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We describe a new species of the genus Hebius and provide evidence for the validity of H. septemlineatus comb. nov.. Morphological and molecular analyses of Hebius specimens collected in Yunnan Province, China, revealed three distinct lineages, namely the newly described Hebius weixiensis sp. nov., as well as H. octolineatus (Boulenger, 1904), and H. septemlineatus comb. nov. (Schmidt 1925), which is removed from synonymy with H. octolineatus. Based on mitochondrial genealogy, Hebius weixiensis sp. nov. is sister to H. septemlineatus comb. nov., while H. octolineatus is sister to H. bitaeniatus. The new species and H. septemlineatus comb. nov. showed considerable genetic divergence from their recognized congeners (uncorrected P-distance ≥3.9%). Furthermore, the new species and H. septemlineatus comb. nov. can be diagnosed from closely related congeners by a combination of pholidosis characters.

A new species of the genus Gonyosoma Wagler, 1828 is described herein based on six specimens from the Diaoluoshan Mountains, Hainan Island, Hainan Province, China. The new species, Gonyosoma hainanense sp. nov., is most similar to its continental sister species, Gonyosoma boulengeri (Mocquard, 1897). Both taxa have a scaled protrusion on the anterior portion of the rostrum, distinct from other congeners. However, Gonyosoma hainanense sp. nov. can be distinguished from G. boulengeri by two significant morphological characters: (1) black orbital stripe absent in adults (vs. present in G. boulengeri); and (2) two loreals (vs. one loreal in G. boulengeri). The new species is also genetically divergent and forms a unique clade from its sister species and all other congeners based on sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (cyt b).

Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. Chen, Suwannapoom, Wu, Poyarkov, Xu, Pawangkhanant & Che (Figures 4–6) Chresonymy: Leptolalax sp. — Ohler et al. 2011: 9; Leptolalax sp. 3 — Chen et al. 2018: 165; Leptolalax pelodytoides — Taylor 1962. Holotype. KIZ034039, adult male, collected from Ban Huai Wok in Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (98.5348°N, 18.4662°E, 587m a.s.l.; Fig. 1), on 17 January 2018 by Chatmongkon Suwannapoom. Paratype. KIZ034038, KIZ034165–66, KIZ034158, four adult females and KIZ034159, one adult male from the same locality as the holotype, collected by Chatmongkon Suwannapoom and Yunhe Wu on 17 January 2018; KIZ034182–83, two adult males, from Ban Khun Klang in Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (98.5140°N, 18.6670°E, 1090 m a.s.l.; Fig. 1) collected by Yunhe Wu on 19 January 2018; KIZ031168, KIZ031198 – KIZ031200, four adult males, from Mae Ya Noi in Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (98.5337°N, 18.4939°E, 956 m a.s.l.) collected by Chatmongkon Suwannapoom on 6 August 2018; KIZ034225, one adult male from Ban Khun Wang in Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (98.5049°N, 18.6045°E) collected by Chatmongkon Suwannapoom on 19 January 2018; KIZ034173, one adult male from Pha Dok Siaw Waterfall in Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (98.5305°N, 18.5410°E, 1200 m a.s.l.) collected by Yunhe Wu on 20 January 2018. Diagnosis. Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) body size small (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm in 10 adult males, 29.3–32.1 mm in 4 adult females); (2) tympanum distinct, almost entirely black; (3) skin on dorsum shagreened with reddish tubercles and folds; (4) creamy white belly with small black spots on the margin; (5) distinct reverse-triangle marking between eyes, close to a black W-shaped marking between axillae on the dorsum; (6) distinct black blotches on flanks; (7) white ventrolateral glands forming a distinct line; (8) finger webbing and fringes absent; (9) toe webbing rudimentary and lateral fringes wide; (10) longitudinal ridges distinct under toes and uninterrupted at the articulations; (11) iris distinctly bicolored, typically orange in upper half and silver white in lower half; (12) small pectoral gland embellished on the flesh-colored oval marking; and (13) supratympanic line distinct with reddish pigmentation. Description of the holotype. Adult male, SVL 24.60 mm; head length almost equal with width (HDL/ HDW=1.03), head triangular in dorsal view; snout rounded in both ventral view and lateral view, protruding slightly beyond lower jaw (Fig. 4); oval-shaped nostril closer to tip of snout than to anterior margin of eye; loreal region oblique; canthus rostralis indistinct; eyes large (EYE/HDL=0.37), eye diameter slightly shorter than snout length (EYE/SNT=0.97), eyes notably protuberant in both dorsal and lateral views, pupil vertical; tympanum distinct, rounded, tympanum diameter smaller than eye (TMP/EYE = 0.57); tympanic annulus notably elevated; vomerine teeth absent; vocal sac openings small, slit-like, located postero-laterally on mouth floor; supratympanic ridge distinct with reddish pigmentation, running from posterior corner of eye towards axilla, posterior end of supratympanic ridge not expanded (Fig. 4). Forelimb relatively long (FAL/SVL=0.26), fingers long and slender (ML/SVL=0.28), without webbing and lateral fringes (Fig. 4); relative length of fingers: IIColoration of holotype. In life, dorsal surface of head and trunk olive brown, with a distinct reverse-triangle dark markings between eyes connecting to a thick dark W-shaped marking between axillae; elbow to upper arm and tibio-tarsal articulation distinctly yellowish orange in color on the dorsum; transverse black bars present on dorsal surface of fingers and toes, lower arms, tarsus, thighs and tibia (Fig. 4); one dark blotch between nostril and eyes on loreal region; upper lip barred with black and white; supratympanic ridge reddish; a large black marking under supratympanic ridge covers most of tympanum; distinct, irregularly-shaped black blotches present on flanks from the groin to axilla; fine, distinct reddish tubercles scattered on upper eyelids, snout, dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs. Ventral surface of throat pale with some dusting; ventral surface of belly creamy white with small spots on the margin; ventral surfaces of limbs pinkish, scattered with small white speckles. Ventrolateral glands, pectoral glands and femoral glands yellowish white. Iris distinctly bicolored, typically orange in upper half, silver white in lower half, with black reticulations throughout (Fig. 4). In preservation, dorsal surface of head and trunk dark brown with light tawny limbs. Ventral surface of throat, chest, belly and limbs creamy white; brown dusting present on ventral surfaces of throat. The patterns of dark markings, spots and bars all over the body are same as when in life. Bars and blotches on dorsum and limbs became more distinct. Pectoral glands indistinct; femoral glands distinct and white (Fig. 5). Morphological variation. All paratypes match the overall characters of the holotype (Table 3). Representative photographs of paratypes in life are shown in Fig. 6 and in preservation are shown in Fig. 5. Females larger than males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm in 10 adult males and 29.3–32.1 mm in 4 adult females). All males have small slit-like vocal sac openings, as well as a comparatively large single subgular vocal sac when inflated during calling. Dusting pattern on throat and margin of belly varies individually (Fig. 6). Males have more distinct white flecks dorsum than females (Fig. 6). Etymology. The specific epithet “ murphyi ” is a patronymic noun in the genitive singular; derived from the name of Prof. Robert W. Murphy from the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada, the co-founder of ColdCode, the international effort to DNA barcode species of amphibians and reptiles. We acknowledge his continuous support and inspiration of our study across the country border from China to Southeast Asia. For the common name, we recommend “Chiang Mai Leaf Litter Toad”. Distribution and ecology. Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. is currently known from two isolated montane areas: Doi Inthanon and Doi Chiang Dao, both belonging to the Thanon Thong Chai Range in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (Fig. 1). These two sites are separated by a straight-line distance of about 110 kilometers. The known localities in Doi Inthanon for this new species includes Mae Ya Noi, Ban Huai Wok, Ban Khun Klang, Khun Wang 1, Pha Dok Siaw Waterfall and Mae Ya at elevations ranging from 587 to 1477 m a.s.l. During our field surveys, males were usually located at night by their calling while sitting on the litter and leaves of bushes along the streams and waterfalls surrounded by moist evergreen broadleaved forests (Fig. 7). A tadpole of Leptobrachella, which was previously regarded as Leptobrachella sp. (GenBank No. JN848455; Ohler et al., 2011) and collected from Doi Chiang Dao, belongs to the new species we describe (Fig. 2). The ecological information on L. murphyi in Doi Chiang Dao is currently insufficient. Advertisement calls of the new species, resembling calling of orthopterans, could be heard along the streams from November to February in Doi Inthanon; a gravid female (KIZ034165) collected in January was swollen with pure white eggs. Comparisons. Compared with the 26 known congeners occurring south of the Isthmus of Kra, Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from L. arayai, L. dringi, L. fritinniens, L. gracilis, L. hamidi, L. heteropus, L. kajangensis, L. kecil, L. marmorata, L. melanoleuca, L. maura, L. picta, L. platycephala, L. sabahmontana and L. sola by the presence of supra-axillary and ventrolateral glands (vs. absence); and from the following miniaturized species it can be distinguished by presence of rounded digit tips (vs. pointed digit tips in all species listed below) and by having an obviously larger body size (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm in males of L. murphyi sp. nov.): L. baluensis (14.9–15.9 mm in males), L. brevicrus (17.1–17.8 mm in males), L. bondangensis (17.8 mm in males), L. fusca (16.3 mm in males), L. itiokai (15.2–16.7 mm in males), L. juliandringi (17.0– 17.2 mm in males), L. mjobergi (15.7–19.0 mm in males), L. natunae (17.6 mm in males), L. parva (15.0– 16.9 mm in males), L. palmata (14.4–16.8 mm in males) and L. serasanae (16.9 mm in female). Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. differs from all other species of Leptobrachella occurring north of the Isthmus of Kra by a combination of small body size, distinct black tympanum, reddish supratympanic line, skin texture and markings on dorsum, ventral coloration, white ventrolateral glands forming a distinct line, degree of webbing and lateral fringes on the toes, distinct black blotches on flanks, longitudinal ridges distinct under toes and uninterrupted at the articulations, small pectoral gland and a bicolored iris (Table 4). In particular, L. murphyi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from its phylogenetically close congeners. It differs from L. oshanensis, by having relatively smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 26.6–30.7 mm), femoral glands located closer to the knee than to the vent (vs. closer to the vent than to the knee), skin on dorsum shagreened with reddish tubercles and folds (vs. smooth with few glandular ridges), as well as the presence of webbing and dermal fringes on toes (vs. absence). Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. differs from L. tengchongensis by having a bicolored iris (vs. uniform), relatively larger body size in females (SVL 29.3–32.1 vs. 28.8–28.9), wide dermal fringes on toes (vs. narrow), ventrolateral glands distinct (vs. indistinct) and ventral side creamy white with small black spots on the margin (vs. ventral surfaces white with dark brown blotches). The new species differs from L. purpurus by having olive brown dorsum coloration in life (vs. purplish brown), creamy white belly with small black spots on the margin (vs. ventral side dull white with indistinct grey dusting), pectoral gland indistinct (vs. distinct), as well as the absence of black marking/spots on dorsum and flanks mottled with distinct yellow pigmentation al. 2017; Yuan et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2020). ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page (vs. presence). Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. differs from L. purpuraventra by having relatively smaller body size (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm in males, 29.3–32.1 mm in females vs. 27.3–29.8 mm in males, 33.0– 35.3 mm in females), toes with wide lateral fringes (vs. narrow), ventral surface creamy white (vs. grey purple with distinct nebulous greyish speckling on chest and ventrolateral flanks), as well as the absence of dense, tiny conical spines on surface of chest extending to anterior region of abdomen in males (vs. presence). The new species can be distinguished from L. alpina by dorsum olive brown in life (vs. grey brown), indistinct pectoral gland (vs. distinct) and supra-axillary gland yellowish (vs. white). The new species differs from L. bijie by having smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 29.0– 30.4 mm), toes with wide lateral fringes (vs. narrow), as well as the absence of distinct nebulous greyish speckling on chest and ventrolateral flanks (vs. presence) and the absence of dense tiny conical spines present on surface of chest in males during breeding season (vs. presence). Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. differs from L. eos by having a smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 33.1–34.7 mm), olive brown dorsum with black markings and spots in life (vs. almost uniformly brown dorsal coloration), as well as the presence of distinct black spots on flanks (vs. absence) and the presence of distinct supratympanic fold (vs. absence). The new species differs from L. bourreti by having a relatively smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 28.0– 36.2 mm), wide dermal fringes on toes (vs. narrow), skin on dorsum shagreened with reddish tubercles and folds (vs. relatively smooth, some with small warts). The new species differs from L. chishuiensis by having smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 30.8–33.4 mm). The new species differs from L. dorsospina by having smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 28.7–30.5 mm), toes with wide lateral fringes (vs. narrow), as well as the absence of dense conical spines on dorsum (vs. presence). The new species differs from L. jinshaensis by having smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 29.7–31.2 mm) and toes with wide lateral fringes (vs. narrow). The new species differs from L. niveimontis by having toes with wide lateral fringes (vs. narrow) and belly creamy white (vs. belly marbled with black speckling). The new species differs from L. suiyangensis by having dermal ridges under toes not interrupted at articulations (vs. interrupted) and smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 28.7–29.7 mm). The new species differs from L. wulingensis by having toes with wide lateral fringes (vs. narrow) and dermal ridges under toes not interrupted at articulations (vs. interrupted). The new species differs from L. yeae by having dermal ridges under toes not interrupted at articulations (vs. interrupted) and toes with wide lateral fringes (vs. narrow). For the remaining known species of Thai Leptobrachella, L. murphyi sp. nov. differs from L. fuliginosa by having a relatively smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 28.2–30.0 mm), wide dermal fringes on toes (vs. narrow), distinct femoral glands (vs. narrow), skin on dorsum shagreened with reddish tubercles and folds (vs. skin nearly smooth, with a few tubercles), as well as the absence of dusty ventral side (vs. presence). The new species differs from L. melanoleuca by a relatively smaller body size (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm in males, 29.3–32.1 mm in females vs. 26.6–28.8 mm in males, 32.7 mm in females), creamy white belly with small black spots on the margin (vs. ventral coloration with large black markings on a white background), distinct femoral gland (vs. indistinct) and distinct ventrolateral glandular ridges (vs. indistinct). The new species differs from L. sola by having iris with orange in upper half and silver white in lower half (vs. iris with dark red in upper half and dark brown in lower half), as well as the presence of supra-axillary and ventrolateral (vs. absence). Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. differ from L. minima by having a relatively smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 25.7–31.4 mm), wide lateral fringes on toes (vs. absent), dorsal skin shagreened with reddish tubercles and folds (vs. mostly smooth) and iris that is orange above and silver white below (vs. dark gold above and grey below). The new species differs from L. zhangyapingi by having a smaller body size in males (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm vs. 45.8−52.5 mm) and creamy white belly with small black spots on the margin (vs. throat, chest, and belly nearly immaculate white). In addition, L. murphyi sp. nov. further differs from L. pelodytoides, the notoriously “widespread” species of Leptobrachella in Indochina, by having a relatively smaller body size (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm in males, 29.3–32.1 mm in females vs. 27.5–32.3 mm, 35.5–37.8 mm), small pectoral glands (vs. large), distinct dermal ridges under toes (vs. indistinct), ventral surface creamy white with small black spots on the margin (vs. whitish), wide lateral fringes on toes (vs. narrow). During the final revisions of our paper, two new species of Leptobrachella (L. shiwandashanensis and L. graminicola) were described. Morphologically, L. murphyi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from L. shiwandashanensis and L. graminicola. Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. differs from L. shiwandashanensis by having a relatively smaller body size (SVL 23.2–24.9 mm in males, 29.3–32.1 mm in females vs. 26.8–29.7 mm, 33.7–35.9 mm), toe webbing rudimentary and lateral fringes wide (vs without webbing and lateral fringes on toes), heels meeting when the tibias perpendicular to the body axis (vs. not meeting). Leptobrachella murphyi sp. nov. differs from L. graminicola by having dermal ridges on the dorsal surface (vs. dorsal surface lacking dermal ridges), as well as the absence of a dark brown throat with light grey-brown flecks and spots (vs. presence), the absence of a row of large white spots on the outer edge of the tarsus extending from the heel to the inner metatarsal tubercle (vs. presence). Advertisement call comparisons. The advertisement call of L. murphyi sp. nov. (Results and Fig. 3) differs from all other congeners occurring north of the Isthmus of Kra for which comparable acoustic data are available in consisting of uniform and continuous calls with four to five pulses in each note on average and a peak frequency of 4.5–4.7 kHz. Of the congeners in the region with known calls, the new species can be separated from L. purpurus, L. tuberosus, L. puhoatensis and L. yingjiangensis by not having an invari, Published as part of Chen, Jin-Min, Suwannapoom, Chatmongkon, Wu, Yun-He, Poyarkov, Nikolay A., Xu, Kai, Pawangkhanant, Parinya & Che, Jing, 2021, Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Leptobrachella (Anura: Megophryidae) from the mountains of northern Thailand, pp. 191-214 in Zootaxa 5052 (2) on pages 200-210, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5568539, {"references":["Ohler, A., Wollenberg, K. C., Grosjean, S., Hendrix, R., Vences, M., Ziegler, T. & Dubois, A. (2011) Sorting out Lalos: description of new species and additional taxonomic data on megophryid frogs from northern Indochina (genus Leptolalax, Megophryidae, Anura). Zootaxa, 3147 (1), 1 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3147.1.1","Chen, J. M., Poyarkov, Jr. N. J., Suwannapoom, C., Lathrop, A., Wu, Y. H., Zhou, W. W., Yuan, Z. Y., Jin, J. Q., Chen, H. M., Liu, H. Q., Nguyen, T. Q., Nguyen, S. N., Van, D. T., Eto, K., Nishikawa, K., Matsui, M., Orlov, N. L., Stuart, B. L., Brown, R. M., Rowley, J. J. L., Murphy, R. W., Wang, Y. Y. & Che, J. (2018) Large-scale phylogenetic analyses provide insights into unrecognized diversity and historical biogeography of Asian leaf-litter frogs, genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 124, 162 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.02.020","Taylor, E. H. (1962) The amphibian fauna of Thailand. The University of Kansas science bulletin, 63, 265 - 599. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 13347","Yuan, Z. Y., Sun, R. D., Chen, J. M., Rowley, J. J. L., Wu, Z. J., Hou, S. B., Wang, S. N. & Che, J. (2017) A new species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from Guangxi, China. Zootaxa, 4300 (4), 551 - 570. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4300.4.5","Yang, J. H., Zeng, Z. C. & Wang, Y. Y. (2018) Description of two new sympatric species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from western Yunnan of China. PeerJ, 6, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4586"]}

Achalinus yangdatongi sp. nov. (Figs. 6 and 7) Holotype. KIZ 034327, adult male, collected by Kai Xu on 15 April 2018 from Xiaoqiaogou (23.361°N, 104.686°E; 1609 m a.s.l.), Xichou County, Wenshan, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis. Achalinus yangdatongi sp. nov. can be distinguished from recognized species of Achalinus by a combination of the following characters: (1) TaL/ToL 26.2% in the male; (2) suture between internasals distinctly longer than that between prefrontals; (3) internasal present; (4) loreal present; (5) supralabials 6; (6) temporals 2+2+3, anterior two temporals in contact with eye; (7) infralabials 6; (8) first pair of infralabials in contact with each other behind mental; (9) dorsal body scales in 23–23–19 rows; (10) scales behind head irregular in shape, smooth; (11) ventrals 161; (12) subcaudals 82, unpaired; (13) precloacal scale entire; (14) maxillary teeth 19; and (15) body surface black above and beneath, iridescent. Description of holotype. Total length 397 mm (SVL 293 mm, TaL 104 mm); tail long, TaL/ToL 26.2%; body slender, cylindrical; head slightly distinct from neck, HL 11.6 mm; eye small, pupil vertically subelliptic. Rostral small, triangular, slightly visible from above; suture between internasals (1.9 mm) longer than that between prefrontals (1.3 mm); nostril in anterior part of nasal; frontal