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The association between current smoking and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression remains uncertain. We aim to provide up-to-date evidence of the role of cigarette smoking in COVID-19 hospitalisation, severity and mortality. On 23 February 2022 we conducted an umbrella review and a traditional systematic reviewviaPubMed/Medline and Web of Science. We used random-effects meta-analyses to derive pooled odds ratios of COVID-19 outcomes for smokers in cohorts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infected individuals or COVID-19 patients. We followed the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting guidelines. PROSPERO: CRD42020207003. 320 publications were included. The pooled odds ratio for currentversusnever or nonsmokers was 1.08 (95% CI 0.98–1.19; 37 studies) for hospitalisation, 1.34 (95% CI 1.22–1.48; 124 studies) for severity and 1.32 (95% CI 1.20–1.45; 119 studies) for mortality. Estimates for formerversusnever-smokers were 1.16 (95% CI 1.03–1.31; 22 studies), 1.41 (95% CI: 1.25–1.59; 44 studies) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.31–1.62; 44 studies), respectively. Estimates for ever-versusnever-smokers were 1.16 (95% CI 1.05–1.27; 33 studies), 1.44 (95% CI 1.31–1.58; 110 studies) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.29–1.50; 109 studies), respectively. We found a 30–50% excess risk of COVID-19 progression for current and former smokers compared with never-smokers. Preventing serious COVID-19 outcomes, including death, seems the newest compelling argument against smoking.

Temporary prosthesis protects the oral tissues, in addition to providing aesthetic look and masticatory function until a definitive prosthesis is manufactured.To evaluate the effect of glaze and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) on the physical and mechanical properties of bis-acryl, and to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of CHX.Eighty specimens of bis-acryl resin were made. Over 40 of them the glaze was applied. One specimen with and 1 specimen without glaze were placed in niches of an appliance manufactured for each patient. Each of the 20 volunteers received 2 devices. Initially, the volunteers used one device and treated it with sucrose for 7 days (control), and later they used the other device and treated it with sucrose and CHX for 7 days (test). Color, microhardness, roughness, surface energy, and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) tests were performed. All results were submitted to the Tukey's test, with the exception of the EPS results, which were submitted to the Student's t test.The ΔE00 of the unglazed control group was significantly higher than that of the unglazed test group. In all groups, a significant decrease in microhardness occurred over time. At both times, the glaze significantly increased the microhardness of the specimens (in all the glazed groups). At the final time, the test glaze group showed significantly higher microhardness compared with the control glaze group. Roughness in the groups without glaze increased significantly with CHX treatment over time. At both times, the glaze generated a significant reduction in roughness in the control and test groups. There was a significant reduction in surface energy over time in all groups. In most comparisons, the glazed groups showed significantly higher surface energy values compared with the unglazed control group. At the final time point, the unglazed test group showed a significantly higher surface energy value than the unglazed control group; and the glazed test group showed a significantly higher surface energy value compared with the glazed control group. The resins that received CHX had a significantly lower amount of biofilm.Color values were clinically acceptable in all tested groups. At both time points, the roughness values were clinically acceptable only in the glazed groups. Glaze increased the microhardness of the specimens. Microhardness and surface energy were reduced over time in all groups. Chlorhexidine can help prevent microhardness degradation. Glaze and CHX can increase surface energy. Chlorhexidine reduced the amount of bacterial biofilm.

Summary: Background: There are concerns that the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) in children and adolescents could potentially be harmful to health. Understanding the extent of use of these devices is crucial to informing public health policy. We aimed to synthesise the prevalence of ENDS or ENNDS use in children and adolescents younger than 20 years. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we undertook an electronic search in five databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, and Wiley Cochrane Library) from Jan 1, 2016, to Aug 31, 2020, and a grey literature search. Included studies reported on the prevalence of ENDS or ENNDS use in nationally representative samples in populations younger than 20 years and collected data between the years 2016 and 2020. Studies were excluded if they were done in those aged 20 years or older, used data from specialist panels that did not apply appropriate weighting, or did not use methods that ensured recruitment of a nationally representative sample. We included the most recent data for each country. We combined multiple national estimates for a country if they were done in the same year. We undertook risk of bias assessment for all surveys included in the review using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist (by two reviewers in the author list). A random effects meta-analysis was used to pool overall prevalence estimates for ever, current, occasional, and daily use. This study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020199485. Findings: The most recent prevalence data from 26 national surveys representing 69 countries and territories, with a median sample size of 3925 (IQR 1=2266, IQR 3=10 593) children and adolescents was included. In children and adolescents aged between 8 years and younger than 20 years, the pooled prevalence for ever (defined as any lifetime use) ENDS or ENNDS use was 17·2% (95% CI 15–20, I2=99·9%), whereas for current use (defined as use in past 30 days) the pooled prevalence estimate was 7·8% (6–9, I2=99·8%). The pooled estimate for occasional use was 0·8% (0·5–1·2, I2=99·4%) for daily use and 7·5% (6·1–9·1, I2=99·4%) for occasional use. Prevalence of ENDS or ENNDS use was highest in high-income geographical regions. In terms of study quality, all surveys scored had a low risk of bias for the sampling frame used, due to the nationally representative nature of the studies. The most poorly conducted methodological feature of the included studies was subjects and setting described in detail. Few surveys reported on the use of flavours or types of ENDS or ENNDS. Interpretation: There is significant variability in the prevalence of ENDS and ENNDS use in children and adolescents globally by country income status. These findings are possibly due to differences in regulatory context, market availability, and differences in surveillance systems. Funding: World Health Organization and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Introduction: Female Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. While the incidence rate is lower in Hispanic-Black, the mortality rate is higher compared to Non-Hispanic White. This study investigates the trends of incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer in the U.S.: 2000-2016. It further explores the racial disparities between these two races. Method: Data for four age groups (15 - 39 yrs, 40 - 64 yrs, 65 - 74 yrs, 75+ yrs) of Hispanic-Black and Non-Hispanic White women for breast cancer were extracted from SEER; age-adjusted rate (U.S. 2000 standard population). Primary trend analysis was done with PyCharm 2020.3.3. (line charts) and regression models to check any significant increase or decrease over the years were done with JoinPoint 4.8.0.1 (APC, 95% CI, significant p-value: Result: Incidence rate is higher in Non-Hispanic White women, whereas mortality rate is higher in Hispanic Black. The 40 - 64 yrs age groups showed an increase in incidence rate for Hispanic Black women, whereas an decrease for White women. The least vulnerable group, 15 - 39 yrs age showed an increase in incidence rate in Non-Hispanic White women. The mortality rate was declining overall for both races. Conclusion: Disparities in oncologic healthcare, insurance system and socio-economic factors are possibly responsible for the higher mortality in Black American women. Improvements in these factors may reduce racial differences.

