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Shunichiro Ito,1 Chihiro Morishita,1 Jiro Masuya,1 Miki Ono,1 Mina Honyashiki,1 Shinji Higashi,1,2 Yu Tamada,1,3 Yota Fujimura,1,3 Takeshi Inoue1 1Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan; 2Department of Psychiatry, Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki, 300-0395, Japan; 3Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo, 193-0998, JapanCorrespondence: Chihiro Morishita, Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan, Tel +81 3 3342 6111, Fax +81 3 3340 4499, Email mchihiro@tokyo-med.ac.jpBackground: Parenting quality experienced in childhood affects depressive symptoms in adulthood, and neuroticism and resilience are attracting attention as personality traits that mediate the effects of parental rearing quality experienced in childhood on adulthood depressive symptoms. However, the interaction between neuroticism and resilience remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that resilience and neuroticism are mediators between parental rearing quality experienced in childhood and depressive symptoms in adulthood, and furthermore, that resilience and neuroticism interact with each other in their effects on depressive symptoms. To test these hypotheses, we conducted structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression analysis including interactions in adult volunteers.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted on 528 adult volunteers recruited at Tokyo Medical University for 1 year from April 2017 to April 2018. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-revised short version, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used as questionnaires, and their scores were analyzed using structure equation modeling. The interaction between resilience and neuroticism was analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis.Results: Structural equation modeling showed that parenting quality (care and overprotection) experienced in childhood had a significant indirect effect on the severity of depressive symptoms in adulthood, mediated by both neuroticism and resilience. Among the subscores of the PBI, “care” showed opposite effects to “overprotection”. Structural equation modeling of “care” and “overprotection” explained 36.9% and 36.6% of the variability in depressive symptoms in adulthood, respectively. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the negative interaction between neuroticism and resilience had a significant effect on depressive symptom severity in adulthood.Conclusion: The results of this study show that resilience and neuroticism are mediators of the effects from parental child-rearing to depressive symptoms in adulthood. Furthermore, resilience antagonizes the effect of neuroticism on adulthood depressive symptoms.Keywords: parenting, resilience, neuroticism, depressive symptoms, structure equation modeling, hierarchical multiple regression analysis

Shogo Hashimoto,1,* Masahiko Ichiki,2,* Yoshitaka Ishii,2,3 Chihiro Morishita,2 Akiyoshi Shimura,2 Ichiro Kusumi,1 Takeshi Inoue,2 Jiro Masuya2 1Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan; 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan; 3Fuji Psychosomatic Rehabilitation Institute Hospital, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, 418-0035, Japan*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Takeshi Inoue, Tel +81 3 3342 6111, Fax +81 3 3340 4499, Email tinoue@Tokyo-med.ac.jpBackground: Victimization in childhood profoundly influences the mental health of individuals in adulthood, causing depression, anxiety disorder, suicidality, and self-harm, which leads to productivity loss in the workplace, ie, presenteeism. However, the specific effects of victimization on presenteeism remain unclear. We hypothesized that victimization affects the presenteeism of workers through neuroticism and perceived job stressors and analyzed the association among these factors by path analysis.Methods: A questionnaire survey, including demographic and clinical data, Japanese versions of victimization scale in childhood, Brief Job Stress Questionnaire, and Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ), was administered to 443 adult volunteers between April 2017 and April 2018 in Tokyo, Japan. Multiple variables were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and path analysis. The Institutional Review Board of Tokyo Medical University approved this study.Results: Path analysis demonstrated that neuroticism and perceived job stressors had direct effects on presenteeism in the WLQ. Victimization indirectly increased presenteeism via neuroticism and its subsequent effects on perceived job stressors. This model accounted for 18% of the variability of presenteeism (R2 = 0.180).Limitations: There may be possible recall bias owing to the self-administration of the questionnaire. In addition, this study had a cross-sectional design, and hence the causal associations among variables should be validated in a prospective study.Conclusion: The present study indicates that the experience of victimization in childhood is a risk factor of adulthood presenteeism, and this effect is mediated by neuroticism and adverse effects on job stressors. These results suggest that multiple factors, including childhood victimization, neuroticism, and job stressors, should be considered when assessing and preventing presenteeism.Keywords: victimization, neuroticism, job stressor, presenteeism, childhood

