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Published: 01 February 2023 The intention to name an object modulates neural responses during object recognition tasks. However, the nature of this modulation is still unclear. We established whether a core operation in language, i.e. lexical access, can be observed even when the task does not require language (size-judgment task), and whether response selection in verbal versus non-verbal semantic tasks relies on similar neuronal processes. We measured and compared neuronal oscillatory activities and behavioral responses to the same set of pictures of meaningful objects, while the type of task participants had to perform (picture-naming versus size-judgment) and the type of stimuli to measure lexical access (cognate versus non-cognate) were manipulated. Despite activation of words was facilitated when the task required explicit word-retrieval (picture-naming task), lexical access occurred even without the intention to name the object (non-verbal size-judgment task). Activation of words and response selection were accompanied by beta (25–35 Hz) desynchronization and theta (3–7 Hz) synchronization, respectively. These effects were observed in both picture-naming and size-judgment tasks, suggesting that words became activated via similar mechanisms, irrespective of whether the task involves language explicitly. This finding has important implications to understand the link between core linguistic operations and performance in verbal and non-verbal semantic tasks. This work was supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to E.B. (Grant reference number: 210924/Z/18/Z). C.D.M received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No: 819093) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2020-113926GB-I00). The authors acknowledge the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program and the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010-S.

Contains fulltext : 283794.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) To investigate how orthography and semantics interact during bilingual visual word recognition, Dutch-English bilinguals made lexical decisions in two masked priming experiments. Dutch primes and English targets were presented that were either neighbour cognates (boek - BOOK), noncognate translations (kooi - CAGE), orthographically related neighbours (neus - NEWS), or unrelated words (huid - COAT). Prime durations of 50 ms (Experiment 1) and 83 ms (Experiment 2) led to similar result patterns. Both experiments reported a large cognate facilitation effect, a smaller facilitatory noncognate translation effect, and the absence of inhibitory orthographic neighbour effects. These results indicate that cognate facilitation is in large part due to orthographic-semantic resonance. Priming results for each condition were simulated well (all r's >.50) by Multilink+, a recent computational model for word retrieval. Limitations to the role of lateral inhibition in bilingual word recognition are discussed. 13 p.

We investigated the intelligibility of written Danish for Swedes, and in particular the role of inherited words compared to non-Germanic loanwords. To assess whether shared loanwords are easier to understand than inherited words, we conducted two experiments. First, we tested the intelligibility of isolated Danish words (inherited words and loanwords) among Swedes. Second, we constructed two versions of a reading test, one with a large percentage of loanwords and one with few loanwords. Our results show that it is easier for Swedish listeners to identify and understand Danish cognate loanwords than inherited words and that texts with many loanwords are easier to read than texts with few loanwords. We explain these results by the fact that (recent) loans in Swedish have diverged less and are therefore more similar to the Danish counterparts than inherited words.

The article analyzes some results of free associative experiments conducted by the author on the material of cognate languages and languages of different systems. The dynamics of the word meaning development in the Russian, Tatar and Bashkir languages in different age groups are considered in the article. The analysis of the quantitative parameters, such as the degree of relevance of the same word meaning, the number of values that were updated in the process of recognizing the word, the level of stereotyped responses is given. The interlingual analysis of the experimental data revealed constant changing and developing of child’s vocabulary in all studied languages but there is a difference between the Tatar and Bashkir examinees in the ways of word meaning identification and development. In the Tatar language the so-called "horizontal development of the child's vocabulary" is observed, when most of the polysemantic stimulus words’ meanings were not actualized and there is an extension within one and the same meaning. In the Bashkir language, on the contrary, many meanings of the polysemantic stimulus words were actualized, therefore we observe the so-called "vertical filling of the child's vocabulary", when new words enter the child's vocabulary with all the semantic features which adults already have.

Cognates – words that share form and meaning between languages – are processed faster than control words. However, is this facilitation effect merely lexical in nature or does it cascade to phonological/orthographic (i.e., sub-lexical) processes? This study compared cognate effects in spoken and typewritten production, which share lexical, but not sub-lexical processes. Dutch–English bilinguals produced English names for pictures representing Dutch–English cognates and control words in either the spoken or typewritten modality. Onset latencies were shorter and accuracy was higher for cognates vs. control words and this effect was similar in both modalities. Compared to controls, total latencies in the written modality were similar for cognates with much cross-linguistic overlap, but longer for ones with less overlap. Additionally, error analysis showed that cognates were more affected by L1 interference than controls. These results suggest two different cognate effects: one at the lexical and one at the sub-lexical level.