pentagonal, slightly broader than long, pointed backwards, much shorter than parietals; single pair of parietals; loreal rectangle, wider (LeL: 1.4 mm) than the height (HiL: 0.8 mm); single supraocular, in contact with loreal, prefrontals, frontal, parietals and superior anterior temporals; temporals 2+2+4, two anterior temporals all pentagonal and in contact with eye, superioanterior temporals in contact with parietal, inferioanterior temporal in contact with fourth and fifth supralabials; middle temporals elongated, inferior middle temporal in contact with sixth supralabials; four posterior temporals, superioposterior temporals biggest, inferioposterior temporal smallest; supralabials 6, first smallest, fourth and fifth entering orbit, sixth longest; mental in arc shape, separated from anterior chin shields; infralabials 6, first pair of infralabials in contact with each other behind mental; two pairs of chin shields, anterior one semicircle-shape, posterior pair in unequilateral quadrilateral shape; first three infralabials in contact with anterior chin shields; third and fourth infralabials in contact with posterior chin shields. All scales with metallic luster, weakly iridescent; scales behind head irregular in shape, smooth without keeled; dorsal scale rows 23–23–19, scales lanceolate and strongly keeled; ventrals 161; subcaudals 82, unpaired; precloacal entire. Coloration: In preservative, the dorsal surface of the body is black, the anterior portion of the coloration of underside of head is dark brown, and the posterior portion and throat is light brown. The color becomes darken gradually from the throat posteriorly until it becomes black, except the free margin of each ventral scale, which is grayish white. Comparisons. A. yangdatongi sp. nov. is most similar to A. ater, in which both species have a suture between internasals distinctly longer than that between prefrontals, equal number of supralabials and infralabials (both 6), anterior temporals in contact with eyes, first pair of infralabials in contact with each other behind the mental, dorsal scales in 23–23–19 rows, as well as by the presence of internasal and loreal scales. However, the new species can be diagnosed from A. ater by having more subcaudals (SC 82 vs. 47–70), a comparatively longer tail (TaL/ToL 26.2% vs. 19.0%–22.0%), and different coloration of ventral head (the anterior portion dark brown, posterior portion and throat light brown vs. uniformly yellowish-white). Achalinus yangdatongi sp. nov. differs from A. juliani by having fewer ventrals (161 vs. 173–179), fewer DSRH (23 vs. 25), and a distinct coloration (black on both dorsal and ventral surfaces vs. greyish brown dorsally, greyish cream ventrally). Achalinus yangdatongi sp. nov. differs from A. tranganensis by having fewer ventrals (161 vs. 171), by having dorsal scale rows 23–23–19, smooth without keeled (vs. dorsal scales in 25–23–23 rows, keeled), by having temporals 2+2+4 (vs. 2+3). Achalinus yangdatongi sp. nov. differs from A. emilyae and A. rufescens by having more infralabials (6 vs. 5 in both A. emilyae and A. rufescens), distinct body coloration (black on dorsal body and belly vs. dorsum iridescent pale yellowish brown in A. emilyae, and uniform pale reddish or reddish-brown dark grey dorsally in A. rufescens). Furthermore, the new species differ from A. rufescens by having more ventrals in males (161 vs. 131–137) (Table 4). Achalinus yangdatongi sp. nov. differs from A. niger, A. werneri, A. yunkaiensis, and A. spinalis by having suture between the internasals distinctly longer than that between the prefrontals (vs. less than or subequal to), a comparatively longer tail (TaL/ToL 26.2% vs. 15.0%–18.0% in A. niger, 15.0%–25.0% in A. spinalis, and 18.0%–20.0% in A. yunkaiensis), fewer subcaudals in male (SC 82 vs. 89–98 in A. werneri); from A. formosanus, A. jinggangensis, A. pingbianensis, A. timi and A. zugorum by presence of loreal scale (vs. absence), fewer dorsal scale rows (23–23–19 vs. 25–25– 23 in A. timi, and 27–27– 25 in A. formosanus), and more subcaudals (SC 82 vs. 51–64 in A. jinggangensis, 56 in A. pingbianensis and 70 in A. zugorum); from A. meiguensis and A. panzhihuaensis sp. nov. by presence of internasal (vs. absent), absence of postocular (vs. present), as well as by having different state of nasal scales (separated vs. in contact each other behind the rostral), mental separated from anterior chin shields (vs. in contact), and first pair of infralabials in contact with each other (vs. separated); and from A. hainanus by having different temporal formula (2–2–3 vs. 1–2–3), more subcaudals (SC 82 vs. 67–69), and more infralabials (6 vs. 5). Natural history and distribution. The holotype was found on a paved road near a reservoir on a drizzly night. The nearby habitat is characterized by secondary forests and abandoned farmlands (Fig. 7). At the type locality, this species is sympatric with Trimerodytes percarinatus (Boulenger, 1899), Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Cantor, 1839), and Pareas sp. With the holotype and the genetically identified snake sheds, A. yangdatongi sp. nov. is only known from its type locality at Xiaoqiaogou, Xichou county, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China (Fig. 1). Etymology. The species name, yangdatongi, is a patronym honoring the Chinese herpetologist, Dr. Da-Tong Yang. We name the new species after Dr. Yang in recognition of his great contributions to the herpetological research in Southwestern China, particularly in Yunnan Province where the new species is found. We suggest “Yang’s Odd-scaled Snake” as its common English name, and “ 杨氏ñffi ” (Pinyin: Yang Shi Ji She) as its Chinese common name.