Ayaka Deguchi,1– 3 Jiro Masuya,1 Mayu Naruse,4 Chihiro Morishita,1 Motoki Higashiyama,1 Hajime Tanabe,5 Takeshi Inoue,1 Masahiko Ichiki1 1Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan; 2Department of Psychiatry, Maruyamasou Hospital, Ishioka, Ibaraki, 315-0116, Japan; 3Department of Psychiatry, Deguchi Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 851-1134, Japan; 4Department of Welfare Psychology, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-1198, Japan; 5Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, JapanCorrespondence: Takeshi InoueDepartment of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, JapanTel +81 3 3342 6111Fax +81 3 3340 4499Email tinoue@Tokyo-med.ac.jpBackground: Several psychological studies have shown that depressive rumination is associated with the onset and severity of depression. However, it is unclear how rumination interacts with other predisposing factors to cause depression. In this study, we hypothesized that rumination mediates the association between depression and two predisposing factors of depression, ie, childhood maltreatment and trait anxiety.Subjects and Methods: Between 2017 and 2018, 473 adult volunteers were surveyed using self-report questionnaires regarding the following: demographic information, rumination (Ruminative Responses Scale), trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y), and the experience of childhood maltreatment (Child Abuse and Trauma Scale). The effects of these factors on depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) were analyzed by multiple regression and path analysis to analyze the mediating effects of rumination. This study was conducted with approval from the relevant ethics committee.Results: Multiple regression analysis using depression as a dependent variable demonstrated that trait anxiety, rumination, childhood maltreatment, and living alone were significantly associated with depression. Path analysis showed that childhood maltreatment had a positive effect on trait anxiety, rumination, and depression; trait anxiety had a positive effect on rumination and depression; and rumination had a positive effect on depression. Regarding indirect effects, the experience of childhood maltreatment increased rumination and depression indirectly via trait anxiety. Furthermore, the experience of childhood maltreatment increased depression indirectly via rumination, and trait anxiety significantly increased depression via rumination. In other words, rumination mediated the indirect effects of abusive experiences and trait anxiety on depression. This model accounted for 50% of the variance in depression in adult volunteers.Conclusion: Our results suggest that rumination mediates the association between childhood maltreatment, trait anxiety, and depression in adulthood.Keywords: rumination, trait anxiety, childhood maltreatment, depression, path analysis

Background: Previous studies reported that the experience of maltreatment in childhood reduces subjective well-being in adulthood, and that neuroticism is negatively associated with subjective well-being. However, the interrelationship between childhood maltreatment, adult life events, neuroticism, and subjective well-being has not been analyzed to date. Methods: A total of 404 adult volunteers provided responses to the following questionnaires: 1) Childhood Abuse and Trauma Scale, 2) Life Experiences Survey, 3) Neuroticism Subscale of the Shortened Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, and 4) Subjective Well-Being Inventory. Using the path model, the interrelationship between these parameters was analyzed. Results: The effect of childhood abuse on subjective well-being was indirect, and not direct, and was mediated by neuroticism. The effect of neuroticism on the negative, but not positive, change score on the Life Experiences Survey was significant. The indirect effect of neuroticism on subjective well-being was not significant via either negative or positive change scores. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that age, subjective social status, neuroticism, and negative and positive life events were significantly associated with subjective well-being. Furthermore, using path analysis, we demonstrated the mediating role of neuroticism in the indirect effect of childhood abuse on subjective well-being.