This article is on pedagogical translanguaging, understood as planned instructional strategies used with a pedagogical purpose in a multilingual educational context. The paper reports a study on co...

The present research featured the family of words as a complex unit within the framework of military terminology. The article introduces a new method for studying high-frequency English-language military terms, where terminological units are systematized by the family of words. English-language military terminology is constantly changing. As a result, it remains understudied and requires structuring. The research objective was to structure military vocabulary as blocks, each representing a certain family of words. Military term blocks were selected from modern lexicographic sources. The study involved etymological, semantic, and word-formation analyses. The family of words proved to be a microsystem that combines grammatical, word-formation, and lexical relations. The authors structured cognate high-frequency English military terms as microsystems, i.e. families of words with peaks -bat- , -defend- , -arm- , etc.

This article investigates to what extent Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR, AR) may represent suitable tools to investigate and recreate early modern civic spectacles. During these events, the civic space is temporarily ‘augmented’ by the engaging superimposition of structures, performances, and haptic experiences. This article proposes a critical comparison of these events with Ronald Azuma’s landmark definition of AR. The writings of theorists of space and Cross Reality (XR) innovators provide the basis for a comparative discussion of practical applications of VR and AR, including reflections on their use in archaeology, history, education, and gaming and entertainment. For their methodological similarities to civic festivals in addressing the complex human relations in temporarily enhanced civic spaces, AR-based virtual reconstructions are demonstrated to be cognate investigative tools. This article includes an assessment of the applicability of the concept of authenticity to these reconstructions.

In this article we critique resilience’s oft-celebrated overcoming of modern liberal frameworks. We bring work on resilience in geography and cognate fields into conversation with explorations of the ‘asymmetrical Anthropocene’, an emerging body of thought which emphasizes human-nonhuman relational asymmetry. Despite their resonances, there has been little engagement between these two responses to the human/world binary. This is important for changing the terms of the policy debate: engaging resilience through the asymmetrical Anthropocene framing shines a different light upon policy discourses of adaptive management, locating resilience as a continuation of modernity’s anthropocentric will-to-govern. From this vantage point, resilience is problematic, neglecting the powers of nonhuman worlds that are not accessible or appropriable for governmental use. However, this is not necessarily grounds for pessimism. To conclude, we argue that human political agency is even more vital in an indeterminate world.

Published: 17 June 2021 Language perception studies on bilinguals often show that words that share form and meaning across languages (cognates) are easier to process than words that share only meaning. This facilitatory phenomenon is known as the cognate effect. Most previous studies have shown this effect visually, whereas the auditory modality as well as the interplay between type of similarity and modality remain largely unexplored. In this study, highly proficient late Spanish–English bilinguals carried out a lexical decision task in their second language, both visually and auditorily. Words had high or low phonological and orthographic similarity, fully crossed. We also included orthographically identical words (perfect cognates). Our results suggest that similarity in the same modality (i.e., orthographic similarity in the visual modality and phonological similarity in the auditory modality) leads to improved signal detection, whereas similarity across modalities hinders it. We provide support for the idea that perfect cognates are a special category within cognates. Results suggest a need for a conceptual and practical separation between types of similarity in cognate studies. The theoretical implication is that the representations of items are active in both modalities of the non-target language during language processing, which needs to be incorporated to our current processing models. This research was supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 program and by the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation SEV-2015-0490. CF and ENB are supported by MINECO predoctoral grants from the Spanish government (BES-2016-077169) and (BES-2016-078896), respectively. CDM is further supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [PSI2017-82941-P; RED2018-102615-T], the Basque Government [PIBA18-29], and through a Grant from the H2020 European Research Council [ERC Consolidator Grant ERC-2018-COG-819093].

We presentCogNet, a large-scale, automatically-built database of sense-taggedcognates—words of common origin and meaning across languages. CogNet is continuously evolving: its current version contains over 8 million cognate pairs over 338 languages and 35 writing systems, with new releases already in preparation. The paper presents the algorithm and input resources used for its computation, an evaluation of the result, as well as a quantitative analysis of cognate data leading to novel insights on language diversity. Furthermore, as an example on the use of large-scale cross-lingual knowledge bases for improving the quality of multilingual applications, we present a case study on the use of CogNet for bilingual lexicon induction in the framework of cross-lingual transfer learning.

