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Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva analisar o surgimento e a trajetória do Projeto Palmas, sua moeda social, seus avanços e limitações. Utilizando abordagem qualitativa, buscou-se apresentar as especificidades do Banco Comunitário Palmas e suas implicações no contexto em que está inserido. Os resultados indicam a importância do Banco Palmas e da moeda social circulante como mecanismo de empoderamento local e impulso para a geração de trabalho e renda para as populações mais fragilizadas. Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the emergence and trajectory of the Palmas Project, its social currency, results and limitations. Using a qualitative approach, we sought to present the specificities of the Palmas Community Bank and its local implications. The results indicate the importance of the Palmas Bank and its social currency as a mechanism of local empowerment and an impulse to generate work and income for the most vulnerable populations. Résumé: Ce travail a pour but d'analyser l'émergence et la trajectoire du Palmas projet, sa monnaie sociale, ses progrès et ses limites. En utilisant une approche qualitative, nous avons essayé de présenter les spécificités de la Banque communautaire Palmas et ses implications dans le contexte dans lequel il apparaît. Les résultats indiquent l'importance de la Banque Palmas et monnaie sociale en tant que mécanismes de l'autonomie locale et conduisent à générer des emplois et des revenus pour les populations les plus vulnérables. Resumen: Este trabajo objetiva analizar el surgimiento y la trayectoria del Proyecto Palmas, su moneda social, sus avances y limitaciones. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se buscó presentar las especificidades del Banco Comunitario Palmas y sus implicaciones en el contexto en que está inserto. Los resultados indican la importancia del Banco Palmas y de la moneda social circulante como mecanismos de empoderamiento local e impulso para la generación de trabajo y renta para las poblaciones más fragilizadas.

This teaching case addresses the digitization of the local social currency Palmas, issued since the beginning of the years 2000 as a paper currency by Banco Palmas, to a new hybrid model of mobile payments and mobile money, named E-Dinheiro. This is a social development and financial inclusion venture in Brazil, having already great national and international recognition. By telling the history of the community bank and some of its initiatives, this case intends to demonstrate the innovation process in a social fintech, addressing issues such as governance, platform management, information technology, business models and strategy. However, as its business model spreads to other community banks, new challenges emerge to ensure the growth and longevity of the project. Este caso de ensino aborda a digitalização da moeda social local Palmas, emitida desde o início dos anos 2000 em papelmoeda pelo Banco Palmas, para um novo modelo híbrido de mobile payments e mobile money, denominado E-Dinheiro. Trata-se de um empreendimento de desenvolvimento social e de inclusão financeira com amplo reconhecimento nacional e internacional. Ao contar a história do banco comunitário e algumas de suas iniciativas, pretende-se demonstrar o processo de inovação em uma fintech social, abordando questões de governança, gestão de plataformas, aspectos tecnológicos, modelos e estratégia de negócio. Entretanto, com a propagação do seu modelo de negócio para outros bancos comunitários, novos desafios se colocam para o crescimento e a perenidade do empreendimento.

The development of local and regional seed banks as well as the subsequent evaluation of their quality are one of the alternatives that can prevent or minimize the loss of the biodiversity of creole seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of Creole corn seeds stored in the Regional Seed Bank of the Caiana Community in Soledade, Paraiba. In the Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Agricultural Products of the Federal University of Campina Grande, seeds were submitted to physical analysis: water content, thousand seeds weight, seed mass, apparent density, real density, porosity, seed volume, color L *, a *, b *, Chroma C * and darkening index. The Jaboatão maize variety had a higher water content, a thousand seeds weight, grain mass, bulk density and grain volume and the Adelaide variety greater porosity and luminosity. O desenvolvimento de bancos de sementes locais e regionais como também a posterior avaliação da qualidade delas configuram-se uma das alternativas que pode impedir ou minimizar a perda da biodiversidade de sementes crioulas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas de sementes de milho crioulo armazenadas no Banco de Sementes Regional da Comunidade Caiana em Soledade, Paraíba. No Laboratório de Armazenamento e Processamento de Produtos Agrícolas da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, as sementes foram submetidas às análises físicas: teor de água, peso de mil sementes, massa das sementes, densidade aparente, densidade real, porosidade, volume das sementes, cor L*, a*, b*, Chroma C* e índice de escurecimento. A variedade de milho Jaboatão apresentou maior teor de água, peso de mil sementes, massa do grão, densidade aparente e volume do grão e a variedade Adelaide maior porosidade e luminosidade.