Aim Early differential diagnosis between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), and subsequently providing appropriate treatments are essential. There has been increased interest regarding the association between affective temperaments and mood disorder diagnosis. Our aim was to analyze the diagnostic validity of affective temperaments assessed by the short version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A), in mood disorder patients. Methods Inpatients with MDD (n = 146) or BD (n =128) completed the short version of TEMPS-A, and their depressive and manic symptom severities were evaluated. Data of MDD and BD patients were compared by univariable and multivariable analyses. Results Of the 5 affective temperament dimensions, substantially higher hyperthymic, irritable, and cyclothymic temperament scores were found in BD patients than in MDD patients. Using a multivariable logistic regression model built using the severities of depressed and manic conditions, and the 5 affective temperament subscale scores as independent variables, we identified 2 factors statistically associated with BD diagnosis (anxious temperament and cyclothymic temperament). The recommended cutoff point for the 12 items evaluating cyclothymic temperament to differentiate BD from MDD was 8 or more "True" items (sensitivity: 35.9%, specificity: 87.7%). Limitations Our design was cross-sectional, and therefore, there was a possibility of longitudinal diagnostic conversion of patients from MDD to BD. Conclusion Cyclothymic and anxious temperaments on the short version of TEMPS-A, identified as diagnostic differentiating factors between MDD and BD, may play supplementary roles in the early identification of BD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Jiro Masuya,1,* Masahiko Ichiki,1,* Chihiro Morishita,1 Motoki Higashiyama,1 Miki Ono,1 Mina Honyashiki,1 Yoshio Iwata,1 Hajime Tanabe,2 Takeshi Inoue1 1Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan; 2Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jiro Masuya, Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan, Tel +81-3-3342-6111, ext. 5754, Fax +81-3-3340-4499, Email j-masuya@tokyo-med.ac.jpBackground: When assessing patients with depressive and anxiety disorders in psychiatric clinical practice, it is common to encounter children and adolescents who have experienced abuse and victimization. To date, it has been clarified that experiences of “childhood abuse” and “childhood victimization” lead to “neuroticism”, and that neuroticism leads to “adult depressive symptoms”. In this study, we analyzed how these four factors are interrelated.Subjects and Methods: The following self-administered questionnaire surveys were conducted in 576 adult volunteers: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-revised shortened version, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale, and Childhood Victimization Rating Scale. For statistical analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, t-test, multiple regression analysis, and covariance structure analysis (path analysis) were performed.Results: Path analysis showed that the indirect effects of childhood abuse and childhood victimization on depressive symptoms through neuroticism were statistically significant. In addition, the indirect effects of childhood abuse on neuroticism through childhood victimization were statistically significant. Finally, the indirect effects of childhood abuse on depressive symptoms through the combined paths of childhood victimization and neuroticism were statistically significant.Conclusion: Our results suggest that “childhood abuse (A)” induces changes in the personality trait of “neuroticism (C)” with “childhood victimization (B)” as a mediator, and that these adversities affect the expression of “depressive symptoms in adulthood (D)” through “neuroticism (C)” as a mediator. In other words, to our knowledge, this is the first study to clarify that these four factors are not only individually associated with each other but also cause a chain reaction of A to B to C to D.Keywords: childhood abuse, childhood victimization, neuroticism, depressive symptoms, path analysis

Itsuki Terao,1 Jiro Masuya,1 Chihiro Morishita,1 Motoki Higashiyama,1 Akiyoshi Shimura,1 Yu Tamada,1,2 Takeshi Inoue,1 Yota Fujimura1 1Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Psychiatry, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, JapanCorrespondence: Chihiro Morishita, Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan, Tel +81 3 3342 6111, Fax +81 3 3340 4499, Email mchihiro@tokyo-med.ac.jpPurpose: Depression poses a substantial burden worldwide. Therefore, elucidating the pathophysiological mechanism of depression is important. Sleep disturbance and sleep reactivity are symptoms of depression and are also known to exacerbate depressive symptoms. On the other hand, it is well known that resilience ameliorates depressive symptoms. To our knowledge, there have been no reports to date regarding the interaction effects among sleep disturbance, sleep reactivity, and resilience on depressive symptoms. We hypothesized that resilience buffers the aggravating effects of sleep disturbance and sleep reactivity on depressive symptoms. To test this hypothesis, we conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses.Subjects and Methods: A total of 584 Japanese adult volunteers were recruited between April 2017 and April 2018 by convenience sampling. Their demographic characteristics, sleep disturbance, sleep reactivity, resilience, and depressive symptoms were investigated using self-administered questionnaires. The data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analyses.Results: Sleep disturbance and sleep reactivity were significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas resilience was significantly negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between sleep disturbance or sleep reactivity and resilience on depressive symptoms. Resilience significantly alleviated the aggravating effect of sleep disturbance and sleep reactivity on depressive symptoms.Conclusion: Our results indicate that people with lower resilience have more severe depressive symptoms that are associated with sleep disturbance and sleep reactivity. Therefore, there is a possibility that the enhancement of resilience will buffer the aggravating effects of sleep disturbance and sleep reactivity on depressive symptoms, and that improving sleep quality might alleviate the negative effect of low resilience on depressive symptoms.Keywords: depression, resilience, sleep disturbance, sleep reactivity, CD-RISC