The Tungusic language family is comprised of languages spoken in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Northeast China and Xinjiang. There is a general consensus that these languages are genealogically related and descend from a common ancestral language. Nevertheless, there is considerable disagreement with regard to the internal structure of the Tungusic family and the time depth of its separation into daughter languages. Here we use computational Bayesian phylogenetic methods to generate a phylogeny of Tungusic languages and estimate the time-depth of the family. Our analysis is based on the recently introduced Leipzig-Jakarta-Jena list, a dataset of 254 basic vocabulary items collected for 21 Tungusic doculects. Our results are consistent with two basic classifications previously proposed in the literature, notably a Manchu-Tungusic classification, in which the break-up of Jurchenic constitutes the first split in the tree, as well as a North-South classification, which includes a Jurchenic-Nanaic and an Orochic-Ewenic branch. In addition, we obtain a time-depth for the age of Proto-Tungusic between the 8th century BC and the 12th century AD (95% highest posterior density interval). Previous classifications of Tungusic were based on both classical historical comparative linguistic and lexicostatistic approaches, but the application of Bayesian phylogenetic methods to the Tungusic languages has not so far been attempted. In contrast to previous approaches, our Bayesian analysis adds an understanding of the statistical robustness of the proposed branches and infers absolute divergence dates, allowing variation of rates of change across branches and cognate sets. In this way, our research provides a reliable quantitative basis for previous estimates based on classical historical linguistic and lexicostatistic approaches. 1. Introduction 2. Previous proposals 2.1 Classification 2.1.1 Four basic hypotheses 2.1.2 Hypothesis 1: North-South with Orochic in the Southern branch 2.1.3 Hypothesis 2: North-South with Orochic in the Northern branch 2.1.4 Hypothesis 3: Manchu-Tungusic with Orochic clustering with Ewenic 2.1.5 Hypothesis 4: Manchu-Tungusic with Orochic clustering with Nanaic 2.2 Dating 3. Methods 3.1 Data 3.2 Calibration points 3.3 Phylogenetic model 4. Results and discussion 5. Conclusion

Four hypotheses regarding the impact of discourse context on cross-language lexical activation were tested. Highly-proficient, Spanish–English bilinguals read all-English paragraphs containing non-identical and identical cognates or noncognate controls while their eye-movements were tracked. There were four paragraph conditions based on a full crossing of semantic bias from the topic sentence and sentence containing the critical word. In analyses in which cognate status was treated categorically there was an interaction between global bias and cognates status such that the observed inhibitory effects of cognate status were attenuated in global-neutral contexts. Follow-up analyses on the non-identical cognates in which orthographic overlap was treated continuously revealed a U-shaped function between orthographic overlap and processing time, which was more pronounced in global-neutral contexts. The overall pattern of findings is consistent with a combined operation of resonant-based and feature-restriction mechanisms of context effects.

En este artículo pretendemos abordar el fenómeno de las perífrasis verbales – cuyo uso es muy común y difundido en la lengua castellana– desde el terreno de la traductología, con referencia al par de lenguas español-italiano. En concreto, nuestro propósito reside en identificar los procedimientos que han resultado más pertinentes a lo largo del proceso de traducción en la dirección español > italiano. A pesar del parentesco filogenético existente entre estas dos lenguas tradicionalmente calificadas de afines, será interesante analizar qué operaciones traslativas e interlingüísticas se han llevado a cabo, con el fin de obtener un resultado traductológicamente viable. A tal fin, adoptaremos la propuesta taxonómica de Hurtado Albir (2011). El texto fuente objeto de estudio será Caperucita en Manhattan (1990) de la famosa escritora salmantina Carmen Martín Gaite.