Entender o comportamento hidrológico de bacias é algo complexo, em contrapartida, os modelos hidrológicos são ferramentas cujo objetivo é de representar o ciclo hidrológico em grandes áreas. Uma ferramenta que vem auxiliando no desenvolvimento de modelos hidrológicos de larga escala é o uso de SIG, em que auxilia na análise de solo, cobertura e relevo, de tal forma que se consiga um entendimento mais completo dos processos das bacias hidrográficas. Neste estudo, foi aplicado o modelo MGB-IPH na bacia do Alto Taquari, e teve como objetivo calibrar o modelo hidrológico, e posteriormente, testar combinações de cenários futuros de mudança climática e uso e ocupação do solo e afim de detectar mudanças em variáveis hidrológicas. Os resultados da calibração foram aceitáveis, com o valor de NS de 0,64 no exutório da bacia e as simulações das projeções indicaram a diminuição da vazão média mensal para grande parte dos cenários possibilitando traçar tendências para uma melhor tomada de decisão no que tange a gestão da bacia hidrográfica.

Background This systematic review described the association between electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/ENNDS) use among non-smoking children and adolescents aged Methods We searched five electronic databases and the grey literature up to end of September 2020. Prospective longitudinal studies that described the association between ENDS/ENNDS use, and subsequent tobacco use in those aged < 20 years who were non-smokers at baseline were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess risk of bias. Data were extracted by two reviewers and pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. We generated unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) describing associations between ENDS/ENNDS and tobacco use. Findings A total of 36 publications met the eligibility criteria, of which 25 were included in the systematic review (23 in the meta-analysis) after exclusion of overlapping studies. Sixteen studies had high to moderate risk of bias. Ever users of ENDS/ENNDS had over three times the risk of ever cigarette use (ARR 3·01 (95% CI: 2·37, 3·82; p2: 82·3%), and current cigarette use had over two times the risk (ARR 2·56 (95% CI: 1·61, 4·07; p2: 77·3%) at follow up. Among current ENDS/ENNDS users, there was a significant association with ever (ARR 2·63 (95% CI: 1·94, 3·57; p2: 21·2%)), but not current cigarette use (ARR 1·88 (95% CI: 0·34, 10·30; p = 0·47, I2: 0%)) at follow up. For other tobacco use, ARR ranged between 1·55 (95% CI 1·07, 2·23) and 8·32 (95% CI: 1·20, 57·04) for waterpipe and pipes, respectively. Additionally, two studies examined the use of ENNDS (non-nicotine devices) and found a pooled adjusted RR of 2·56 (95% CI: 0·47, 13·94, p = 0.035). Conclusion There is an urgent need for policies that regulate the availability, accessibility, and marketing of ENDS/ENNDS to children and adolescents. Governments should also consider adopting policies to prevent ENDS/ENNDS uptake and use in children and adolescents, up to and including a ban for this group.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Em uma das fronteiras agrícolas mais ativas do mundo encontra-se a região Oeste da Bahia, que apresenta diversos fatores favoráveis ao desenvolvimento do agronegócio. Porém por ser localizada em uma região de transição entre o clima sazonal do Cerrado e o semiárido possui limitação em chuvas, o que desencadeou para região um avanço de áreas irrigadas, provocando conflitos sobre os recursos hídricos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar previsões hidroclimáticas para o início da estação chuvosa (Ic) no Oeste da Bahia utilizando previsões de chuva do modelo climático de circulação geral da atmosfera CFSv2 e dados de precipitação dos produtos TRMM 3B42 e PERSIANN. Para isto foram calculadas a data de início da estação chuvosa para as três bases de dados e métricas de acurácia como MAE e Erro Médio para avaliar a acurácia das previsões de chuva do CFSv2 em relação aos dados observados. Os resultados mostraram que a acurácia das estimativas de Ic pelo CFSv2 possuem um gradiente no sentido oeste-leste da região e que dependem fortemente da data de inicialização das previsões hidroclimáticas. Os resultados também indicaram que com dois meses de antecedência o CFSv2 apresenta um MAE com 15 a 20 dias de diferença para os dados observados. Porém o CFSv2 demonstrou uma inconsistência maior para o extremo leste do Oeste da Bahia. Os testes de acurácia também evidenciaram que em anos de El Niño o CFSv2 tem um MAE de 2 a 8 dias maiores que para média analisada. Concluiu-se que a previsão hidroclimática pelo CFSv2 tem capacidade de dar suporte aos tomadores de decisão na região Oeste da Bahia, contribuindo para um uso mais eficiente dos recursos hídricos na região. No entanto, destaca-se que a previsão hidroclimática para esta região ainda carece de aprimoramentos, como modelos de maior resolução e com volumes de chuvas mais precisos. Palavras-chave: Estação chuvosa. CFSv2. Previsão hidroclimática. Oeste da Bahia. El Niño. In one of the most active agricultural frontiers in the world is the western region of Bahia, which presents several factors favorable to the development of agribusiness. However, because it is located in a transition region between the seasonal climate of the Cerrado and the semi-arid region, it has limited rainfall, which has triggered an advance of irrigated areas for the region, causing conflicts over water resources. The present study aimed to evaluate hydroclimatic forecasts for the onset of the rainy season (Ic) in western Bahia using rain forecasts of the general circulation model CFSv2 and rainfall data of products TRMM 3B42 and PERSIANN. For this, the onset of the rainy season was calculated for the three databases and accuracy metrics such as MAE and Mean Error to evaluate the accuracy of the rainfall forecasts of CFSv2 in relation to the observed data. The results showed that the accuracy of the Ic estimates by CFSv2 has a gradient in the west-east direction of the region and that they depend heavily on the initialization lead of the hydroclimatic forecasts. The results also indicated that two months in advance, CFSv2 presents a MAE with 15 to 20 days difference for the observed data. However, the CFSv2 demonstrated a greater inconsistency to the extreme east of western Bahia. The accuracy tests also showed that in El Niño years the CFSv2 has a MAE of 2 to 8 days higher than for the average analyzed. It was concluded that the hydroclimatic forecast by CFSv2 has the capacity to support decision makers in the Western region of Bahia, contributing to a more efficient use of water resources in the region. However, it is noteworthy that the hydroclimatic forecast for this region still lacks improvements, such as models with higher resolution and more accurate rainfall volumes. Keywords: Rainy season. CFSv2. Hydroclimatic forecast. Western Bahia. El Niño.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:57:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Statement of problem: The use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) may damage bisacrylate composite resin interim restorations, but whether they can be protected with an application of alcohol and/or the use of a glaze is unclear. Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of applying a 70% alcohol solution on the physical and mechanical properties of a bisacrylate composite resin, with and without the application of a light-polymerizing glaze subjected to 0.12% CHX twice a day for 7 days. Material and methods: Forty specimens of an autopolymerized bisacrylate composite resin were divided into 4 groups (n=10): Group C (without alcohol, without glaze), Group G (without alcohol, with glaze), Group A (with alcohol, without glaze), and Group AG (with alcohol, with glaze). All specimens were submitted to in vitro treatment with 0.12% CHX for 7 days, and tests of color alteration (ΔE00), microhardness, roughness, and surface were performed initially and after treatment. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey HSD test (α=.05). Results: Group A had the lowest mean value of ΔE00 with a significant statistical difference from Group C. The groups with alcohol presented higher microhardness mean values compared with groups without alcohol in both periods of analysis, except for the groups with glaze in the final period. Group C showed higher mean roughness values in comparison with Group A in both periods. Group AG presented higher mean roughness values than Group G. Surface energy values did not vary significantly among groups, except between Groups C and A in the final period. Conclusions: The application of alcohol optimized the properties of the autopolymerized bisacrylate composite resin analyzed, with and without the application of glaze. Overall, the use of CHX changed the microhardness and roughness when the glaze was applied. Graduate student Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Post-doctoral student Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Undergraduate student Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Professor Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Graduate student Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Post-doctoral student Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Undergraduate student Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Professor Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)

Each year, tobacco use causes approximately 7 million deaths worldwide, including approximately 6 million among tobacco users and an estimated 890,000 among nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke (1). Tobacco use is a leading preventable cause of disease globally and has been determined to cause adverse health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and multiple types of cancer, including lung cancer (2-4). Approximately 80% of the world's 1.1 billion tobacco smokers reside in low- and middle-income countries (4). Some persons do not fully understand the health risks associated with tobacco smoking (5-9), and studies have indicated that increasing knowledge about the adverse health effects of smoking can contribute to decreases in smoking, increases in cessation attempts, and increases in successful cessation (3,7,10). CDC analyzed 2008-2016 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data from 28 countries to assess tobacco smoking prevalence, quit attempts, and knowledge about tobacco smoking risks among persons aged ≥15 years. Across countries, the median prevalence of tobacco smoking was 22.5%, and a median of 42.5% of tobacco smokers had made a quit attempt in the preceding 12 months. The median prevalences of knowing that tobacco smoking causes stroke, heart attack, and lung cancer were 73.6%, 83.6%, and 95.2%, respectively. Implementation of proven tobacco control interventions, including strategies that increase knowledge about the health risks posed by tobacco use, might help to reduce tobacco use and tobacco-related disease, including heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer (3-5).

