4 results on '"Chavaillaz, Yann"'
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2. The pace of climate change and its implications on the perception of ongoing generations
- Author
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Chavaillaz, Yann, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Sylvie Joussaume, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Changement climatique ,Vitesse ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Climate change ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Perception ,Cmip5 ,Pace ,Adaptation - Abstract
In most climate studies, climate change is approached by focusing on the evolution between a fixed current baseline and a future period, emphasizing stronger warming as we move further over the 21st century. Under climate conditions that are continuously evolving, human and natural systems might have to constantly adapt to a changing climate. This thesis proposes an alternative approach to climate projections. Here, I consider and analyze indicators of the pace of changes relative to temperature, precipitation and vegetation in order to be relevant for both urban and rural populations. An ensemble of CMIP5 simulations from 18 climate models is selected. The pace is represented by differences between two subsequent 20-year periods. Considering the pace of change would be beneficial for climate impacts and adaptation analyses.The models predict that the warming rate strongly increases without any mitigation policies (RCP8.5 scenario). It is twice as high by the end of the century compared to the current period, and even three times higher in some regions. Significant shifts in temperature distributions between two subsequent 20-year periods are projected to involve almost half of all land surfaces and most tropical areas by 2060 onwards (i.e. at least four times as many regions than currently). In these regions, an extremely warm year with a return period of about 50 years would become quite common only 20 years later. The fraction of the world population exposed to such shifts might reach about 60% (6 billion people, i.e. seven times more than currently). Low mitigation measures (RCP6.0) allow the warming rate to be kept at current values, and reduce the fraction of the world population exposed to significant shifts of temperature distributions by one third.Under RCP8.5, rainfall moistening and drying rates both increase by 30-40% above current levels. As we move further over the century, their patterns become geographically stationary and the trends become persistent. The stabilization of the geographical rate patterns that occurs despite the acceleration of global warming can be physically explained: it results from the increasing contribution of thermodynamic processes compared to dynamic processes in the control of precipitation change. The combination of intensification and increasing persistence of precipitation rate patterns may affect the way human societies and ecosystems adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin, Central America, South Asia and the Arctic. Such an evolution in precipitation has already become noticeable over the last few decades, but it could be reversed if strong mitigation policies were quickly implemented (RCP2.6).Changes in vegetation could be visual landmarks of climate change. In mid- and high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the phenology of grass and trees follows the warming rate. Without any mitigation policies, the start of spring occurs earlier, and its duration is extended faster as we move over the century. The vegetation cover becomes denser, regardless of the selected pathway, in proportion to the temperature rise. The seasonal cycle of mid-latitude crops also depends on the temperature, and the seasonal cycle of tropical crops directly follows the features of the wet season. In all other latitudes, no robust evolution of the seasonal cycle is projected. The pace of change of vegetation cover since 1880 already doubled before 1950, mainly due to a strong change in land use. This pace is then projected to be stable over the entire 21st century if the vegetation dynamically interacts with the climate system in the models. This corresponds to a reduction of land-use change and to the acceleration of changes of vegetation cover under climate change., Dans la plupart des études, on s'intéresse au changement climatique futur en analysant l'évolution du climat entre une référence actuelle fixée et une période future. Le réchauffement est de plus en plus fort au fil du 21ème siècle. Dans un contexte où les conditions climatiques sont toujours en train d'évoluer, les écosystèmes doivent continuellement s'adapter à des modifications diverses du climat. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je propose d'analyser les projections climatiques sous un angle alternatif. Afin d’être caractéristique des représentations des populations urbaines et rurales, je définis et analyse des indicateurs liés à la vitesse des changements de température, de précipitations et de végétation. Un ensemble de simulations CMIP5 de 18 modèles de climat est sélectionné. La vitesse est représentée par des différences entre deux périodes successives de 20 ans. Cette notion de vitesse pourrait offrir de nouveaux outils pour interagir avec les communautés scientifiques travaillant sur les impacts et l'adaptation.Sans politiques d’atténuation du changement (scénario RCP8.5), le réchauffement global sera au moins deux fois plus rapide à la fin du siècle qu’actuellement, et même trois fois dans certaines régions. Près de la moitié des surfaces continentales, principalement les zones tropicales, seront touchées par des décalages significatifs de la distribution de la température entre deux périodes de 20 ans d’ici à 2060, i.e. au moins 4 fois plus qu’actuellement. Dans ces régions, des années extrêmement chaudes ayant un temps de retour de 50 ans deviendront habituelles en l’espace de 20 ans seulement. La fraction de la population mondiale étant exposée à ces changements pourrait atteindre environ 60% (i.e. 6 milliards de personnes et 7 fois plus qu’actuellement). Il suffit de relativement légères mesures d’atténuation (RCP6.0) pour que la vitesse du réchauffement ne dépasse pas les