Secreted and membrane-bound members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) encompass a large, diverse array of proteins that play central roles in immune response and neural development, and are implicated in diseases ranging from cancer to rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the potential biomedical benefits of understanding IgSF:IgSF cognate receptor-ligand interactions, relatively little about them is known at a molecular level, and experimentally probing all possible receptor-ligand pairs is prohibitively costly. The Protein Ligand Interface Design (ProtLID) algorithm is a computational pharmacophore-based approach to identify cognate receptor-ligand pairs that was recently validated in a pilot study on a small set of IgSF complexes. Although ProtLID has shown a success rate of 61% at identifying at least one cognate ligand for a given receptor, it currently lacks any form of confidence measure that can prioritize individual receptor-ligand predictions to pursue experimentally. In this study, we expanded the application of ProtLID to cover all IgSF complexes with available structural data. In addition, we introduced an approach to estimate the confidence of predictions made by ProtLID based on a statistical analysis of how the ProtLID-constructed pharmacophore matches the structures of candidate ligands. The confidence score combines the physicochemical compatibility, spatial consistency, and mathematical skewness of the distribution of matches throughout a set of candidate ligands. Our results suggest that a subset of cases meeting stringent confidence criteria will always have at least one successful receptor-ligand prediction.

This study aims to identify some of the phonetics change rules of Kaera and Teiwa languages. Therefore, this research uses mix methods. Quantitative methods used to determine the level of differences of Kaera and Teiwa languages. Qualitative methods are used to determine the rules about phonetic changes of both languages. Data collection uses advanced techniques and records with the main instrument 200 Swadesh vocabulary. The data collected were then analyzed using the dialectometry technique to determine the level of differences of Kaera and Teiwa languages, while the Padan Intralingual Crowley technique to determine the rules about phonetic changes of Kaera and Teiwa language. The result of dialectometry analysis shows that the level of differences of Kaera and Teiwa languages ​​is 29—35,5%, meaning the two languages ​​are included in the cognate category. Furthermore, in the vocabulary of Kaera and Teiwa language cognates, zeroization, namely aferesis and apokop are found. Keywords: Kaera, Teiwa, phonetic change

This research explores patterns of lexical activation of both languages of a bilingual when producing spoken words. Specifically, it investigates the influence of within- and cross-language measures of phonological neighbourhood, on the English picture naming performance of a diverse group of French (L1) – English (L2) late bilinguals. A novel phonological neighbourhood density measure was used that took into account the phonological and lexical constraints of this sample of late bilinguals. Results showed that both within- and cross-language neighbours influenced picture naming performance and that the length of exposure to L2 and familiarity of the target modulated these effects, with both facilitatory and inhibitory effects observed. Additionally, the previously well-attested cognate facilitation effect decreased with L2 language exposure. These results support interactive models of word production, within a language non-specific view of lexical access, and show the dynamic nature of a bilingual’s lexical connections.

The various forms of damage, to include genocide that historic colonialism has instituted upon Native American people, are no longer a secret. Native Americans have suffered through many negative socio-psychological effects through this process. Despite their historical maltreatment, Native Americans have proven resilient. The authors hypothesized that specific traits have been prominent in the histories of Native American leaders although they mostly came from distinct tribal systems. What does this type of leadership look like? To engage the hypothesis, we used Boolean operator search functions which helped refine keywords in searches. We then used computer-aided random selection for data with which to analyze leadership behavior of four Indigenous leaders. These leaders (n = 50) were drawn from a historic pool of people, from four separate databases. Through surveying the literature, it became necessary to conduct extensive case studies of select leaders. We detailed various leadership traits exhibited by a randomly selected Native American population (5-percent) and were able to synthesize and classify the results in a word cloud as either innate or cognate characteristics. While these leaders were separated by time, tribe, and vast geographical distance—in an area that became the United States—their traits, when integrated, revealed a thematic framework of Native American leadership—a typology that could inform and guide leaders (and managers) in various contemporary praxes.

The paper presents the results of comparative analysis of the semantic structure of the lexemes suit and suite as intralingual cognates. The development of the main semantic clusters constituting the semanteme of suit are considered. The archisemes ‘feudal law’, ‘pursuit; prosecution, legal process’, ʻfollowing, train, suiteʼ and ʻset, seriesʼ that define the contemporary structure of the semanteme are considered on the basis of lexicographic material. The meanings that constitute the semanteme of suite are studied. The archisemes ‘set’ and ‘succession’ that determine further semantic derivation in the semanteme of suite have been identified in the course of analysis of the dictionary definitions and contextual uses of the lexeme. Lexicographic analysis of the material enabled to conclude that there was redistribution of particular word meanings between the semantemes of the earlier borrowing (suit) and the later one (suite), which in turn determined the course of further semantic development of the lexemes. The paper also considers some cases of inclusion of suite in particular systems of technical lexis. A possible course of further semantic derivation of the lexeme has been outlined.