Resumo Os diferentes contextos e usos de moedas sociais no cenário nacional e internacional têm estimulado estudiosos a buscar compreender as especificidades de cada experiência. A moeda social mais conhecida no Brasil, a Palmas, criada pelo Banco Palmas em Fortaleza, encontra- se atualmente em uma situação paradoxal: após quinze anos, sua circulação tem diminuído notavelmente entre os atores do território ao mesmo tempo que o consumo no bairro se mantém elevado. Neste trabalho investiga-se o circuito constituído pelo uso da Palmas para compreender seu fluxo no território e o progressivo processo de desuso. A reflexão sobre a experiência do uso da moeda social baseia-se, aqui, na noção de moeda da antropologia econômica e da teoria da dádiva. Para além da situação são propostas reflexões entendidas como pertinentes para pensar as moedas sociais dos Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento (BCDs) no país. As estratégias da pesquisa assumiram um caminho multimetodológico e estão resumidas em duas fases. A primeira consistiu numa imersão etnográfica no Banco Palmas em janeiro de 2012. A segunda fase consistiu no mapeamento detalhado do circuito monetário alternativo do território por meio da construção gráfica deste utilizando um software de análise de redes sociais. A reflexão delineada com base na investigação aponta para a construção de uma filosofia de uso das moedas sociais apoiada na confiança dos atores locais nas ações do Banco Palmas. No nível mais concreto, identifica-se que a manutençao do circuito tem ocorrido mais pela sua carga simbólica e política do que pela satisfação das necessidades econômicas. Abstract The use of social currency in national and international contexts has encouraged scholars to understand its specificities. The most known social currency in Brazil -Palmas - created by Banco Palmas in Fortaleza, presents a paradoxical situation: after fifteen years, its circulation has significantly decreased within its territory while the consumption remains high. This article investigates the circulation of Palmas to understand its flow in the territory and its gradual reduction of use. The article reflects on this experience based on the notion of currency from economic anthropology and from the theory of the gift. The analysis here goes beyond the case of Palmas and present insights able to contribute to the debate on social currency of the Community Development Banks (CDBs) in Brazil as a whole. The research strategies were multi-methodological and can be summarized in two phases. The first phase was an ethnographic immersion in Banco Palmas in January 2012. The second phase was the mapping of monetary circulation in the territory (network analysis tools were used). The results from this research indicate the construction of a philosophy of the use of social currencies by CDBs. The use of the social currency is supported by the confidence of local actors in the actions of Banco Palmas. On a more concrete level, it was identified that the circulation maintenance depends more on symbolic and political senses than on the satisfaction of economic needs. Resumen Los diferentes usos de la moneda social en los contextos nacionales e internacionales han estimulado a los estudiosos a intentar comprender sus especificidades. La moneda social más conocida en Brasil -denominada Palmas y creada por el Banco Palmas, en Fortaleza- presenta actualmente una situación paradójica: después de quince años, su circulación se ha reducido significativamente dentro del territorio, mientras que el consumo en general se mantiene alto. Este trabajo investiga el circuito constituido por el uso de la moneda Palmas para entender su flujo en el territorio y el proceso gradual de desuso. La reflexión sobre la experiencia del uso de la moneda social se basa, aquí, en la noción de moneda de la antropología económica y de la teoría de la dádiva. Más allá de la descripción de la situación, se proponen reflexiones pertinentes a las monedas sociales de los bancos de desarrollo local (BCD - Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento) en Brasil. Las estrategias de investigación fueron multimetodológicas y pueden resumirse en dos fases. La primera consistió en una inmersión etnográfica en el Banco Palmas, en enero de 2012. Y la segunda, en el mapeo detallado del circuito monetario alternativo en el territorio (con la utilización de un software de análisis de redes sociales). Los resultados de esta investigación indican la construcción de una filosofía de utilización de las monedas sociales apoyada en la confianza de los actores locales en las acciones del Banco Palmas. En un nivel más concreto, se identificó que el mantenimiento del circuito depende más de su peso simbólico y político que de la satisfacción de las necesidades económicas.