Achalinus panzhihuaensis sp. nov. (Figs. 3 and 4) Holotype. KIZ 040189, adult male, collected by Benfu Miao and Kai Wang on 10 May 2018 from Hongbao Village (27.00��N, 101.53��E), Yanbian County, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China. Diagnosis. Achalinus panzhihuaensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from recognized congeners by a combination of the following characters: (1) TaL/ToL 24.6% in the single male; (2) two nasal scales in contact with each other behind the rostral; (3) internasal absent; (4) loreal rectangular; (5) supralabials 6; (6) postocular single and small; (7) temporals 2+2+3, anterior pair elongated, upper one smaller, only uppermost in contact with eye; (8) infralabials 6; (9) mental in contact with first pair of chin shields, fully separating first pair of infralabials; (10) dorsal scales 23���23���19 rows; (11) ventrals 160; (12) subcaudals 73, unpaired; (13) precloacal scale entire; (14) maxillary teeth 28; and (15) all scales iridescent with metallic luster, brown dorsally, with single indigo-colored vertebral line. Description of holotype. Body size small, total length 257 mm (SVL 194 mm, TaL 63 mm); tail long, 24.6% total length; body slender, cylindrical in cross section. Head slightly distinct from neck, HL 7.8 mm; eye small, pupil vertically subelliptic. Rostral small, triangular, invisible from above; nasal divided, each half in contact with each other; internasal absent; prefrontals paired, suture length 2.1 mm; frontal pentagonal, slightly wider than long, pointed posteriorly; single pair of parietals; loreal pentagonal, tip pointing anteriorly, longer (LeL: 1.2 mm) than high (HiL: 0.8 mm), LeL/HiL 150.0%; supraocular single, in contact with loreal, prefrontals, frontal, parietals, and superior anterior temporals. Temporals in three groups, 2+2+3; superior one of anterior most pair triangular, small, inferior one much larger, elongated, in contact with fourth and fifth supralabials and parietal; the middle pair, superior one parallelogram, small, inferior one much larger, elongated, in contact with sixth supralabials and three posterior temporals; superior most one of last trios biggest, size gradually decreases inferiorly; supralabials six, first one smallest, fourth and fifth in contact with eyes, sixth longest. Mental arc-shaped, in contact with first pair of chin shields; three pairs of chin shields, first pair in fan-shaped, remaining ones of second and third pairs in unequilateralquadrilateral shape. Infralabials six, first pair not in contact with each other, first three in contact with anterior-most pair of chin shields, third and fourth infralabials in contact with middle pair. Dorsal scales elliptical, 23���23���19 rows, medial 6���11 rows distinctly keeled, remaining outer rows smooth. Ventrals 160, rounded laterally; subcaudals 73, unpaired; precloacal entire. Coloration: In life, all scales are weakly iridescent with metallic luster. Dorsum is purplish brown. The vertebral and three paravertebral rows of dorsal scales are darker indigo, which form a darker longitudinal vertebral stripe extending from the posterior margin of the parietals to the tip of tail. Ventral surface of the body is greyish white, and the subcaudal region is purplish brown. In preservative, all scales are still iridescent. Coloration becomes darker after preservation. The dorsum becomes dark grey, and the vertebral stripe turns black. The ventral surface of the body becomes greyish brown, and the ventral tail is dark greyish brown. Comparisons. A. panzhihuaensis sp. nov. is most similar to its sister species A. meiguensis, in which both species have divided nasal scales in contact with each other, no internasal, a single postocular, 6 supralabials, 6 infralabials, mental in contact with first pair of chin shields, and fully separated first pair of infralabials. However, the new species can be diagnosed readily from A. meiguensis by having more subcaudals (SC 73 vs. 39���60), more ventrals in male (VEN 160 vs. 146���155), and more DSRM (23 vs. 19���21) (Table 4). Achalinus panzhihuaensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from A. ater, A. emilyae, A. formosanus Boulenger, A. hainanus Huang, A. jinggangensis Zong & Ma, A. juliani, A. niger Mahi, A. pingbianensis Li, Yu, Wu, Liao, Tang, Liu & Guo, A. rufescens Boulenger, A. spinalis Peters, A. tranganensis Luu, Ziegler, Ha, Lo, Hoang, Ngo, Le, Tran & Nguyen, A. timi, A. yunkaiensis, A. werneri Van Denburgh and A. zugorum Miller, Davis, Luong, Do, Pham, Ziegler, Lee, De Queiroz, Reynolds & Nguyen, by having divided nasal scales in contact each other behind the rostral (vs. separated), mental in contact with the first pair of chin shields (vs. separated), first pair of infralabials separated from each other (vs. in contact), as well as an absence of internasal (vs. present), and by the presence