1 This article discusses the semantic field in Frisian that is covered by the Dutch word vrouw and the German word Frau in the senses of 'woman' and 'wife'. Data are drawn mainly from the Nederlandse Volksverhalenbank, a large online collection of orally transmitted folk tales. The Frisian cognate frou has retained the semantic feature of respectability. This created semantic space for other lexical items, mainly frommes(ke) and minske. These forms were paradigmatically supported by the suppletive plural froulju. Furthermore, discourse pragmatics in Frisian demands for the transmission of more detailed information about the stages of life people are in than is required in Dutch and German. This demand also influences the lexical choices made by Frisian speakers and has led to the lexicalisation of terms for men and women of different age groups. In the sense of 'wife', frou is in competition with wiif.

After reflecting on the thematic evolution of business history as a field over the past 50 years, this revised presidential address invites readers to consider the potential payoffs of expanding the contexts in which business historians work together on research projects, as well as with colleagues from cognate fields and with students. In addition to charting the steady growth in collaborative research among business historians since 2000, the essay also identifies areas that especially lend themselves to this mode of historical inquiry, including comparative or transnational analysis that requires detailed knowledge of multiple societies, the development of oral history projects, and the use of data science techniques. It concludes by exploring the advantages of incorporating interdisciplinary research teams into curricular structures, using the example of the Bass Connections program at Duke University.

The subject of this research is translation techniques of the epic literature of cognate linguocultures – Altai and Yakut. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the fact that mutual translation of epic texts is continued within the framework of international translation project for releasing a series of bilingual editions “Epic monuments of the Peoples of the World” initiated in Yakutia in 2014. The team translators and editors requires theoretically grounded recommendations for translation into cognate languages using the intermediary language, which in this case is Russian. The difficulties of translation consists in the fact that both epic texts have common origin, similar literary-poetic characteristics and plots. In the course of this research, the author applied the analysis of lexical translation techniques and methods of reconstruction of syntactic peculiarities of the original; compares the similarities and differences between the literary techniques of both epics texts; describes the essence of translation transformations conducted by the creative team in translation of Altai epos into the Yakut language Conducted in the Soviet time academic translations of epic texts of the peoples of the USSR into the Russian language are of high quality and conveyed national identity of the original. Russian language as an intermediary language gives fullest possible comprehension of the content of the original. If the language is of third linguistic culture and incapable of accurately conveying the national realias and poetic beauty of the original, the translators can refer to the original in the language unfamiliar to them. In order to adequately convey a particular realia, the translators should understand the similarity of common Turkic realias in both linguocultures and resist the temptation to replace the Altai realia with the analogous of their native linguoculture; as well as be able to shape a new word or phrase so that they would sound organically in the target language, but at the same time look non-native, alien, and foreign. &nbsp

Introduction. The aim of the article is to determine whether syntactic behavior of linguistic unit depends on its part-of-speech identity or only its semantics. The importance of the research is determined by the absence of systematic description of the specificity of cognate words functioning in linguistics.Methodology and sources. The research deals with the cognate nouns and adjectives functioning. According to the classification of semantic types of predicates developed by A. G. Eliseeva, O. N. Seliverstova we define the researched predicates as the ones denoting state. These predicates are studied in terms of case grammar, i. e. they are compared in the aspect of an argument structure realization. In determining the semantic cases of predicates, we mainly rely on the set of semantic cases proposed by V. V. Bogdanov.Results and discussion. It is shown that the analyzed nouns, as a rule, expressing given or known information require a lower number of cases in its explicit forms which still can be implicit. The researched adjectives that usually denote new information are accompanied by a higher number of cases in a surface structure. These predicates also differ in the forms of their arguments.Conclusion. The revealed features of cognate nouns and adjectives functioning show the significant influence of the form of linguistic unit on syntactic behavior and indicate that formation of syntactic structures is not only determined by semantics.