Several studies have suggested the use of psychotropics as a possible risk factor for falling. However, there were several limitations to these previous studies, such as the use of data obtained from administrative databases and the lack of information about the time interval between psychotropics use and falling. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the association between psychotropics use and falling in hospitalized patients, using reliable data collected from medical records.A matched (age, sex, and inpatient department) case-control study of patients hospitalized at Tokyo Medical University Hospital was performed using the new-user design, based on data extracted from medical records. The outcome was the occurrence of falls. The use of four classes of psychotropics (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics) was compared between 254 cases (patients who experienced falls) and 254 controls (patients without falls). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to clarify the associations between falling and the use of these psychotropics.Univariable analyses demonstrated that the use of every class of psychotropic was statistically significantly associated with falling. Moreover, the association of the use of hypnotics with falls remained significant in the multivariable logistic regression model built including potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, inpatient department, body mass index, fall risk score measured by a fall risk assessment sheet completed on hospital admission, and the use of other classes of psychotropics.Our findings suggest that the use of hypnotics may be a risk factor for falling in hospitalized patients.

Background Various stressors during childhood and adulthood, such as experiencing poor parenting, abuse, and harassment, have long-lasting effects on depression. The long-term effects of childhood stressors, such as childhood abuse and inappropriate parenting experiences, on adult depression are mediated by personality traits. In the present study, we hypothesized that parental bonding in childhood influences adulthood depression, and that this association is mediated by childhood victimization experiences and negative life event evaluations in adulthood. To test this hypothesis, multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling were performed. Methods A questionnaire survey, including Patient Health Questionnaire-9, victimization scale in childhood, Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and Life Experiences Survey was administered to 449 general adult volunteers (age: 41.1 ± 11.7 years; 196 men and 253 women). Multiple variables were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling. Results Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that victimization experiences in childhood affect adulthood depression independently of several other factors. Structural equation modeling showed that the "parental care" subscale of the PBI decreased adulthood depression directly, as well as indirectly through its effects on victimization experiences in childhood and negative life events. On the other hand, the "parental overprotection" subscale of the PBI increased adulthood depression directly, as well as indirectly through its effects on the experience of victimization in childhood and negative life events. Conclusion The present study indicates that the experience of victimization in childhood is a risk factor of adulthood depression. Furthermore, we found that parenting quality experienced in childhood influences adulthood depression, and that these effects are mediated by the experiences of victimization in childhood and negative life events in adulthood.

Background The association between temperament characteristics and mood disorders has gained much attention in recent years. The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A) is a self-rating scale measuring 5 affective temperament dimensions. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether each affective temperament of TEMPS-A is a differentiating factor between major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar I disorder (BD-I), and bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and analyzed the utility of TEMPS-A in their differential diagnosis in a clinical setting. Methods A total of 346 patients (MDD, n = 176; BD-II, n = 112; BD-I, n = 58) filled out TEMPS-A. To assess the patients' mood state at the time of temperament assessment, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were also conducted. Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that cyclothymic and anxious temperament scores were significant factors differentiating the diagnosis of BD-I and BD-II from the diagnosis of MDD, and hyperthymic temperament score was a specific factor for the differential diagnosis of BD-I versus the diagnosis of BD-II. Limitations All of the patients included in our study received treatment in large general hospitals. Because the nature of the present study was cross-sectional, some MDD subjects in this study might have unrecognized BD-I/BD-II. Conclusions Cyclothymic and anxious temperament scores assessed by TEMPS-A might enable differentiation between MDD and BD, and hyperthymic temperament score on TEMPS-A might be useful in distinguishing between BD-I and BD-II.