Summary Background The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) has mobilised efforts among 180 parties to combat the global tobacco epidemic. This study examined the association between highest-level implementation of key tobacco control demand-reduction measures of the WHO FCTC and smoking prevalence over the treaty's first decade. Methods We used WHO data from 126 countries to examine the association between the number of highest-level implementations of key demand-reduction measures (WHO FCTC articles 6, 8, 11, 13, and 14) between 2007 and 2014 and smoking prevalence estimates between 2005 and 2015. McNemar tests were done to test differences in the proportion of countries that had implemented each of the measures at the highest level between 2007 and 2014. Four linear regression models were computed to examine the association between the predictor variable (the change between 2007 and 2014 in the number of key measures implemented at the highest level), and the outcome variable (the percentage point change in tobacco smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015). Findings Between 2007 and 2014, there was a significant global increase in highest-level implementation of all key demand-reduction measures. The mean smoking prevalence for all 126 countries was 24·73% (SD 10·32) in 2005 and 22·18% (SD 8·87) in 2015, an average decrease in prevalence of 2·55 percentage points (SD 5·08; relative reduction 10·31%). Unadjusted linear regression showed that increases in highest-level implementations of key measures between 2007 and 2014 were significantly associated with a decrease in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015). Each additional measure implemented at the highest level was associated with an average decrease in smoking prevalence of 1·57 percentage points (95% CI −2·51 to −0·63, p=0·001) and an average relative decrease of 7·09% (−12·55 to −1·63, p=0·011). Controlling for geographical subregion, income level, and WHO FCTC party status, the per-measure decrease in prevalence was 0·94 percentage points (−1·76 to −0·13, p=0·023) and an average relative decrease of 3·18% (−6·75 to 0·38, p=0·079). This association was consistent across all three control variables. Interpretation Implementation of key WHO FCTC demand-reduction measures is significantly associated with lower smoking prevalence, with anticipated future reductions in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. These findings validate the call for strong implementation of the WHO FCTC in the WHO's Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases 2013–2020, and in advancing the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 3, setting a global target of reducing tobacco use and premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by a third by 2030. Funding Health Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research and Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute.

