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Income has been increasingly criticized as an indicator of childhood living conditions, especially at young ages. In this paper, we present a picture of poverty and multi-dimensional deprivation of children in France, around the time of their birth and during the first year of life. To do so, we use both an income poverty measure as well as a multiple deprivation approach, applied to a nationally representative survey of over 18,000 children born in France in 2011 (the Elfe cohort). We examine four dimensions of children's daily lives : material conditions ; parenting ; housing conditions ; and extreme housing conditions. Our results show that income poverty does not always overlap with deprivation : some children live in income-poor households without being deprived in the dimensions we study, and vice versa. Notably, we find only a small overlap between extreme housing deprivation or parental involvement and income poverty. Furthermore, we show that the population groups most at risk of deprivation in early life vary according to the dimension considered, and are distinct from the determinants of income poverty. For example, while single motherhood is the main driver of income poverty, it is not associated with an increased risk of housing deprivation nor with low parental involvement, when other socio-demographic characteristics are controlled for. This approach therefore adds more precision and nuance to our understanding of child poverty at very young ages in France., Castillo Rico Barbara, Leturcq Marion, Panico Lidia. Childhood poverty and deprivation at the starting gate in France. Examples using Elfe survey. In: Revue des politiques sociales et familiales, n°131-132, 2019. Le bien-être des enfants : un enjeu politique / Understanding children's well-being: A political issue. pp. 175-188.

Income has been increasingly criticized as an indicator of childhood living conditions, especially at young ages. In this paper, we present a picture of poverty and multi-dimensional deprivation of children in France, around the time of their birth and during the first year of life. To do so, we use both an income poverty measure as well as a multiple deprivation approach, applied to a nationally representative survey of over 18,000 children born in France in 2011 (the Elfe cohort). We examine four dimensions of children's daily lives: material conditions ; parenting ; housing conditions ; and extreme housing conditions. Our results show that income poverty does not always overlap with deprivation: some children live in income-poor households without being deprived in the dimensions we study, and vice versa. Notably, we find only a small overlap between extreme housing deprivation or parental involvement and income poverty. Furthermore, we show that the population groups most at risk of deprivation in early life vary according to the dimension considered, and are distinct from the determinants of income poverty. For example, while single motherhood is the main driver of income poverty, it is not associated with an increased risk of housing deprivation nor with low parental involvement, when other socio-demographic characteristics are controlled for. This approach therefore adds more precision and nuance to our understanding of child poverty at very young ages in France., Utiliser le revenu pour mesurer les conditions de vie des enfants est de plus en plus critiqué, en particulier pour les très jeunes enfants. Cet article propose une description multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté des enfants en France, au moment de leur naissance et pendant leur première année de vie, en utilisant une mesure de la pauvreté monétaire et une approche de la pauvreté en conditions de vie, à partir de l’Étude longitudinale française depuis l’enfance (la cohorte Elfe) qui est une enquête nationale représentative portant sur plus de dix-huit mille enfants nés en France en 2011. Les résultats montrent que la pauvreté monétaire ne coïncide pas toujours avec la pauvreté en conditions de vie : certains enfants vivent dans des ménages à faibles revenus sans pour autant être considérés comme pauvres tandis que d’autres dont les revenus sont plus élevés peuvent néanmoins être considérés comme pauvres au regard des conditions de vie. Cette approche permet d’être plus précis et plus nuancé dans la compréhension de la pauvreté des enfants à de très jeunes âges., Castillo Rico Barbara, Leturcq Marion, Panico Lidia. La pauvreté des enfants à la naissance en France. Résultats de l’enquête Elfe. In: Revue des politiques sociales et familiales, n°131-132, 2019. Le bien-être des enfants : un enjeu politique / Understanding children's well-being: A political issue. pp. 35-49.

En el distrito III del municipio de Managua se encuentra ubicada la Comarca San José de la Cañada, donde se realizó la investigación titulada ¨Crecimiento poblacional y cambio del uso del suelo en la Comarca San José de la Cañada, distrito III del municipio de Managua, período 2005-2015. La comarca se ha destacado por poseer un suelo de vocación agropecuario lo que es de gran beneficio a la población ahí residente, sin embargo, con el pasar del tiempo se ha ido sustituyendo la actividad agrícola y ganadera por uso habitacional debido a la necesidad de dar respuesta al problema del aumento poblacional que ha sufrido y sufre la comarca. La investigación es de enfoque mixto ya que a través de los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos como resultado de encuestas, entrevistas, pirámide poblacional, base de datos, entre otros, se analizó y explicó como el aumento de la población afecta directamente al cambio del uso del suelo de la Comarca en estudio. Realizando pruebas de perfil de suelo y PH de suelo se caracteriza y afirma la vocación o potencial del suelo de la Comarca.

Dentro de la cadena de suministro en el sector de la construcción, los procesos de evaluación y selección de proveedores son esenciales para mejorar el desempeño competitivo de las empresas, en las que se configura el conocimiento de los profesionales con la experiencia de los contratistas necesarios para cada fase constructiva. La determinación de los criterios para la evaluación y selección de los proveedores y contratistas es una labor fundamental que parte de la experiencia de los compradores, el conocimiento de las especificaciones técnicas y su capacidad de emplear el modelo de selección que se ajuste de la mejor manera a los objetivos y visión de la compañía Constructora. El presente artículo reúne la visión de varios autores que han publicado acerca de la importancia de la selección y de generar relaciones de confianza entre el constructor y los contratistas para lograr resultados eficientes Within the supply chain in the construction sector, the process of evaluation and selection of suppliers are essential to improve the competitive performance of companies in which the knowledge of professionals with the experience required of contractors is configured to each stage of the construction process. Determining the criteria for evaluation and selection of suppliers and contractors is a vital work of the buyers experience, knowledge of the technical specifications and ability to use the selection model that fits in the best way the objectives and vision of the company Construction Company. This article gathers the view of several authors who have published on the importance of this selection process and build relationships of trust between the builder and contractors to achieve efficient outcomes