valeurs actuelles et que 3 fois moins de personnes soient exposées à des décalages significatifs de température.Les vitesses d’humidification et d’assèchement en termes de précipitations augmenteront de 30 à 40%. Leur répartition géographique deviendra plus stable spatialement et les tendances tendront à persister sur les mêmes régions, et ce malgré l’accélération du réchauffement global. Cette stabilisation résulte de la contribution grandissante des processus thermodynamiques par rapport à ceux contrôlés par la circulation générale. La combinaison de l’accélération des tendances et de leur persistance peut avoir un impact sur l’adaptation des sociétés et des écosystèmes, particulièrement sur le bassin méditerranéen, en Amérique centrale, en Inde et dans les régions arctiques. Une telle évolution est déjà visible actuellement, mais pourrait disparaître avec de fortes mesures d’atténuation (RCP2.6).Les changements de la végétation peuvent être des repères visuels du changement climatique. Dans les moyennes et hautes latitudes Nord, le cycle saisonnier des arbres et des herbacées suit la vitesse du réchauffement. Sans politiques d’atténuation, le début de la saison foliaire avance et sa durée augmente plus rapidement au fil du siècle. La couverture de la végétation se densifie quelque soit le scénario proportionnellement à l’augmentation de la température. Le cycle saisonnier des cultures des moyennes latitudes dépend directement de la température et celui des cultures tropicales de l’évolution des caractéristiques de la saison des pluies. Sous les autres latitudes, aucune évolution robuste du cycle saisonnier n’est projetée. La vitesse des changements de répartition de la végétation a déjà doublé entre 1880 et 1950 correspondant à un changement marqué de l'utilisation des sols. Elle est stable tout au long du siècle si la végétation interagit dynamiquement avec le climat dans les modèles, traduisant un ralentissement du changement de l'utilisation des sols et l'accélération des changements de végétation sous l'effet du changement climatique.
- Published
- 2016
3. Exposure to excessive heat and impacts on labour productivity linked to cumulative CO2 emissions.
- Author
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Chavaillaz, Yann, Roy, Philippe, Partanen, Antti-Ilari, Da Silva, Laurent, Bresson, Émilie, Mengis, Nadine, Chaumont, Diane, and Matthews, H. Damon
- Subjects
CARBON dioxide mitigation ,LABOR productivity ,EARTH system science ,ATMOSPHERIC aerosols ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation - Abstract
Cumulative CO
2 emissions are a robust predictor of mean temperature increase. However, many societal impacts are driven by exposure to extreme weather conditions. Here, we show that cumulative emissions can be robustly linked to regional changes of a heat exposure indicator, as well as the resulting socioeconomic impacts associated with labour productivity loss in vulnerable economic sectors. We estimate historical and future increases in heat exposure using simulations from eight Earth System Models. Both the global intensity and spatial pattern of heat exposure evolve linearly with cumulative emissions across scenarios (1% CO2 , RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The pattern of heat exposure at a given level of global temperature increase is strongly affected by non-CO2 forcing. Global non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions amplify heat exposure, while high local emissions of aerosols could moderate exposure. Considering CO2 forcing only, we commit ourselves to an additional annual loss of labour productivity of about 2% of total GDP per unit of trillion tonne of carbon emitted. This loss doubles when adding non-CO2 forcing of the RCP8.5 scenario. This represents an additional economic loss of about 4,400 G$ every year (i.e. 0.59 $/tCO2 ), varying across countries with generally higher impact in lower-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Does the absence of sea ice in the Arctic have an influence on the occurrence of extreme events over the Eastern part of Canada?
- Author
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Chavaillaz, Yann, Matthews, H. Damon, Roy, Philippe, and Chaumont, Diane
- Subjects
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SEA ice , *CLIMATE change , *GLOBAL warming , *HEAT waves (Meteorology) , *ATMOSPHERIC models , *GREENHOUSE gases - Abstract
The current rate of greenhouse gas emissions continues to increase, and climate models and observations show that climate changes are accelerating in response to these emissions. In this context, the rate of climate change has the potential to influence the frequency and the intensity of extreme events. At the same time, global warming will significantly decrease high-latitude sea ice extent, with the potential of summer ice-free conditions in the Arctic ocean within the next few decades. This decreased sea-ice extent will lead to amplified warming in these regions, which could have an additional, potentially non-linear, impact on the intensity of extreme events. But no robust link has been made between decreased ice coverage and extreme events at mid-latitudes. In this study, we aim to quantify the relationship between ice-free conditions in summer and extreme events in the context of continued global warming. We identify a sub-ensemble of ice-free summers in the CanESM2-LE large ensemble through clustering methods (7,500 years of simulations), matched with a complementary sub-ensemble of summers with Arctic sea ice. We also investigate the corresponding sub-ensembles of the ClimEx project (dynamically downscaled CanESM2 simulations on the Eastern part of Canada) to evaluate how and to what extent sea ice modes can influence regional extreme events during the following months (e.g. extreme precipitation, cold waves and heat waves). The large number of simulations in these ensembles allows to isolate the influence of sea ice from other modes of variability, as well as the effect of global warming itself. In the framework of climate services, this work will improve seasonal predictability and give additional insights on climate risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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