Three global reports issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) track and report on trends in the prevalence of tobacco smoking from 2000 to 2025 based on data from national surveys.This review aimed to compare regional and country-level projections for current tobacco smoking as presented in the WHO trend reports. These changes were considered in the context of improved monitoring and tobacco control policies.Regional and country-level results in the WHO trend reports were considered in terms of the projected percentage point increase of current tobacco smoking between 2000 and 2025. Data on national surveys and policy implementation came from the relevant WHO reports.In the 2019 trend report, the prevalence of current tobacco smoking among males is projected to decrease by less than 2 percentage points by 2025. Eight countries featured in both the 2015 and 2019 WHO trend reports. Seven of these countries indicated a more encouraging projection (a decline in their projected increase between 2000 and 2025) for current male tobacco smoking in the 2019 report than in the 2015 report. For five out of these seven countries, their monitoring and tobacco control policy implementation improved over the same period.Countries in the Region should implement additional national surveys to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates, allow further projections to be performed and motivate policy-makers to make positive policy changes. Solutions to under-reporting biases during surveys should be considered. Governments should use trend projections to guide effective tobacco control policies to reduce tobacco use in the Region.معدل انتشار التدخين في إقليم شرق المتوسط.هبة فؤاد، أليسون كومار، رندة حمادة، فاطمة العوا، زي شن، تشارلز فريزر.ثلاثة تقارير عالمية صادرة عن منظمة الصحة العالمية ترصد اتجاهات معدل انتشار تدخين التبغ وتتتبَّعها من عام 2000 إلى عام 2025 بناءً على بيانات من دراسات استقصائية وطنية.كان هذا الاستعراض يهدف إلى عقد مقارنة بين التوقعات الإقليمية والقُطرية للمعدل الحالي لتدخين التبغ التي وردت في تقارير المنظمة عن الاتجاهات، ودراسة هذه التغييرات في سياق تحسُّن الرصد وسياسات مكافحة التبغ.تُدرَس النتائج الإقليمية والقُطرية الواردة في تقارير المنظمة عن الاتجاهات من حيث الزيادة المئوية المتوقعة في المعدل الحالي لتدخين التبغ بين عامي 2000 و2025. وتُستقى البيانات الخاصة بالدراسات الاستقصائية الوطنية وتنفيذ السياسات من التقارير ذات الصلة الصادرة عن المنظمة.من المتوقع في تقرير الاتجاهات لعام 2019 أن ينخفض المعدل الحالي لتدخين التبغ بين الذكور بنسبة تقل عن 2٪ بحلول عام 2025. وتناول كلا تقريري المنظمة بشأن الاتجاهات لعامي 2015 و2019 ثمانيةَ بلدان. وفي سبعة من هذه البلدان كانت توقعات المعدل الحالي لتدخين التبغ بين الذكور في تقرير 2019 تبعث على الأمل بدرجة أكبر مقارنةً بتقرير 2015 (إذ حدث انخفاض في الزيادة المتوقعة بين عامي 2000 و2025). وقد شهدت خمسة من هذه البلدان السبعة تحسناً في كلٍّ من الرصد وتنفيذ سياسة مكافحة التبغ.ينبغي لبلدان الإقليم تنفيذ دراسات استقصائية وطنية إضافية لتحسين دقة التقديرات الخاصة بمعدل الانتشار، والسماح بإجراء مزيد من التوقعات، وتحفيز واضعي السياسات على إجراء تغييرات إيجابية في السياسات. وينبغي النظر في إيجاد حلول للتحيزات التي يوجد تقصير في الإبلاغ عنها خلال الدراسات الاستقصائية. وينبغي للحكومات أن تسترشد بالتوقعات الخاصة بالاتجاهات في وضع سياسات فعالة لمكافحة التبغ من أجل الحد من تعاطي التبغ في الإقليم.Prévalence du tabagisme dans la Région de la Méditerranée orientale.Trois rapports mondiaux publiés par l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) rendent compte des tendances en matière de prévalence du tabagisme entre 2000 et 2025 sur la base de données issues d’enquêtes nationales.La présente analyse visait à comparer les projections au niveau des régions et des pays concernant le tabagisme durant la période d’étude, comme présenté dans les rapports de l’OMS sur les tendances en la matière. Ces modifications sont examinées dans un contexte d’amélioration des politiques de surveillance et de lutte antitabac.Les résultats au niveau des régions et des pays fournis par les rapports de l’OMS sur les tendances ont été pris en compte en termes d’augmentation prévue d’un point de pourcentage du tabagisme entre 2000 et 2025. Les données sur les enquêtes nationales et l’application des politiques provenaient de rapports pertinents publiés par l’OMS.Selon les projections du rapport 2009 sur les tendances, la prévalence du tabagisme chez les hommes au moment de l’analyse devrait baisser de moins de deux points de pourcentage d’ici 2025. Huit pays de la Région étaient représentés dans les deux rapports sur les tendances de 2015 et 2019. Sept ces huit pays indiquaient une projection plus encourageante (à savoir une diminution de la projection relative à l’augmentation entre 2000 et 2025) pour le tabagisme chez les hommes en 2019, par rapport à 2015. Cinq de ces sept pays ont connu une amélioration de l’application de leurs politiques de surveillance et de lutte antitabac.Les pays de la Région devraient réaliser des enquêtes nationales supplémentaires pour améliorer la précision des estimations de la prévalence, permettre la réalisation de nouvelles projections et inciter les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques à les faire évoluer positivement. Des solutions devraient être envisagées quant au biais de sous-notification lors des enquêtes. Les gouvernements devraient utiliser les projections de tendances pour orienter l’élaboration de politiques de lutte antitabac efficaces et réduire le tabagisme dans la Région.