In Ghana, non-bank financial institutions, community and rural banks have had their fair share of financial scandals. Presently, the Bank of Ghana has introduced a policy that makes it compulsory for the accounts of all community, rural and non-bank financial institutions in Ghana to be audited by a recognized auditing and accounting entity. Despite the fact that this initiative has consolidated investor confidence in community and rural banks in Ghana, it has also come with a significant burden on the finances of such entities since audit fees in Ghana appear to be on the higher side compared to those in other West African countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This research examined the relationship between audit fees charged in community and rural banks and turnover, profit, total assets, employee number and auditor type on another hand. This study sampled data from 103 community and rural banks in Ghana with submitted audited accounts for the period 2012 to the ARB Apex Bank and the Bank of Ghana. The study findings suggest the existence of a significant relationship between the audit fees and all of the above factors but the direction of effect is not the same. An increase in total assets by one unit will increase the estimated audit fees while an increase in the employee number by one unit (one employee) will likewise increase the estimated audit fee. However, within the context of auditing in rural and community banks in Ghana an increase in the profit by one unit will decrease the estimated audit fees and then being audited by one of the Big four(4) auditing firms (namely PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte & Touche Tohmatsu Limited, Ernst & Young (EY) and KPMG) will decrease the estimated audit fees.

The purpose of the paper is to present a more granular view of such projects through the in-depth focus on a limited number of case studies, with a view to understanding what factors in the design of such lending have helped achieve objectives of expanded access, and what forms of interventions may have been less successful. It examines the nature of Bank lending vehicles, the partnering borrower institutions, the country environments in which its loans were extended, as well as broader elements of good practice that make for loan success. It examines the beneficiaries targeted and results achieved. It aims to draws lessons that suggest what factors could lead to success or failure in Bank operations focused on financial access. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: section two briefly describes the set of the Bank s projects selected for detailed review. Sections three to six contain the core findings of the review. Section 3 focuses on alternative forms of borrower institutions that have served as vehicles for Bank projects, particularly, public sector banks, apex bank structures that include the private sector, rural banks, nonbanks, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and microfinance institutions, in terms of the degree to which the Bank has been able to successfully partner with such institutions to expand financial access. It also looks at alternative forms of Bank loan design, policy-based loans, investment loans and lines of credit, Learning and Innovation Loans (LILs), matching grants, technical assistance and combinations thereof, and reviews evidence on the role of loan structure (including partnerships with other donors/lenders) and project success. Section four considers the effect of the broader business environment, in terms of financial regulation. Section five reviews elements of good practice that have contributed to success in lending that could be applicable to loans with any objective, and examines their application in the present context. Section six tries to construct a bottom line, reviewing available evidence on outcomes and impact; especially in terms of the ultimate beneficiaries reached. Section seven, the final section, summarizes the main messages emerging from the review and concludes with observations about ways forward.

