusia en febrero de 2022 ha puesto radicalmente de actualidad el concepto de Nueva Guerra Fría (NGF) o Segunda Guerra Fría (SGF). Nuestra investigación busca responder a tres interrogantes fundamentales: 1. ¿en qué medida el empleo de la analogía histórica de la GF es una herramienta útil para dotar de sentido a la realidad internacional actual en relación con las tensiones entre Rusia y los países occidentales?; 2. ¿de qué manera una determinada interpretación sobre el final de la GF proyecta su significado como marco interpretativo esgrimido por la Rusia de Vladímir Putin para justificar su política exterior, en particular en relación con Ucrania?; 3. ¿resulta pertinente la aplicación del concepto de NGF o SGF a la rivalidad entre China y Estados Unidos? El artículo se estructura en cuatro partes. El apartado 1 expone los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos que enmarcan la investigación. En el apartado 2 se analiza la aplicación de la categoría de NGF o SGF a las relaciones actuales entre Rusia y los países occidentales, primordialmente EEUU y la OTAN. El epígrafe 3 examina la aportación de la historiografía académica a los debates sobre los hechos de 1989-1991, y en particular a la cuestión de las promesas hechas a la URSS, y después a Rusia, sobre la expansión de la OTAN, y su aportación al enmarcado de las relaciones internacionales actuales. El apartado 4 analiza en qué medida el concepto de GF y su reformulación como NGF o SGF arrojan claridad a la hora de conceptualizar la relación entre Estados Unidos y China. Por último, un apartado de conclusiones expone las aportaciones principales del estudio. La base teórica la configura la teoría del framing o del encuadre de los procesos comunicativos (Goffman, 1974), aplicados al empleo de analogías históricas en relaciones internacionales. Consideramos el recurso a analogías históricas como una técnica particular de encuadre que atribuye una relación de semejanza entre acontecimientos, personajes o fenómenos del pasado y del presente para deducir patrones y generar redes de significados relevantes para la comprensión de fenómenos actuales, orientando la forma en que los concibe, organiza y relaciona la complejidad. El empleo de analogías históricas forma parte de la tradición de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales desde sus orígenes, y específicamente se ha considerado el recurso a la analogía histórica como una forma privilegiada en que la historia influencia el ejercicio del poder de los Estados (statecraft) en política exterior (Brands y Suri, 2015). El método histórico como herramienta analítica resulta adecuada y eficaz para identificar las analogías históricas postuladas y valorar críticamente su veracidad.

El Complejo Alpujárride, situado en una posición media en los complejos tectónicos de la Zona Interna Bético-Rifeña, se divide en muchas unidades distribuidas en tres grupos superpuestos. Sin embargo, el significado e, incluso, la existencia de algunas de estas unidades es discutido. Este es el tema del presente artículo, en un intento de aclarar aspectos que son importantes para el conocimiento de la Zona Interna. Destacan entre otros: a) la existencia de unidades de carácter transicional entre los complejos Maláguide y Alpujárride, b) la posición de las peridotitas de Ronda bajo el Alpujárride y no cabalgándolo, c) las grandes cizallas y biselamientos que presentan muchas unidades tectónicas, hasta el punto de desaparecer en algunos casos, d) el progresivo menor grado metamórfico de sus unidades hacia el NE, y e) que probablemente la superposición entre de los diferentes grupos de unidades alpujárrides no sea completa. La discusión de estos y otros aspectos permite mostrar una visión más completa de la estructura y significado del complejo.

The health-promoting antioxidant properties of virgin olive oil (VOO) are today considered priority targets in the new olive breeding programs. Given that these properties depend mainly on its phenolic fraction, whose origin lies in the phenolic compounds present in olive fruit, the objective of this study was to provide further insight into the accumulation dynamics of the main antioxidant compounds, including both polar phenolics and lipophilic tocopherols, during the ontogeny of the olive fruit. Data obtained show that, albeit with significant differences, all the studied genotypes share just after fruit set an intense increase in the synthesis of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives, by far the main phenolic compounds of the olive fruit, and a subsequent steady decrease along fruit development and ripening. The accumulation dynamics of flavonoids and tocopherols were different from those of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives, presenting a peak of synthesis just before the onset of fruit ripening, and then in general, their content decreases throughout the ripening phase. In the case of flavonoids, all genotypes also share a strong increase in the accumulation of anthocyanins in the final stages of fruit ripening, coinciding with the change in fruit color. Furthermore, the results during the fruit ripening process evidenced that the content of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol derivatives and tocopherols in the fruit largely determines the content of these groups of compounds in the oil. The information acquired could be useful for the selection of the most suitable moment in the ontogeny of the olive fruit for the search for key genes in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds.