Three global reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO) report trends in the prevalence of tobacco smoking from 2000 to 2025 based on data from national surveys.The is study aimed to: (i) compare current and projected prevalence rates of tobacco smoking presented in these reports for males ≥ 15 years in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region; and (ii) assess changes in the prevalence rates in the context of changes in tobacco monitoring and control policies in these countries.Regional and country-level data on tobacco smoking were extracted from the trend reports. Percentage point differences between the estimated prevalence of tobacco smoking in 2010 and the projected prevalence in 2025 were calculated for countries with available data. Data on implementation of national surveys and policies on tobacco use were obtained from relevant WHO reports.In the latest trend report (2019), the prevalence of male current tobacco smoking is projected to decrease by less than 2 percentage points in the Region (from 33.1% in 2010 to 31.2% in 2025). The projections for male tobacco smoking for 2025 in the 2019 report are more encouraging than in the 2015 report in seven of the eight countries of the Region. For five of these seven countries, implementation of tobacco monitoring and tobacco control policies improved over the same period.Countries of the Region need to conduct additional national tobacco-use surveys to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates and projections. Such data can help guide policy-makers to implement policies to control tobacco smoking.معدل الانتشار التقديري والمتوقع لتدخين التبغ في صفوف الذكور، إقليم شرق المتوسط، من 2000 إلى 2025.هبة فؤاد، أليسون كومار، رندة حمادة، فاطمة العوا، زي شن، تشارلز فريزر.رصدت ثلاثة تقارير عالمية نشرتها منظمة الصحة العالمية اتجاهات معدل انتشار تدخين التبغ من عام 2000 إلى عام 2025 استناداً إلى البيانات المستمدة من المسوحات الوطنية.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى: (1) مقارنة معدلات الانتشار الحالية والمتوقعة لتدخين التبغ والواردة في تلك التقارير للذكور الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 15 أو أكثر في بلدان إقليم شرق المتوسط؛ (2) تقييم التغيرات في معدلات الانتشار في سياق التغيرات التي تطرأ على سياسات رصد التبغ ومكافحته في تلك البلدان.استُخرجت بيانات إقليمية وقُطرية بشأن تدخين التبغ من تقارير الاتجاهات. وتم احتساب فروق النقاط المئوية بين معدل الانتشار التقديري لتدخين التبغ في عام 2000 ومعدل الانتشار المتوقع في عام 2025 بالنسبة للبلدان التي تتوافر بشأنها البيانات. واُخِذَت البيانات حول تنفيذ المسوحات والسياسات الوطنية بشأن تعاطي التبغ من التقارير ذات الصلة الصادرة عن منظمة الصحة العالمية.يتوقع أحدث تقرير اتجاهات (2019) أن ينخفض المعدل الحالي لتدخين التبغ بين الذكور بنسبة تقل عن نقطتيْ مئويتيْ في إقليم شرق المتوسط (من 33.1 ٪ في 2010 إلى 31.2 ٪ في 2025). وجاءت التوقعات الخاصة بتدخين التبغ بين الذكور لعام 2025 في تقرير عام 2019 مُشجِّعة أكثر من تقرير عام 2015 في سبعة من بين ثمانية بلدان وردت معلومات عنها في كلا التقريريْن. وخلال نفس الفترة الزمنية، تحسَّن تنفيذ سياسات رصد التبغ ومكافحته على حد سواء في خمسة بلدان من تلك البلدان السبعة.ينبغي أن تُري بلدان الإقليم مسوحات وطنية إضافية لتحسين دقة تقديرات معدل الانتشا ر وتوقعاته. ويمكن أن تساعد تلك البيانات في توجيه راسمي السياسات لتنفيذ سياسات إيجابية لمكافحة تدخين التبغ.Estimations et projections de la prévalence du tabagisme chez les hommes dans la Région de la Méditerranée orientale pour la période 2000-2025.Trois rapports mondiaux publiés par l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) rendent compte des tendances en matière de prévalence du tabagisme entre 2000 et 2025 sur la base de données issues d'enquêtes nationales.L’étude a pour objectifs : i) de comparer les taux de prévalence actuels et prévus du tabagisme présentés dans ces rapports pour les hommes âgés de 15 ans et plus dans les pays de la Région de la Méditerranée orientale ; et ii) d’évaluer les évolutions des taux de prévalence dans le contexte des changements apportés aux politiques de surveillance et de lutte antitabac dans ces pays.Les données régionales et nationales sur le tabagisme ont été extraites des rapports concernant les tendances. Les différences de points de pourcentage entre la prévalence estimée du tabagisme en 2010 et la prévalence prévue pour 2025 ont été calculées pour les pays pour lesquels des données étaient disponibles. Les données relatives à la mise en œuvre des enquêtes nationales et des politiques de lutte antitabac ont été tirées des rapports pertinents de l’OMS.Dans le dernier rapport sur les tendances (2019), il est prévu que la prévalence du tabagisme chez les hommes devrait baisser de moins de deux points de pourcentage dans la Région de la Méditerranée orientale (de 33,1 % en 2010 à 31,2 % en 2025). Les projections dans le rapport de 2019 concernant le tabagisme chez les hommes pour l’année 2025 sont plus encourageantes que celles du rapport de 2015 dans sept des huit pays de la Région qui sont inclus dans les deux rapports. La mise en œuvre de politiques de surveillance et de lutte antitabac s’est améliorée dans cinq de ces sept pays au cours de la même période.Les pays de la Région doivent mener des enquêtes nationales supplémentaires pour améliorer l’exactitude des estimations et des projections de la prévalence. De telles données peuvent aider à guider les responsables de l'élaboration des politiques dans la mise en œuvre de politiques positives pour lutter contre le tabagisme.

Submitted by Betina Chiarelo Commar (betinacommar@hotmail.com) on 2019-04-30T14:57:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 2029735 bytes, checksum: ed1aa25b33832268f7e24ca95ac8693a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Rimoli de Oliveira null (anapaula@foa.unesp.br) on 2019-04-30T17:49:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 commar_bc_me_araca_int.pdf: 2029735 bytes, checksum: ed1aa25b33832268f7e24ca95ac8693a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-04-30T17:49:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 commar_bc_me_araca_int.pdf: 2029735 bytes, checksum: ed1aa25b33832268f7e24ca95ac8693a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-03-08 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Durante a reabilitação com próteses fixas, o uso de provisórios é importante para que se alcance o sucesso clínico e a longevidade da prótese definitiva, mantendo a saúde e protegendo os tecidos dentais e periodontais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade de cor, microdureza, rugosidade e energia livre de superfície de resinas de restaurações provisórias, com e sem a aplicação de glaze fotopolimerizável, e avaliar a eficácia antibiofilme do digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% sobre as mesmas. Para isso, foram confeccionadas amostras de resina de Bis-Acril (Protemp 4, 3M ESPE, São Paulo, Brasil) e de resina acrílica ativada quimicamente (RAAQ) (Dencor, Artigos Odontológicos Clássico LTDA, São Paulo, Brasil), de forma que, apenas metade dessas amostras foi submetida ao polimento químico com glaze fotopolimerizável. Essas amostras foram posicionadas em dispositivos palatinos contendo 4 nichos (1 RAAQ sem glaze, 1 RAAQ com glaze, 1 Bis-Acril sem glaze, 1 Bis-Acril com glaze), utilizados por voluntários (n=20). As fases experimentais foram: Os voluntários usaram o dispositivo contendo as amostras do grupo controle, durante sete dias, sendo realizada aplicação de sacarose 30% sobre as amostras. Posteriormente, usaram o dispositivo contendo novas amostras do grupo teste, durante mais sete dias, sendo realizado tratamento com digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% e aplicação de sacarose 30%. A seguir, determinou-se a alteração de cor, microdureza, rugosidade e energia livre de superfície, inicialmente e após o período experimental, de todas as amostras, tendo sido realizada a coleta do biofilme para posterior análise de polissacarídeos extracelulares álcali-solúveis (PEC). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Tukey (p