This study investigates incidental vocabulary learning through captioned or subtitled videos and examines whether and how different learner- (prior vocabulary knowledge) and word-related factors (i.e., frequency of occurrence, cognateness, and imagery) influence learning gains from watching videos. Low-intermediate Dutch-speaking learners of French (N=86) took part in a four week intervention program. They were assigned to a subtitles group, a captions group, or a control group (who only took the tests). Vocabulary learning was measured by means of form and meaning recognition, as well as meaning recall tests. Results revealed that participants learned approximately 15% of the vocabulary they could have learned. Both treatment groups outperformed the control group in the meaning recognition test, but only the captions group outperformed the control group in the meaning recall test. Learning gains were mediated by cognateness with significantly higher odds to recall and recognize a cognate on the posttest than a noncognate. Frequency of occurrence and prior vocabulary knowledge had a positive effect on L2 learners’ ability to recall and recognize the meaning of the target words. A positive relationship was also found between target words that were visually represented in the video and learners’ meaning recognition scores for those words. ispartof: Calico Journal vol:37 issue:3 pages:233-253 status: published

This article is entitled "The Degree of Relationship among Teochew, Hakka, and Cantonese". This research is based on theory in Historical Comparative Linguistics. This theory is also called diachronic theory, which involves the analysis of the form and regularity of changes in common languages ​​such as those accompanied by sound changes, to reconstruct the language of the past, the ancient language (proto) that lived on thousands of years before that. The aim of this research is to calculate the cognate percentages of relationship for Teochew (TC), Hakka (HK), and Cantonese (CO). The research method used is quantitative-qualitative method. Data collection method and technique used refer to the method of proficiency and recording. The data analysis method and technique used respectively are qualitative and quantitative methods with lexicostatistic techniques. In lexicostatistics, language kinship is seen based on the similarities of sounds that exist in the lexicon that appears in these languages. This phonetic similarity will be the basis of whether a word in one language has a relationship with another language. The indicator used to determine related words is the basic vocabulary called the Sino-Tibetan Swadesh basic vocabulary which amounts to 207 words that are considered to exist in all languages ​​in the world. After analyzing the 207 words, it is found that TC and HK have 51 related words and are considered in the subgroup of clump or stock (25%), TC and CO have 60 related words and are considered in the subgroup of clump or stock (29%), in addition to HK and CO have 119 words and are considered in the subgroup of family (57%).

Language change and biological evolution are sufficiently similar that biologists and linguists often face similar challenges in reconstructing paths of historical change connecting different species or languages. Tracing evolutionary change over time requires us to consider how shared features have been modified in different lineages since they shared a common ancestor, and this means we have to be able to establish meaningful comparability between traits. In some cases, we may wish to understand how the same ancestral trait has been modified in each lineage in response to different pressures. But in other cases, we may wish to ask whether particular traits often arise in response to certain circumstances. Biologists must therefore consider different reasons for similarities between species, and choose to compare those traits that are relevant to the story they want to tell. To reconstruct histories of change, we need to compare homologous traits (those similar due to shared ancestry). But comparing analogous traits (independently derived but similar traits) highlights how separate evolutionary lineages can find similar solutions to common problems. I will illustrate the importance of comparability in constructing evolutionary explanations using one of the more obscure yet fascinating examples of Charles Darwin’s scientific researches, his multi-volume taxonomic treatise on barnacles. Darwin faced the challenge of how to explain the evolutionary trajectory of unique and highly modified traits that appear to have no equivalents in related taxa. He did this by tracing the development of unique traits within growing individuals, looking for variation in these strange adaptations between individuals, and comparing them across species that varied in their degree of modification from their ancestor. Using meticulous observations to establish comparability, even in such an incomparable animal as the barnacle, he could reconstruct plausible evolutionary explanations for even the most bizarrely modified traits, such as the presence of parasitic males and the invention of the cement that sticks barnacles to rocks, boats and whales. Nowadays, scientists increasingly rely on DNA evidence to trace evolutionary paths, which brings both advantages and challenges in establishing comparability. Even if you, like most people, are not particularly interested in barnacles, Darwin’s underappreciated taxonomic work is a surprisingly good place to go to if you want to think about the issue of comparability and why it matters to understanding evolution.