Microplastics are an emerging global threat to freshwater ecosystems. There is a growing number of microplastic studies in wetlands and floodplains such as the Pantanal. Microplastics in the Pantanal’s water courses, lakes, and floodplains were sampled with a plankton net in 16 locations in the Pantanal lowlands at varying distances from their potential urban sources over 2 years. Microplastics from the water samples were separated from sediments and organic matter and examined under a stereomicroscope to be identified and counted. Visual determination was then confirmed by RAMAN spectrometry. We found 730 microplastics. The average ± std microplastic concentration was 38 ± 16 x/m3, ranging between 10 and 100 x/m3. Fibres, fragments, and films represented 68%, 28%, and 4%, respectively, of the total microplastics. Surprisingly, a synthetic blue fibre of non-identified composition accounted for 51.0% of the microplastics. Other identified polymers included PP (18.2%), PET (16.9%), PVC (5.1%), PVA (4.4%) and LDPE (4.4%). The blue fibres, PP, and PET were found at all sampling locations. Microplastic concentrations varied from 27 ± 12 x/m3 to 48 ± 21 x/m3 across the sampling sites. Microplastics’ average size was 0.51 ± 0.21 mm, ranging from 0.06 to 0.97 mm. In the study area, the average seasonal concentrations varied from 34 ± 11 to 43 ± 18 x/m3 during the 2 years study period (2018–2019). In lentic environments, the median concentrations (30 x/m3) were significantly lower than in the lotic ones (40 x/m3). Urban human activities are a potential source of microplastics as the concentration of these increased significantly with the population of the nearest human agglomeration. These results indicate widespread contamination of the Pantanal waters by microplastics. Furthermore, a microsynthetic of indeterminate composition is found everywhere in the Pantanal, and more research is urgently needed to determine its composition and sources. The contamination by micropolymers and other microsynthetics will likely impact the Pantanal biota and, eventually, humans living in these floodplains.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is renowned for its numerous minor compounds, particularly phenols, which contribute to its health-promoting properties and commercial quality. The phenolic composition of EVOO largely relies on the initial phenolic content of the olive fruits, which represents, therefore, an important trait to be considered in olive breeding programs. However, only limited studies have been conducted so far to compare the relative influence of genotype and environment in the variability of this trait. For that reason, this study aims to assess the influence of genotype (cultivars ‘Arbequina’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Martina’, and ‘Picual’) and environment (harvest date, season, and location) on the fruit phenolic content and composition. A wide general variability was obtained in the whole dataset, with total phenols ranging from 6019 to 38,380 μg/g. A stronger effect of the genotype than the environment was observed for total phenolic content (representing 76–90% of total sums of squares) and the different groups of compounds. Notably, significant variations were found among cultivars not only in the total phenol content but also in the percentage of individual compounds within each main phenolic group. Overall, taking into account the entire dataset available, a clear grouping of samples according to genotypes was observed. The results obtained highlight the prominent influence of the genotype (cultivar) over the environment and genotype–environment interactions on the phenolic content and composition in olive fruits; even when considering very contrasting environments as the Mediterranean and subtropical in the present work. These findings suggest the feasibility of breeding selection of new cultivars with distinctive phenolic content and composition.

Microplastics (

We aimed to identify a microRNA (miRNA)‐E3 ubiquitin ligase regulatory network for protein substrates enriched in cell death pathways and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms in alcohol‐associated hepatitis (AH). An miRNA‐E3 ubiquitin ligase regulatory network for protein substrates enriched in cell death pathways was constructed using integrated bioinformatics analysis. Differentially expressed hub miRNAs (GSE59492) and their validated miRNA target genes (GSE28619) were identified in the liver of patients with AH compared with healthy controls. Liver samples from patients with AH and healthy individuals and mice exposed to Gao‐binge (acute on chronic) ethanol were used for experimental validation. Using hub miRNAs identified by weighted correlation network analysis, a miRNA‐E3 ubiquitin ligase regulatory network was established based on 17 miRNAs and 7 E3 ligase genes targeted by these miRNAs that were down‐regulated in AH. Among the miRNAs in this regulatory network, miR‐150‐5p was the only miRNA regulating the E3 ligase cytokine‐inducible SH2 containing protein (CISH), the E3 ligase that regulates the largest number of substrates among all E3 ligase family members. Therefore, the CISH regulatory pathway for ubiquitinated substrates was selected for subsequent experimental validation. Consistent with the bioinformatics analysis results, expression of miR‐150‐5p was markedly increased, while CISH was decreased, in the livers of patients with AH and mice exposed to Gao‐binge ethanol. Moreover, ubiquitination of Fas‐associated protein with death domain, a predicted CISH substrate involved in the regulation of programmed cell death, was reduced in livers from mice after Gao‐binge ethanol. Conclusion: Identification of the miRNA‐E3 ubiquitin ligase regulatory network for protein substrates enriched in the cell death pathways provides insights into the molecular mechanisms contributing to hepatocyte death in AH.