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Objective: Overcoming substantial shortcomings of soft liners as physico-chemical changes and liner-biofilm-related infections remains a challenge in the rehabilitation treatment. In this study, protective non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatments were developed on the soft liner surface to improve its surface and physico-chemical properties and to reduce fungal colonization after biofilm inhibition challenge. Methods: Resinous liner specimens (Coe-Soft) were prepared and distributed in 3 groups according to the surface treatments: (1) untreated (control); (2) treated with sulfur hexafluoride-based NTP (SF6); and (3) treated with hexamethyldisiloxane-based NTP (HMDSO). To test the NTP stability and their protective and antimicrobial effect on the liner surface over time, the morphology, chemical composition, roughness, water contact angle, shore A hardness, sorption and solubility were evaluated before and after the specimens were exposed to dual-species biofilm of Candida albicans and Streptococcus oralis for 14 days. Colony forming units and biofilm structure were assessed. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). Results: Both treatments modified the surface morphology, increased hydrophobicity and roughness of the liner, and were effective to reduce C. albicans adhesion without affecting the commensal health-associated S. oralis. HMDSO presented chemical stability and lower hardness in both periods, whereas SF6 exhibited higher initial hardness than control and the highest sorption; contrarily, similar solubility was noted for all groups. Conclusion: HMDSO-based film showed improved physico-chemical properties and inhibited C. albicans biofilm. Thus, it has potential for use to control candida-related stomatitis and improve liner's stability even after being exposed to biofilm inhibition challenge. Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Piracicaba Dental School Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry Laboratory of Technological Plasmas São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Science and Technology Department of Bioscience University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Piracicaba Dental School Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Dentistry Laboratory of Technological Plasmas São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Science and Technology

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-01 Acrylic-based resin is the material of choice for the fabrication of definitive and provisional prostheses. In order to achieve clinical success, it is important to know the most suitable polymerization process for this material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different polymerization methods on several physical and mechanical properties, before and after thermocycling, of a heat-activated acrylic resin (HAAR). In addition, the degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated for all polymerization methods. Ninety HAAR samples were divided into three groups: conventional polymerization (CP), dry-heat polymerization (DHP), and digital pneumatic polymerization (DPP). Color, microhardness (n = 10), and flexural strength tests (n = 20) were performed, before and after 2000 cycles of thermocycling. The analysis of the DC was performed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (n = 4). Color alteration and DC data were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Microhardness and flexural strength data were submitted to two-way repeated measures ANOVA. All results were submitted to the Tukey test (α = .05). The color alteration was statistically lower in the DHP group. The DPP group exhibited higher initial microhardness with a statistically significant difference from other the groups. There was no statistical difference between the groups in regards to flexural strength. The CP and DPP groups had higher DC results. The proposed polymerization methods had divergent results for the different properties analyzed. However, these results were similar to those of conventional polymerization, which is a viable and adequate alternative. Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Presidente Prudente Dental School University of Western Sao Paulo (UNOESTE) Presidente Prudente Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Aracatuba Dental School Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)

Introduction: New materials are developed all the time to better suit the patients' needs, such as flexible injectable thermoplastic resins that provide more esthetics to patients using removable partial dentures. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the color change, microhardness and flexural strength of an experimental flexible acrylic resin under the influence of thermocycling. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted in Aracatuba Dental School, UNESP University. Two types of samples were made, 30 in circular format (3×10 mm) for color and microhardness tests, and 60 in rectangular format (64×10×3.3 mm) for the flexural strength test. The samples were divided into three groups (n=10), one of the experimental flexible resin tested, one with a flexible resin already marketed (Sorriflex), and a control group of a conventional thermopolymerisable acrylic resin (Lucitone). After the preparation, color, microhardness and flexural strength readings were taken, initially and after 2000 thermocycling cycles. The obtained data was submitted to analysis of variance ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test when necessary. Results: All resins presented a clinically acceptable color variation (ΔE), with no significant difference between resin type (p>0.05). There was a difference in the hardness of resins in ascending order (Sorriflex, experimental and Lucitone) and the hardness increased after thermocycling (p

The last decade has seen unprecedented achievements in global tobacco control. These include the entry into force of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and 179 states, as well as the European Union, becoming Parties to the Treaty,leading to an increased global cognizance of the negative health and economic impact of tobacco use. Governments around the world continue to adopt and implement effective tobacco control strategies and financial contributions from major philanthropies have increased the levels of financial support for tobacco control efforts in low- and middle-income countries. The UN high-level summit on Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) in 2011 and the 2015 adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in which NCDs and acceleration of implementation of WHO FCTC are included as specific targets, represent an increased global recognition of theneed to address tobacco use prevalence as a key element of NCD interventions...