Introduction. The article addresses the reflection of ideas about gender social roles in the conceptual and linguistic worldview of men and women. Materials and methods. The analysis is based on the material of the linguistic experi-ment conducted with native speakers of such English and Ukrainian. Results. The results of the experiment reveal the differences in the perception by the native speakers of English and Ukrainian of gender social roles. As the analysis of the material shows, in the Ukrainian society, the public sphere is associated to a greater de-gree with the professional activities of men and women, and there is a high degree of orientation of women towards motherhood. In English, outside the family, mainly male roles are defined, and the roles of women are mainly family and are in the sphere of personal, emotional ties. Discussion and Conclusions. The analysis of social roles shows that the Ukrainian lin-guistic community, to a greater extent than the English-speaking, is characterized by an orientation towards the traditional patriarchal family, in which a woman is the keeper of the hearth, the organizer of male consumption, and the man is the owner and head of the family. The results obtained in the course of the experiment enable to establish a systemic cor-relation between the language structure and the social structure, to establish correla-tions between the language phenomena and the gender of the communicants.

This study aims at clarifying the construction of Arabic cognate Accusative and its realization in English in order to be clearer for the learners who try to understand the structure of the Arabic clause. The study attempts to investigate the verbs that take cognate accusative. It is hypothesized that Arabic learners are not aware of this phenomenon, thus they face difficulties in translating them into English because of the complex forms of cognate accusative. To investigate the hypothesis of this research, different Arabic examples were taken from the authentic books and compare these data with their counterpart in English in order to show the differences and similarities between the two different languages and analyze these data from a syntactic point of view which adopts Langacker’s (1991) framework of cognitive grammar. The study is to be empirical, analytical, and comparative. The researchers use Arabic data from different books and look for the equivalent structures of English so that they give a clear idea about this syntactic phenomenon. The results of the study show that Arabic construction has more uses of cognitive Accusative than English.

The current work investigates whether language dominance predicts transfer of skills across cognitive-linguistic levels from the native language (Spanish) to the second language (English) in bilingual preschoolers. Sensitivity to cognates (elephant/elefante in English/Spanish) and metalinguistic awareness (MLA) have both been shown to transfer from the dominant to the nondominant language. Examining these types of transfer together using a continuous measure of language dominance may allow us to better understand the effect of the home language in children learning a majority language in preschool. Forty-six preschool-aged, Spanish-English bilinguals completed English receptive vocabulary and metalinguistic tasks indexing cognate effects and MLA. Language dominance was found to predict crosslinguistic (cognate) facilitation from Spanish to English. In addition, MLA skills also transferred from Spanish to English for children with lower English proficiency, and no transfer of MLA was evident for children with higher English proficiency. Altogether, findings suggest that transfer from a dominant first language to a nondominant second language happens at linguistic and cognitive-linguistic levels in preschoolers, although possibly influenced by second language proficiency. The current study has implications for supporting the home language for holistic cognitive-linguistic development.

While analysing lexical data of Western Kho-Bwa languages of the Sino-Tibetan or Trans- Himalayan family with the help of a computer-assisted approach for historical language comparison, we observed gaps in the data where one or more varieties lacked forms for certain concepts. We employed a new workflow, combining manual and automated steps, to predict the most likely phonetic realisations of the missing forms in our data, by making systematic use of the information on sound correspondences in words that were potentially cognate with the missing forms. This procedure yielded a list of hypothetical reflexes of previously identified cognate sets, which we first preregistered as an experiment on the prediction of unattested word forms and then compared with actual word forms elicited during secondary fieldwork. In this study we first describe the workflow which we used to predict hypothetical reflexes and the process of elicitation of actual word forms during field work. We then present the results of our reflex prediction experiment. Based on the experience we made during this experiment, we identify four general benefits of reflex prediction in historical language comparison. These comprise (1) an increased transparency of linguistic research, (2) an increased efficiency of field and source work, (3) an educational aspect which offers teachers and learners a wide plethora of linguistic phenomena, including the regularity of sound change, and (4) the possibility to kindle speakers' interest in their own linguistic heritage. 1. Introduction 2. Predicting unelicited words in Western Kho-Bwa 2.1 The Western Kho-Bwa languages 2.2 Background of the Study 2.3 Workflow for reflex prediction 2.4 Elicitation 2.5 Evaluation 3. Results 3.1 General results 3.2 Specific results 4. Benefits of reflex prediction 5. Conclusion