La depuración del magisterio durante la Guerra Civil ha sido objeto de interés para muchos historiadores, que han tratado de cuantificar este proceso depurador atendiendo a variables regionales y han dejado al margen los perfiles individuales de aquellos docentes que vivieron la purga. Profundizar en sus biografías es hoy una tarea necesaria para avanzar en esta línea de investigación. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer cómo se llevó a cabo el proceso depurador del magisterio en la ciudad de Segovia (1936-1939) atendiendo a variables biográficas y de género. A través del análisis de los cargos que les fueron imputados a los treinta y siete maestros y las maestras que trabajaban en las escuelas públicas de la capital y las sanciones que recibieron, llegaremos a conocer el perfil del magisterio segoviano en el franquismo. Partimos de una metodología histórico-educativa que se sustenta en tres fuentes fundamentales: los expedientes de depuración de los docentes, sus expedientes profesionales e información biográfica de cada uno de ellos recogida en diversos archivos segovianos. Los resultados revelan cómo un grupo de maestros y maestras con un espíritu renovador, que fueron reconocidos por la administración educativa por su labor al frente de las escuelas y por sus inquietudes pedagógicas antes de la guerra, sufrieron la separación del cargo y en algunos casos la muerte. Su destino fue distinto al de aquellos docentes que cumplieron con un modelo educativo tradicional y que fueron premiados tras la depuración por su incondicional apoyo a la patria y el catolicismo.

Este artículo reconstruye la cooperación científica y técnica entre España y la República Federal de Alemania entre 1970 y 1986. Con ello pretende enriquecer el conocimiento sobre la influencia alemana en el proceso de cambio sociopolítico español entre el final del franquismo y la consolidación democrática. Para ello, el trabajo observa las relaciones bilaterales desde el ángulo de los vínculos, programas e intereses compartidos en el ámbito de la I+D. La investigación se basa en fuentes diplomáticas y gubernamentales alemanas y españolas, y en especial en la documentación de la Comisión Mixta Hispano-Alemana para la Cooperación Científica e Industrial. El examen de estas fuentes permite concluir que la cooperación bilateral contribuyó a incrementar el entramado de intereses científicos, económicos y políticos entre España y la RFA y que, de forma más amplia, ayudó a la integración de España en Europa Occidental, coadyuvando desde un ángulo poco explorado al cambio político español. Abstract This article analyzes the scientific and technical cooperation between Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany between 1970 and 1986. In this way, it aims to enrich knowledge about the German influence on the process of Spanish socio-political change between the end of the Franco dictatorship and democratic consolidation. To do this, this article looks at bilateral relations from the angle of the links, programs and shared interests in the field of R&D. The research is based on German and Spanish diplomatic and governmental sources, and especially on the documentation of the Spanish-German Joint Commission for Scientific and Industrial Cooperation. The examination of these sources allows us to conclude that bilateral cooperation increased the network of scientific, economic and political interests between Spain and the FRG and that, more broadly, improved the integration of Spain into Western Europe, contributing from a little explored angle to Spanish political change.

The seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder is one of the most important invaders on Mediterranean rocky shores. However, many driving pressures affecting its spread are poorly understood and seem to involve the interactions between abiotic and biotic factors. We studied the invasiveness of C. Cylindracea on two shallow vermetid platforms with a con­trasting ecological status on which C. Cylindracea was first detected simultaneously 15 years ago. The cover values of C. Cylindracea and the other macroalgal species were assessed for one year, embracing the whole platform width. Caulerpa cylindracea cover was higher on the platform that had a low ecological status, especially during warmer months at the outer seaward margin. The ecological status of the overstory of native species seems to be a key point conditioning the success of C. Cylindracea invasiveness on these platforms.

Solar power forecasting is of high interest in managing any power system based on solar energy. In the case of photovoltaic (PV) systems, and building integrated PV (BIPV) in particular, it may help to better operate the power grid and to manage the power load and storage. Power forecasting directly based on PV time series has some advantages over solar irradiance forecasting first and PV power modeling afterwards. In this paper, the power forecasting for BIPV systems in a vertical façade is studied using machine learning algorithms based on decision trees. The forecasting scheme employs the skforecast library from the Python environment, which facilitates the implementation of different schemes for both deterministic and probabilistic forecasting applications. Firstly, deterministic forecasting of hourly BIPV power was performed with XGBoost and Random Forest algorithms for different cases, showing an improvement in forecasting accuracy when some exogenous variables were used. Secondly, probabilistic forecasting was performed with XGBoost combined with the Bootstrap method. The results of this paper show the capabilities of Random Forest and gradient boosting algorithms, such as XGBoost, to work as regressors in time series forecasting of BIPV power. Mean absolute error in the deterministic forecast, using the most influencing exogenous variables, were around 40% and close below 30% for the south and east array, respectively.