of a small postocular (vs. absent). Furthermore, the new species differs from A. jinggangensis, A. pingbianensis, A. timi and A. formosanus by having loreal separated from prefrontal (vs. fused); and from A. emilyae, A. hainanus and A. rufecens by having more infralabials (6 vs. 5). Natural history and distribution. The holotype was found on a montane road at night. The surrounding habitat was of secondary forest of evergreen broadleaf forest with shrubs and vines (Fig. 5). According to locals, road-killed individuals are somewhat common in the summer. At the type locality, the species is sympatric with Diploderma swild Wang, Wu, Jiang, Chen, Miao, Siler, Che, 2019, Lycodon cf. gongshan Vogel, Luo, 2011, Hebius yanbianensis Liu, Zhong, Wang, Liu, Guo, 2018, Ptyas nigromarginata (Blyth, 1854), Megophrys platyparietus (Yang, Rao, 1997), and Odorrana sp.. The new species is currently only known from the type locality in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China (Fig. 1). Etymology. The specific epithet ��� panzhihuaensis ��� is named after the type locality of the new species, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China. We propose ���Panzhihua Odd-scaled Snake��� as its common English name and ��� ������ AE��ffi ��� (Pinyin: Pan Zhi Hua Ji She) as its Chinese common name., Published as part of Hou, Shao-Bing, Wang, Kai, Guo, Peng, Chen, Jin-Min, Yuan, Zhi-Yong & Che, Jing, 2021, Two new species and a new country record of the genus Achalinus (Reptilia Squamata: Xenodermidae) from China, pp. 528-546 in Zootaxa 4950 (3) on pages 535-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4650074

Achalinus emilyae Ziegler, Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Pham, Van Schingen, Nguyen & Le, 2019 (Figs. 8 and 9) Chinese Name. We suggest ��� ��������ffi ��� (Pinyin: Yue Bei Ji She) as its Chinese common name. Specimen examined. Single adult female (KIZ 022248), road-killed individual collected by Zhiyong Yuan and Jinmin Chen from Dongzhong (21.719�� N, 107.583��E), Fangchenggang County, Guangxi Zhuang A. R., China, on 2 September 2012 (Fig. 1). Description. Total length 453 mm (SVL 361 mm, TaL 92 mm, TaL/ToL 20.3%); body slender, cylindrical; head slightly distinct from neck, dorsally covered with large shields; eye small, with pupil vertically subelliptic. Rostral small, triangular, slightly visible from above; frontal pentagonal, slightly broader than long, pointed backwards, much shorter than parietals; parietal long, more than half length of head; nasal divided, nostril in anterior half; one loreal, wider than high, extending from nasal to eye; single supraocular, in contact with loreal, prefrontals, frontal, parietals, and superior anterior temporals; two anterior temporals, only uppermost in contact with eye; two elongated middle temporals, superior one much larger, inferior one in contact with sixth supralabial; three elongate posterior temporals, most superior one largest, separated from each other behind parietals by one small scale; supralabials six, first smallest, third and fourth in contact with loreal; fourth and fifth in contact with eye, sixth longest; mental in arc shape, separated from anterior chin shields, followed by five infralabials; first pair of infralabials in contact with each other; first three infralabials in contact with anterior chin shields; posterior chin shields smaller, laterally in contact with third and fourth infralabials. Dorsal scales elliptical, keeled from neck region onwards; dorsal scale rows 23���23���23; ventrals 157 (potential preventrals included), rounded laterally; subcaudals 56, unpaired; precloacal entire. Coloration. In life, the dorsal body surfaces of the snake are greyish brown with a dark greyish brown vertebral stripe along the body. The ethanol-preserved specimen is greyish brown above, venter is greyish cream, with the ventral surface of the tail being somewhat darker, and the gular region somewhat paler. Infralabials and chin shields light greyish brown. Comments. The Guangxi specimen matches with most of the diagnosis of A. emilyae, including having (1) TaL/ToL 20.3%; (2) suture between internasals distinctly longer than that between the prefrontals; (3) internasal present; (4) loreal present, wider than high, extending from nasal to eye; (5) supralabials 6; (6) infralabials 5; (7) first pair of infralabials in contact with each other; (8) first three infralabials in contact with anterior chin shields; (9) mental separated from anterior chin shields; (10) temporals 2+2, only the superioanterior one in contact with eye; (11) ventrals 157 in female; (12) subcaudals unpaired; (13) dorsal scale rows 23���23���23; (14) maxillary teeth 28; and (15) dorsum iridescent pale yellowish brown with a dark longitudinal vertebral stripe. The only deviation from the diagnosis of the type series is the number of subcaudal