Published:17 December 2021 The left ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) supports extraction and processing of visual features. However, it has remained unclear whether left vOTC-based functional connectivity (FC) differs according to task-relevant representations (e.g., lexical, visual) and control demands imposed by the task, even when similar visual-semantic processing is required for object identification. Here, neural responses to the same set of pictures of meaningful objects were measured, while the type of task that participants had to perform (picture naming versus size-judgment task), and the level of cognitive control required by the picture naming task (high versus low interference contexts) were manipulated. Explicit retrieval of lexical representations in the picture naming task facilitated activation of lexical/phonological representations, modulating FC between left vOTC and dorsal anterior-cingulate-cortex/pre-supplementary-motor-area. This effect was not observed in the size-judgment task, which did not require explicit word-retrieval of object names. Furthermore, retrieving the very same lexical/phonological representation in the high versus low interference contexts during picture naming increased FC between left vOTC and left caudate. These findings support the proposal that vOTC functional specialization emerges from interactions with task-relevant brain regions. Francesca M. Branzi was supported by a H2020 European Research Council grant (GAP: 670428-BRAIN2 MIND_NEUROCOMP). Clara D. Martin was supported by grants from the H2020 European Research Council [ERC Consolidator Grant ERC-2018-COG-819093], the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [PID2020-113926GB-I00], the Basque Government [PIBA18-29]. Pedro M. Paz-Alonso was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [RYC-2014-15440; PGC2018-093408-B-I00], Neuroscience projects from the Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno, and the Basque Government [PIBA-2021-1-0003]. BCBL acknowledges support by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 program and by the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation SEV-2015-0490. The authors also acknowledge the Medical Research intramural funding (MC_UU_00005/18).

Despite the relatively scarce literature on the topic and the lack of terminological consensus among scholars, Cognate Infinitives (CI) have been identified to share formal and functional characteristics across Semitic. The present study provides a description of the formal features of Cognate Infinitives in Lebanese Arabic (LA) based on the analysis of linguistic data gathered through a participant observation method. The novelty of this description lies in its comparative approach, which has been developed in the light of the Semitic evidence available, gathered through a review of the main literature available on the topic. The results of this comparative analysis reveal that the grammatical features of Cognate Infinitives in Lebanese Arabic seem to be in line with general Semitic trends that do not, however, always find their parallel in prescriptive descriptions of Cognate Infinitives in Classical or Standard Arabic.

The current research was completed and thanks to financial aid provided by the doctoral research grant FPU16/01748 to AI and grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades-Fondos Feder to TB (PGC2018-093786-B-I00) and DP (PCIN-2015-165-C02-01 and PSI2017-89324-C2-1-P) and from the Feder Andalucia to TB (A-CTS-111-UGR18 and P20.00107)., This study used a word dictation task to examine the influence of a variety of factors on word writing production: cognate status (cognate vs. non-cognate words), orthographic (OS) and phonological similarity (PS) within the set of cognate words, and language learning background [late bilinguals (LBs) with academic literacy and formal instruction in English and Spanish, and heritage speakers (HSs) with academic literacy and formal instruction only in English]. Both accuracy and reaction times for the first key pressed by participants (indicating lexical access), and the time required to type the rest of the word after the first keypress (indicating sublexical processing) was assessed. The results revealed an effect of PS on the dictation task particularly for the first keypress. That is, cognates with high PS were processed faster than cognates with low PS. In contrast to reading studies in which PS only revealed a significant effect when the OS between languages was high (O + P+ vs. O + P−), in the dictation to writing task, the phonology had a more general effect across all conditions, regardless of the level of OS. On the other hand, OS tended to be more influential for typing the rest of the word. This pattern is interpreted as indicating the importance of phonology (and PS in cognates) for initial lexical retrieval when the input is aural. In addition, the role of OS and PS during co-activation was different between groups probably due to the participants’ linguistic learning environment. Concretely, HSs were found to show relatively lower OS effects, which is attributed to the greater emphasis on spoken language in their Spanish language learning experiences, compared to the formal education received by the LBs. Thus, the study demonstrates that PS can influence lexical processing of cognates, as long as the task demands specifically require phonological processing, and that variations in language learning experiences also modulate lexical processing in bilinguals., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades-Fondos Feder FPU16/01748, Feder Andalucia PGC2018-093786-B-I00 PCIN-2015-165-C02-01 PSI2017-89324-C2-1-P, A-CTS-111-UGR18 P20.00107