Las fuentes orales son recursos de gran valor para profundizar en temáticas poco estudiadas en la historia de la infancia. La investigación que presentamos nace de un proyecto de innovación docente llevado a cabo en la Universidad de Valladolid (España) que trata de acercar a los estudiantes de Grado en Educación a la memoria histórica de la escuela a partir de testimonios de estudiantes y docentes. Para ello, programamos microproyectos interdisciplinares sobre periodos y acontecimientos de nuestra historia reciente y desde ellos investigamos y debatimos con nuestros estudiantes sobre la evolución de la educación. En el marco de una de estas propuestas formativas, titulada “Vivir la infancia en tiempos de guerra”, analizamos 24 testimonios de hombres nacidos entre 1920 y 1930 en la provincia de Segovia. El estudio de los narratorios nos lleva a descubrir cómo se gestó la educación de la masculinidad en las clases populares durante el periodo de la guerra civil española. Los testimonios revelan una educación familiar que presentaba a los menores dos modelos de hombre: uno relacionado con la modernidad y otro con el conservadurismo, que serán, a grandes rasgos, el reflejo de las dos Españas en guerra. Con el desarrollo del conflicto armado y el final de la Guerra se impondrá un único modelo de masculinidad, el propuesto por la Falange, caracterizado por la exaltación de la virilidad, el patriotismo y la disciplina. Este arquetipo varonil se oponía frontalmente al sentimentalismo e intentaba despertar en los menores el rechazo hacia cualquier postura progresista contraria al patriarcado.

Any analysis of the digital narrative around the topic of Spain as a part of Europe has one of its most qualified exponents in the figure of Felipe González, whose career as a national political leader acquires its authentic dimension in the field of European integration, as corresponds to one of the protagonists of the great European cavalcade of the 80s and 90s. González also represents the canonical narrative that emerged during the Democratic Transition, a story of the reunion between Spain and Europe that is embedded in a pragmatic reflection on the future of Europe as a program of political action. Digital media, and especially those deposited in the Felipe González Foundation, allow us both to analyze this narrative and to reflect on the discursive strategies used by political actors in the politicization of "Europe."

Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) has both transcriptional and nontranscriptional functions. Transcriptional activity is dependent on serine phosphorylation of IRF3, while transcription‐independent IRF3‐mediated apoptosis requires ubiquitination. IRF3 also binds to inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase (IKKβ) in the cytosol, restricting nuclear translocation of p65. IRF3‐deficient mice are highly sensitive to high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced liver injury; however, it is not known if transcriptional and/or nontranscriptional activity of IRF3 confers protection. Using a mouse model only expressing nontranscriptional functions of IRF3 (Irf3S1/S1), we tested the hypothesis that nontranscriptional activity of IRF3 protects mice from HFD‐induced liver injury. C57BL/6, Irf3−/−, and Irf3S1/S1 mice were fed an HFD for 12 weeks. In C57BL/6 mice, the HFD increased expression of interferon (IFN)‐dependent genes, despite a decrease in IRF3 protein in the liver. The HFD had no impact on IFN‐dependent gene expression Irf3−/− or Irf3S1/S1 mice, both lacking IRF3 transcriptional activity. Liver injury, apoptosis, and fibrosis were exacerbated in Irf3−/− compared to C57BL/6 mice following the HFD; this increase was ameliorated in Irf3S1/S1 mice. Similarly, expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as numbers of neutrophils and infiltrating monocytes was increased in Irf3−/− mice compared to C57BL/6 and Irf3S1/S1 mice. While the HFD increased the ubiquitination of IRF3, a response associated with IRF3‐mediated apoptosis, in Irf3S1/S1 mice, protection from liver injury was not due to differences in apoptosis of hepatocytes or immune cells. Instead, protection from HFD‐induced liver injury in Irf3S1/S1 mice was primarily associated with retardation of nuclear translocation of p65 and decreased expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)‐dependent inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: Taken together, these data identify important contributions of the nontranscriptional function of IRF3, likely by reducing NFκB signaling, in dampening the hepatic inflammatory environment in response to an HFD.