This monograph, a joint effort of the U.S. National Cancer Institute and World Health Organization, examines economic issues in tobacco and tobacco control, including the supply and demand of tobacco products. This first chapter frames the issues addressed in the monograph and describes its organization around key topic areas. Each monograph chapter focuses on the global evidence on these issues, particularly the evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The closing sections of this chapter present chapter conclusions and major overall conclusions generated by the work presented here. Experts in economics, tobacco control, public policy, public health, and other related fields from every region in the world, including high-income countries and LMICs, were assembled to provide the research and analyses presented within these pages. It is hoped that this monograph will help inform the implementation of global tobacco control efforts in the 21st century.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:04:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-47572007000600028.pdf: 78224 bytes, checksum: 45444ff0f382cbb0f57915e8f28a1f07 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:04:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-47572007000600028.pdf: 78224 bytes, checksum: 45444ff0f382cbb0f57915e8f28a1f07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-47572007000600028.pdf: 78224 bytes, checksum: 45444ff0f382cbb0f57915e8f28a1f07 (MD5) S1415-47572007000600028.pdf.txt: 17884 bytes, checksum: d324d19121ef1c6da6c2d862ed865ab5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:00:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-47572007000600028.pdf: 78224 bytes, checksum: 45444ff0f382cbb0f57915e8f28a1f07 (MD5) S1415-47572007000600028.pdf.txt: 17884 bytes, checksum: d324d19121ef1c6da6c2d862ed865ab5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:00:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-47572007000600028.pdf: 78224 bytes, checksum: 45444ff0f382cbb0f57915e8f28a1f07 (MD5) S1415-47572007000600028.pdf.txt: 17884 bytes, checksum: d324d19121ef1c6da6c2d862ed865ab5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The fruit flies Drosophila mulleri and Drosophila navojoa are included in the mulleri complex of the mulleri subgroup and Repleta group. Although there is no demonstration that interspecific crosses between them occur in nature, they intercross in the laboratory in both cross directions. Previous data have shown the occurrence of nucleolar dominance in interspecific hybrids of some species in the mulleri complex. We investigated nucleolar dominance in D. mulleri/D. navojoa hybrids using the transcription profiles of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region. The results showed that the ribosomal cistrons present in the X chromosome and in the microchromosome of D. navojoa are exclusively or preferentially transcribed in these hybrids depending on the cross direction, denoting the complete or partial nucleolar dominance of this species over D. mulleri. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual Paulista IIDepartamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual Paulista IIDepartamento de Biologia

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:05:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-47572012000300003.pdf: 880398 bytes, checksum: 806cab4eb96300532e970e103dfe08f0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:05:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-47572012000300003.pdf: 880398 bytes, checksum: 806cab4eb96300532e970e103dfe08f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:08:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-47572012000300003.pdf: 880398 bytes, checksum: 806cab4eb96300532e970e103dfe08f0 (MD5) S1415-47572012000300003.pdf.txt: 65688 bytes, checksum: 07d5d7a8d80cedd3c400d025e1abab8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:17:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-47572012000300003.pdf: 880398 bytes, checksum: 806cab4eb96300532e970e103dfe08f0 (MD5) S1415-47572012000300003.pdf.txt: 65688 bytes, checksum: 07d5d7a8d80cedd3c400d025e1abab8d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:17:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-47572012000300003.pdf: 880398 bytes, checksum: 806cab4eb96300532e970e103dfe08f0 (MD5) S1415-47572012000300003.pdf.txt: 65688 bytes, checksum: 07d5d7a8d80cedd3c400d025e1abab8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Zaprionus indianus is a dipteran (Drosophilidae) with a wide distribution throughout the tropics and temperate Palearctic and Nearctic regions. There have been proposals to reclassify the genus Zaprionus as a subgenus or group of the genus Drosophila because various molecular markers have indicated a close relationship between Zaprionus species and the immigrans-Hirtodrosophila radiation within Drosophila. These markers, together with alloenzymes and quantitative traits, have been used to describe the probable scenario for the expansion of Zaprionus indianus from its center of dispersal (Africa) to regions of Asia (ancient dispersal) and the Americas (recent dispersal). The introduction of Z. indianus into Brazil was first reported in 1999 and the current consensus is that the introduced flies came from high-latitude African populations through the importation of fruit. Once in Brazil, Z. indianus spread rapidly throughout the Southeast and then to the rest of the country, in association with highway-based fruit commerce. These and other aspects of the evolutionary biology of Z. indianus are addressed in this review, including a description of a probable route for this species' dispersal during its recent expansion. versidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais