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On September 13, 2023, the United States and the Kingdom of Bahrain signed the Comprehensive Security Integration and Prosperity Agreement (C-SIPA). (1) Characterized by the White House as a "binding [...]

I. INTRODUCTION 464 II. RELEVANT TREATIES & LEGAL MECHANISMS 466 A. International Law & International Treaties 466 B. Import & Export Controls 473 III. UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF IRAQ [...], Russia's recent invasion of Ukraine poses a serious threat to Ukraine's cultural heritage. With numerous reports that Russian soldiers are looting Ukraine's movable cultural heritage, legal action is required to prevent the successful sale and illegal trafficking of these stolen artifacts. This Note examines the relevant legal tools available to prevent this trade. First, the paper examines relevant international treaties, including the 1970 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Convention and 1954 Hague Convention, and the benefits and potential challenges of using export and import controls to address illicit trade of cultural property. Next, the Note examines the approach to preventing trade in stolen cultural property from Syria and Iraq. However, the Note ultimately finds that the U.N.based approach taken in those conflicts cannot be applied to Ukraine. While relevant actors have made numerous international commitments to protect cultural property, these commitments are largely non-binding and cannot be used to compel countries to enact domestic laws. Therefore, major nations must pursue unilateral import and export controls to prevent illicit trade in Ukrainian cultural goods. Finally, this Note addresses potential conflicts with World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations. Import and export controls violate the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)'s Article XI prohibition on trade bans or quotas. Prior import and export bans on Syrian and Iraqi cultural property were enacted pursuant to a binding U.N. Security Council Resolution, which qualified these measures for the GATT's Article XXI(c) national security exception. Because binding U.N.-based action is not available to protect Ukrainian cultural property, this Note explores other GATT exceptions that could apply. Ultimately, the Note finds that the GATT's Article XX(f) exception for protecting national treasures provides the strongest legal basis for WTO parties to enact measures banning illicit trade in Ukrainian cultural property without violating their WTO obligations.

India and the EU are due to hold negotiations on a free-trade agreement (FTA) in Delhi on February 19th-23rd. Talks resumed in mid-2022 after a seven-year hiatus. There are potential [...]

India and the EU are due to hold negotiations on a free-trade agreement (FTA) in Delhi on February 19th-23rd. Talks resumed in mid-2022 after a seven-year hiatus. There are potential [...]

India and the EU are due to hold negotiations on a free-trade agreement (FTA) in Delhi on February 19th-23rd. Talks resumed in mid-2022 after a seven-year hiatus. There are potential [...]

India and the EU are due to hold negotiations on a free-trade agreement (FTA) in Delhi on February 19th-23rd. Talks resumed in mid-2022 after a seven-year hiatus. There are potential [...]

Anyone who wants to tackle corruption must be willing to go all the way. There are no shortcuts. --Oby Ezekwesili I. INTRODUCTION 735 II. BACKGROUND: UNCERTAINTY AND CORRUPTION IN INTERNATIONAL [...]

The UK's forthcoming trade deal with India is set to expose British food sectors to 'large amounts of toxic chemicals', activists have claimed. UK consumers and farmers should be 'concerned' [...]

Assuming command of U.S. strategy in the roiling trade and technology row with the People's Republic of China (PRC) is among the principal foreign policy challenges facing the Biden administration. [...]

Competition and international trade policies are both potential sources of efficiency in the economy. It could be argued that, in an ideal world with no impediments to domestic and international [...]

Table of Contents Abstract Table of Contents I. Introduction: A Dawn for ISDS Towards Reform? II. Entrenched Barriers for Human Rights Claims in ISDS A. Jurisdictional Barriers Have Generally Limited [...], The investor-State dispute settlement ("ISDS") system has been undergoing significant change along two fronts. First, multi-stakeholder efforts, primarily led by States via the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law ("UNCITRAL"), have recently been considering various largely procedural reform options. Second, international investment agreements ("IIAs") have likewise evolved in recent years, influenced by, inter alia, new foreign investment priorities and drafting approaches. Alongside this twin evolution, stakeholders continue to express concerns regarding the effects, both direct and indirect, of the ISDS system on human rights. As such, if the ISDS system is to better accommodate human rights considerations, States must deploy their many tools, such as negotiation and drafting of IIAs, in furtherance of such objectives, while concurrently aligning such efforts with ongoing discussions around procedural reforms, so as to avoid unintended fragmentation and maximize impact. Ultimately, we argue that the ISDS system may finally be positioned to bend the arc of its trajectory toward a more accommodating system for human rights. However, we caution that the focus on human rights remains fairly limited--perhaps, at times, even a mere afterthought--suggesting slow progress.

What's happened? On December 9th Chile and the EU finalised the process of updating their 20-year-old free-trade agreement (FTA). The new deal eliminates tariffs on over 99% of merchandise exports [...]

Following the rejection of the proposed constitution, the government's more centrist orientation has led to changes in its foreign policy. In particular, it is now signalling its support for Chile's [...]

India, July 21 -- Trade agreements reduce frictions in trade, and lower the amount of time required to solve trade disputes You may or may not have noticed from the [...]

Just don't call it a trade deal A MERE THREE days after being sworn in as president in January 2017, Donald Trump signed an executive order withdrawing America from the [...]

Although Mr Castillo said during his inaugural address that he would seek to 'improve' the conditions of Peru's free-trade agreements (FTAs), he would need Congress to approve the renegotiation of [...]

SLOWAKISCHE REPUBLIK (SLOVAK REPUBLIC) V. ACHMEA B.V. Case C-284-16. Request for a Preliminary Ruling Under Article 267 TFEU from the German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof). At http://curia.europa.eu. European Court [...]

Delays to exports are not just teething troubles. The red tape is here to stay TWO MONTHS after Britain left the single market and customs union in favour of a [...]

Crabby Delays to fish and meat exports are not just teething problems EARLY EVIDENCE of the economic damage from Britain's thin trade deal with the EU has been more olfactory [...]

Feeling gutted For Europe, the deal makes the best of a bad business WHEN THE trade deal between the EU and Britain was done, there was little celebration in Brussels. [...]

Governments in Britain and across the European Union rushed to approve a post-Brexit trade agreement before December 31st, the date on which Britain's transition period ends. The deal, which was [...]

In November 2003, China and Pakistan signed a Joint Declaration of Cooperation outlining their bilateral intent to promote trade and economic development. (1) In 2006, these nations composed and signed [...]

While logistics managers may expect to see fewer proposed mega-trade deals under the new administration, analysts say that there will still be new markets opening up for both U.S. imports [...]