En el presente artículo mostramos una experiencia práctica llevada a cabo con 83 estudiantes de la Facultad de Educación de Segovia, nacida del Proyecto de Innovación Docente Memoria de la escuela contemporánea: fuentes orales, iconográficas y otros recursos pedagógicos para la formación docente de la Universidad de Valladolid. El objetivo de esta experiencia es superar la visión de la historia de la educación entendida como una disciplina del pasado, para pasar a establecer un diálogo entre la educación pretérita y la actual. Para ello, formamos a nuestros estudiantes de Magisterio en el uso de fuentes orales, desde las que tratamos de recuperar la experiencia de personas de la provincia de Segovia que vivieron su infancia durante el periodo de la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939). El proyecto, titulado Vivir la infancia en tiempos de guerra, trata de ofrecer a los docentes en formación una visión de lo que significó este periodo de nuestra historia reciente para los menores que sufrieron el hambre, la muerte y la escasez de recursos personales y materiales. Asimismo, les invita a conocer el papel que jugaron la familia y la escuela como agentes educativos de primer orden en aquellos años; y a construir una mirada crítica sobre los usos y abusos políticos de la historia. Los resultados de la experiencia muestran cómo el uso de estas fuentes es una herramienta imprescindible para despertar la mirada crítica de los estudiantes hacia nuestro pasado y mejorar su conocimiento sobre la historia de la educación española del siglo XX.

The three aftershock sequences that occurred in Al Hoceima, Morocco, in May 1994 (Mw 6.0), February 2004 (Mw 6.4) and January 2016 (Mw 6.3) were stochastically modeled to investigate their temporal and energetic behavior. A form of the restricted trigger model known as the restricted epidemic type aftershock sequence (RETAS) was used for the temporal analysis of the selected series. The best-determined fit models for each sequence differ based on the Akaike information criteria. The revealed discrepancies suggest that, although the activated fault systems are close (within 10 to 20 km), their stress regimes change and shift across each series. In addition, a stochastic model was presented to study the strain release following a specific strong earthquake. This model was constructed using a compound Poisson process and depicted the progression of the strain release during the aftershock sequence. The proposed model was then applied to the data. After the RETAS model was used to evaluate the behavior of the aftershock decay rate, the best-fit model was obtained and integrated into the strain-release stochastic analysis. By detecting the potential disparities between the observed data and model, the applied stochastic model of strain release allows for a more comprehensive examination. Furthermore, comparing the observed and expected cumulative energy release numbers revealed some variations at the start of all three sequences. This demonstrates that significant aftershock clusters occur more frequently shortly after the mainshock at the start of the sequence rather than if they are assumed to occur randomly.

Conocer mejor las unidades tectónicas occidentales alpujárrides es importante para la comprensión de la evolución de las Béticas, particularmente de su frente orogénico alpino. Por ello se analiza la estratigrafía y el contexto geológico de la unidad de Yunquera. Esta unidad es una escama tectónica cabalgada por el Complejo Alpujárride del que forma parte. A su vez cabalga a la Dorsal y esta lo hace al Subbético. Por este cabalgamiento, la base de la unidad se encuentra muy biselada de manera que en su parte norte corresponde a niveles estratigráficos altos, conservándose otros más bajos al sur. Parte de ese cepillamiento basal pudo también producirse durante el corte oblicuo que sufrió la Dorsal que en ese sector quedó localmente laminada por completo. Todo ello se produjo en el contexto del progresivo avance de la Zona Interna hacia el oeste, el cual no se hizo de forma homogénea, sino según segmentos, con mayor desplazamiento de los más meridionales. Aunque estas deformaciones pueden separarse en varias etapas, realmente se produjeron en un cuadro de evolución continua que abarcó desde finales del Oligoceno al Burdigaliense. Por sus características litológicas, la unidad de Yunquera formó originalmente parte de la unidad alpujárride superior, generalmente conocida como unidad de Jubrique o Los Reales (este nombre se usa cuando se considera también a las peridotitas situadas en su base), cuyos afloramientos comprenden prácticamente todo el sector occidental de dicho complejo. Esta correlación de unidades permite una mejor comprensión de la estructura y evolución geológica del complejo Alpujárride. Por su parte, la unidad del Saucillo (que se encuentra afectada por una zona de falla formada durante el estiramiento de la Dorsal, en la que también hay restos tectónicos de otras unidades) es claramente relacionable con las llamadas Unidades Intermedias, tectónicamente situadas entre los complejos Alpujárride y Maláguide.

La Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios (JAE) fue una institución creada en 1907 con la finalidad de abrir las fronteras del conocimiento en España. A través de su sistema de pensiones, profesionales de múltiples disciplinas viajaron al extranjero para conocer las principales teorías y corrientes de sus campos de estudio. El presente trabajo se propone profundizar en el conocimiento de las mujeres del ámbito de la pedagogía que fueron becadas por la Junta desde Castilla y León entre 1907 y 1940 y analizar la incidencia de los viajes realizados en sus trayectorias tras la rebelión producida en España en 1936. El estudio se vertebra desde el método histórico-educativo y se sirve de los expedientes de estas profesionales disponibles en el archivo de la JAE (Madrid), de los expedientes de depuración albergados en el Archivo General de Administración, así como de los expedientes profesionales recuperados en archivos provinciales, documentos triangulados con otras fuentes legales. Para su análisis hemos clasificado, primero, a las pensionadas en función de su cargo y, posteriormente, en función de si fueron penalizadas en los procesos de depuración iniciados durante la Guerra Civil o no. Las conclusiones nos permiten afirmar que las profesionales que se comprometieron con el movimiento renovador de comienzos del siglo XX –y especialmente con el proyecto educativo republicano– sufrieron las consecuencias más duras del proceso depurador