scale (65 for Guangxi specimen vs. 63 for the female paratype). Natural history. The specimen was a road-kill, and its head was found swallowed by a road-killed Bungarus fasciatus (Fig. 9). The nearby habitat consists of secondary forest of broadleaf evergreen forest mixed with shrubs and vines (Provided by Jin-Min Chen, who collected this specimen in the wild). At the type locality, the species is sympatric with Boiga multomaculata (Boie, 1827), Hypsiscopus plumbea (Boie, 1827), Pareas margaritophorus (Jan, 1866), Ptyas dhumnades (Cantor, 1842) and Ptyas multicinctus (Roux, 1907). Distribution. Currently A. emilyae is only known from southern China and northern Vietnam. In China, this species is known from a single locality in Guangxi Zhuang A. R. (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Hou, Shao-Bing, Wang, Kai, Guo, Peng, Chen, Jin-Min, Yuan, Zhi-Yong & Che, Jing, 2021, Two new species and a new country record of the genus Achalinus (Reptilia Squamata: Xenodermidae) from China, pp. 528-546 in Zootaxa 4950 (3) on pages 541-542, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4650074

Key to species of the genus Achalinus Peters, 1869 1a. Internasal absent..................................................................................... 2 1b. Internasal present..................................................................................... 3 2a. Ventrals 146���155 in male; subcaudals 39���60; DSRM 19���21........................................ A. meiguensis 2b. Ventrals 160 in male; subcaudals 73; DSRM 23............................................... A. panzhihuaensis 3a. Loreal absent........................................................................................ 4 3b. Loreal present....................................................................................... 6 4a. Dorsal scale rows 27���27���25................................................................. A. formosanus 4b. Dorsal scale rows 23���23���23............................................................................ 5 5a. Suture between internasals longer than prefrontal suture......................................... A. jinggangensis 5b. Length of suture between internasals subequal to that between prefrontals............................ A.pingbianensis 6a. Anterior temporals single; two superior posterior temporals in contact and overlap greatly posterior to parietal....................................................................................................... A. hainanus 6b. Anterior temporals 2; two superior posterior temporals not in contact with each other posterior to parietal, or in contact but overlap slightly...................................................................................... 7 7a. Suture length between internasals less than or subequal to that between prefrontals................................. 8 7b. Suture length between the internasals much longer than that between prefrontals.................................. 10 8a. Dorsal scale rows 25���25���23...................................................................... A. niger 8b. Middorsal scale rows 23............................................................................... 9 9a. Dorsal color brown in adults, ventral light brown; TaL/ToL 18���20%................................. A. yunkaiensis 9b. Dorsal color black, ventral black brown; TaL/ToL 15���25%............................................ A. spinalis 10a. Infralabials 5....................................................................................... 11 10b. Infralabials 6....................................................................................... 12 11a. Ventrals 157���161 in females; subcaudals 63���65..................................................... A. emilyae 11b. Ventrals 148���158 in females; subcaudals 54���61.................................................... A. rufescens 12a. Subcaudals 47���70; TaL/ToL 19���22%................................................................ A. ater 12b. Subcaudals 82; TaL/ToL 26%............................................................... A. yangdatongi, Published as part of Hou, Shao-Bing, Wang, Kai, Guo, Peng, Chen, Jin-Min, Yuan, Zhi-Yong & Che, Jing, 2021, Two new species and a new country record of the genus Achalinus (Reptilia Squamata: Xenodermidae) from China, pp. 528-546 in Zootaxa 4950 (3) on page 544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4650074, {"references":["Peters, W. C. H. (1869) s. n. In: Uber neue Gattungen und neue oder weniger bekannte Arten von Amphibien (Eremias, Dicrodon, Euprepes, Lygosoma, Typhlops, Eryx, Rhynchonyx, Elapomorphus, Achalinus, Coronella, Dromicus, Xenopholis, Anoplodipsas, Spilotes, Tropidonotus). Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 432 - 447."]}

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