Una de las reticencias sociales más extendidas acerca del uso de combustibles de biomasa son las emisiones que producen. En el caso de la biomasa forestal, son puntos conflictivos para el sector ambientalista el recuento y la gestión del carbono absorbido, los posibles daños a la biodiversidad y a la calidad de los aprovechamientos forestales, y el posible aumento de emisiones. Por el contrario, el sector técnico apuesta por una gestión forestal sostenible, mediante el uso de técnicas avanzadas que permitan conocer cómo funcionan los mecanismos de los bosques como sumideros de carbono. Los riesgos ambientales del uso energético de los biocombustibles pueden ser revertidos mediante el empleo de parámetros técnicos. La normativa europea establece criterios de sostenibilidad para la biomasa con destino energético, pero no fija parámetros acerca de la sostenibilidad del resto de fuentes renovables. Este trabajo se basa en la necesaria imbricación entre la técnica normativa consagrada el programa europeo “Legislar mejor para obtener mejores resultados - Un programa de la UE” y la ciencia, por una mayor sostenibilidad del uso de fuentes de energía renovables.

Hepatocellular death contributes to progression of alcohol–associated (ALD-associated) and non–alcohol-associated (NAFL/NASH) liver diseases. However, receptor-interaction protein kinase 3 (RIP3), an intermediate in necroptotic cell death, contributes to injury in murine models of ALD but not NAFL/NASH. We show here that a differential role for mixed-lineage kinase domain–like protein (MLKL), the downstream effector of RIP3, in murine models of ALD versus NAFL/NASH and that RIP1-RIP3-MLKL can be used as biomarkers to distinguish alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) from NASH. Phospho-MLKL was higher in livers of patients with NASH compared with AH or healthy controls (HCs). MLKL expression, phosphorylation, oligomerization, and translocation to plasma membrane were induced in WT mice fed diets high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol but not in response to Gao-binge (acute on chronic) ethanol exposure. Mlkl–/– mice were not protected from ethanol-induced hepatocellular injury, which was associated with increased expression of chemokines and neutrophil recruitment. Circulating concentrations of RIP1 and RIP3, but not MLKL, distinguished patients with AH from HCs or patients with NASH. Taken together, these data indicate that MLKL is differentially activated in ALD/AH compared with NAFL/NASH in both murine models and patients. Furthermore, plasma RIP1 and RIP3 may be promising biomarkers for distinguishing AH and NASH.

The quality of virgin olive oil (VOO) is largely determined by the technology used in the industrial process of extracting the oil. Technological innovations within this field aim to strike a proper balance between oil yield and the optimal chemical composition of VOO. The application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) that cause the electroporation of the plant cell membranes favors a more efficient breakage of the olive fruit tissue, which in turn could facilitate the extraction of the oil and some of its key minor components. Pilot-scale and industrial extraction tests have been conducted to assess the effect of PEF technology on the oil extraction yield and on the organoleptic and functional quality of VOO. The best results were obtained by combining the PEF treatment (2 kV/cm) with short malaxation times and a low processing temperature. Under these conditions, PEF technology could decisively improve the oil yield by up to 25% under optimal conditions and enhance the incorporation of phenolic and volatile compounds into the oils. The PEF treatment neither affected the physicochemical parameters used to determine the commercial categories of olive oils, nor the tocopherol content. Similarly, the sensory evaluation of the PEF-extracted oils by means of a panel test did not detect the appearance of any defect or off-flavor. In addition, the intensity of positive attributes (fruity, bitter and pungent) was generally higher in PEF oils than in control oils.

Modeling the photovoltaic (PV) energy output with high accuracy is essential for predicting and analyzing the performance of a PV system. In the particular cases of building-integrated and building-attached photovoltaic systems (BIPV and BAPV, respectively) the time-varying partial shading conditions are a relevant added difficulty for modeling the PV power conversion. The availability of laser imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) data to create very-high-resolution elevation digital models can be effectively used for computing the shading at high resolution. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) has been used to model the power generation of different BIPV arrays on a 5 min basis using the meteorological and solar irradiance on-site conditions, as well as the shading patterns estimated from a digital surface model as inputs. The ANN model has been validated using three years of 5-min-basis monitored data showing very high accuracy (6–16% of relative error depending on the façade). The proposed methodology combines the shading computation from a digital surface model with powerful machine learning algorithms for modeling vertical PV arrays under partial shading conditions. The results presented here prove also the capability of the machine learning techniques towards the creation of a digital twin for the specific case of BIPV systems that complements the conventional monitoring strategies and can be used in the diagnosis of performance anomalies.

Los docentes tienen un papel protagonista en la transmisión de la historia y la construcción de una ciudadanía democrática. Los actuales planes de estudio de Magisterio no ofrecen a los futuros maestros una sólida formación histórica que les permita situarse como profesionales críticos ante el conocimiento pretérito. Esta ausencia responde a un modelo educativo neoliberal que apuesta por la productividad en detrimento de la justicia social. El presente trabajo trata de dar a conocer la trayectoria del Proyecto de Innovación Docente “Memoria de la escuela contemporánea: fuentes orales, iconográficas y otros recursos pedagógicos para la formación docente” de la Universidad de Valladolid. Este Proyecto, en el que trabajan varias asignaturas de los Grados de Magisterio, trata de enseñar a nuestros estudiantes la historia de la escuela contemporánea a través del testimonio de colectivos que tradicionalmente han sido excluidos del relato histórico oficial. Esta apuesta por recuperar el pasado a través de las relaciones intergeneracionales y la historia oral ha llevado, hasta el momento, a más de 350 estudiantes a tomar conciencia sobre la importancia de la historia en su formación como profesionales de la Educación. El contacto con el testimonio de antiguos alumnos y maestros de la escuela de nuestro inmediato pasado y el desarrollo de habilidades reflexivas y de investigación ha permitido que nuestros estudiantes se cuestionen la imposición hegemónica del saber y la existencia de un relato único. El valor de este tipo de aprendizajes resulta fundamental para formar profesionales críticos y comprometidos con un modelo educativo democrático

El present treball es proposa il·lustrar la pràctica educativa de l’ensenyança primària del País Basc i Navarra entre els anys 1950 i 1959, prestant especial atenció a la qüestió lingüística des de l’òptica franquista de la imposició del castellà. Per això, s’empra el fons de memòries de pràctiques «Romero Marín», ubicat al Museu- Laboratori d’Història de l’Educació «Manuel Bartolomé Cossío» de la Universitat Complutense de Madrid, les quals foren redactades per les primeres generacions de pedagogs instruïts en el franquisme. D’aquestes, s’analitzen un conjunt de dotze exemplars dedicats a la primera ensenyança a Euskadi i Navarra entorn a dos eixos temàtics o categories d’anàlisis principals. El primer d’ells tracta sobre l’ús d’ambdues llengües en l’àmbit social, mentre que el segon es centra en la realitat educativa, considerant tant la perspectiva del professorat com la de l’alumnat. Així mateix, es contemplen les diferències geogràfiques dins del propi context basc-navarrès i la perspectiva de gènere com a línies transversals de l’estudi. Paraules clau: Llengua basca, Llengua castellana, Franquisme, Història de l’Educació, Espanya.

Bactrocera oleae, the olive fruit fly, is one of the most important pests affecting the olive fruit, causing serious quantitative and qualitative damage to olive oil production. In this study, the changes induced by B. oleae infestation in the biosynthesis of volatile and phenolic compounds in olive (cvs. Picual, Manzanilla, and Hojiblanca) have been analyzed. Despite cultivar differences, the oils obtained from infested fruits showed a significant increase in the content of certain volatile compounds such as (E)-hex-2-enal, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and β-ocimene and a drastic decrease of the phenolic contents. The impact of those changes on the inferred quality of the oils has been studied. In parallel, the changes induced by the attack of the olive fly on the expression of some key genes in the biosynthesis of volatile and phenolic compounds, such as lipoxygenase, β-glucosidase, and polyphenol oxidase, have been analyzed. The strong induction of a new olive polyphenol oxidase gene (OePPO2) explains the reduction of phenolic content in the oils obtained from infested fruits and suggest the existence of a PPO-mediated oxidative defense system in olives.

This article analyzes the 1st Duke of Montemar’s mausoleum in the Basilica of the Pilar in Zaragoza. A work sponsored by King Charles III in honor of his memory. This essay describes the creation process, the different proposals put forward by the military engineers and its relationship with the European tombs of typology in pyramid or obelisk.

The memory of the post-war schoolchildren keeps the memory of a childhood marked by the imprint of national-catholicism. The close link between Church and State after the end of hostilities laid the foundation for the construction of national identity in students. In this article that we present, the narrative of children’s experiences of the population group born during the war, allows us to recompose how this idea was transmitted through the interaction between the student and his closest context. Through the biographical - narrative methodology, centered on four life stories made up of two men and two women from the popular classes whose childhood was framed in the 1940s, we deepened the consolidation of Franco’s political, religious and moral ideology through teachings that boys and girls received in school and were strengthened from other non-formal learning, learned from family and social relationships. We found that the use of oral sources reveals the formation of very relevant elements of the construction of national identity, especially the most properly subjective ones, such as the naturalization processes of discrimination, the assumption of arbitrariness of power or value of routines, symbols and religious or patriotic celebrations.

La memoria de los escolares de posguerra guarda el recuerdo de una infancia marcada por la huella del nacionalcatolicismo. La estrecha vinculación entre la Iglesia y el Estado, tras el fin de las hostilidades, sentó los cimientos para la construcción de la identidad nacional en los estudiantes. En el artículo que presentamos, analizamos la narración de las vivencias infantiles del grupo de población nacido durante la guerra, para recomponer cómo fue transmitido ese ideario, a través de la interacción entre el estudiante y su contexto más próximo. A partir de la metodología biográfico-narrativa, –centrada en cuatro relatos de vida realizados a dos hombres y dos mujeres de clases populares, cuya infancia se enmarca en los años cuarenta– profundizamos en la consolidación del ideario político, religioso y moral franquista, a través de las enseñanzas que los niños y las niñas recibían en la escuela y se potenciaban a partir de otros conocimientos no formales, aprendidos desde las relaciones familiares y sociales. Constatamos que el uso de las fuentes orales desvela la conformación de elementos muy relevantes de la construcción de la identidad nacional, en especial los más propiamente subjetivos, como los procesos de naturalización de la discriminación, la asunción de la arbitrariedad del poder o el valor de las rutinas, los símbolos y las celebraciones religiosas o patrióticas.

Virgin olive oil (VOO) is one of the most emblematic products of the Mediterranean diet. Its content in phenolic compounds is strongly associated with the antioxidant and health-promoting properties of this diet. VOO’s phenolic profile is determined mainly by the phenolic compounds present in the olive fruit, so knowing their content allows for a fairly precise estimate of the antioxidant and functional properties of the corresponding oil. In this sense, a convenient, green, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the quantitative determination of total phenolic compounds in olive fruits. The method is based on an easy-to-use extraction procedure of olive fruit phenolics using dimethyl sulfoxide and quantification with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Oleuropein proved to be a suitable reference compound for quantification, displaying a good linear response (r = 0.9996) over the concentration range of 0.58–6.48 mg/mL, with a variation coefficient of 0.42% and limits of detection and quantification of 0.0492 and 0.1490 mg/mL, respectively. The method was validated using a wide array of fruit samples representative of the Olea europaea L. genetic diversity. The results obtained with this spectrophotometric method, expressed as mg/mL of oleuropein, showed a good correlation with those obtained with the fruit samples analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, with an r value of 0.9930 and a slope value of 1.022, confirming its reliability. Thus, this method can become a very useful simple tool to estimate the total phenolic content of olive fruits, especially when working with numerous samples such as in olive breeding programs or in commercial olive production, in which it is especially useful to know the phenolic state of the fruit and thus determine the optimal harvest date or the most appropriate agronomic treatment to increase the functional properties of the olive fruit and the olive oil.

Objectives: Lately, many countries have restricted or even banned transfat, and palm oil has become a preferred replacement for food manufacturers. Whether palm oil is potentially an unhealthy food mainly due to its high content of saturated Palmitic Acid (PA) is a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to test whether qualitative aspects of diet such as levels of PA and the fat source are risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were fed for 14 weeks with three types of Western diet (WD): 1. LP-WD—low concentration of PA (main fat source—corn and soybean oils); 2. HP-WD—high concentration of PA (main fat source—palm oil); 3. HP-Trans-WD—high concentration of PA (mainly transfat). Results: All types of WD caused weight gain, adipocyte enlargement, hepatomegaly, lipid metabolism alterations, and steatohepatitis. Feeding with HP diets led to more prominent obesity, hypercholesterolemia, stronger hepatic injury, and fibrosis. Only the feeding with HP-Trans-WD resulted in glucose intolerance and elevation of serum transaminases. Brief withdrawal of WDs reversed MS and signs of MAFLD. However, mild hepatic inflammation was still detectable in HP groups. Conclusions: HP and HP-Trans-WD play a crucial role in the genesis of MS and MAFLD.

Phenolics are claimed to be one of the main responsible for the health benefits associated to the long term consumption of virgin olive oil (VOO). The variability of the phenolic composition was studied in an olive cultivar core collection which holds an extensive genetic diversity. The most abundant VOO phenolics were the secoiridoid derivatives resulting from the hydrolysis of oleuropein, ligstroside and demethyloleuropein present in the fruit, which showed to be on average their main phenolic glucosides. Total phenolic compounds in the fruits and the oils were, in general, significantly and positively strong correlated (r = 0.82) with p

Foto con historia

This article explores, with special reference to autobiographical testimonies, some aspects of the role played by West Germany as a cultural reference point for Spain after World War II. During this period, German culture was the door through which a generation of Spanish young people trained in German universities gained access to a critical European culture. At the same time, different Spanish authors sought to provide intelligibility to the experience of postwar Germany.