Submitted by Fabiany Feitosa (fabiany.sousa@ufba.br) on 2017-03-21T12:51:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Henrique Gomes Jatobá.pdf: 32486392 bytes, checksum: fd90d6b0b76344c2870e47a6e6954277 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Angela Dortas (dortas@ufba.br) on 2017-03-21T18:06:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Henrique Gomes Jatobá.pdf: 32486392 bytes, checksum: fd90d6b0b76344c2870e47a6e6954277 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T18:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Henrique Gomes Jatobá.pdf: 32486392 bytes, checksum: fd90d6b0b76344c2870e47a6e6954277 (MD5) A economia da cultura tem se tornado, nas últimas décadas, um importante vetor produtivo e de inclusão social na economia brasileira. Dentre as políticas públicas que estimulam a organização produtiva na cultura, destacam-se o Programa Cultura Viva e as ações de fomento da Secretaria de Economia Criativa, ambos ligados ao Ministério da Cultura. Mesmo beneficiados com incentivos públicos, os empreendimentos comunitários têm dificuldades em acessar o mercado cultural do seu território, formar público e dominar as tecnologias da informação necessárias a sua sustentabilidade. O desenvolvimento de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem e gestão colaborativa, adaptado à realidade desses grupos, pode ser bem sucedido quando os futuros usuários dos empreendimentos comunitários são capacitados para utilizar a nova solução em paralelo ao seu desenvolvimento. A pesquisa participante junto a Produtora Colabor@tiva.PE na Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e a pesquisa-ação realizada Universidade LIVRE de Teatro Vila Velha na Bahia, analisam como essas produtoras culturais colaborativas conseguiram se beneficiar de novos suportes digitais em seus processos de gestão interna e formação continuada. A colaboração desses usuários na comunidade de desenvolvimento da plataforma CORAIS possibilitou aprimorar as ferramentas de groupware existentes e desenvolver novas funcionalidades como a gestão transparente de uma moeda social digital. The culture economy has become in the last decades one of the most important productive and social inclusion vectors on Brazilian economy. Among the public finance actions made by the government the main actions that support productive organization on the cultural groups are the Points of Culture network and the creative economy secretary, both related do the Minister of Culture of Brazil. Even the institutions that received public investments are showing difficulties in access in the local market create and maintain consumers have access and learn how to use information technology that is necessary to achieve economical sustainability. The development of collaborative management and learning virtual environments customized to these realities are only possible when these groups learn how to use free software tools in their internal activities. The study of the Produtora Colabor@tiva.PE in Recife at the Federal University of Pernambuco and the Universidade LIVRE de Teatro Vila Velha in Salvador, Bahia, part of this research execute an analysis about how this collaborative cultural producers got better results by adopting virtual environments. The participation of these groups in the CORAIS platform development community made possible that the existing groupware tools and develop new solutions as the public management of a local digital currency.

There have been increasing concerns about the declining number of community banks and that the acquisitions of community banks by larger banks might result in significant reductions in small business lending (SBL) and disrupt relationship lending. This paper examines the roles and characteristics of U.S. community banks in the past decade, covering the recent economic boom and downturn. We analyze risk characteristics (including the confidential ratings assigned by bank regulators) of acquired community banks, compare pre- and post-acquisition performance and stock market reactions to these acquisitions, and investigate how the acquisitions have affected small business lending. We find that community banks that were merged during the financial crisis period were mostly in poor financial condition and had been rated as unsatisfactory by their regulators on all risk aspects. We also find that the ratio of SBL lending to assets has declined (from 2001 to 2012) for all bank size groups, including community banks. The overall amount of SBL lending tends to increase when the acquirer is a large bank. Our results indicate that mergers involving community bank targets so far have enhanced the overall safety and soundness of the overall banking system and that community bank targets are willing to accept a smaller merger premium (or even a discount) to become a part of a large banking organization. Overall, the decline in the number of community banks during this period does not appear to have adversely impacted SBL lending, and larger bank acquirers have tended to step in and play a larger role in SBL lending.

In this article the authors use quantile regressions to assess the relationship between economic and financial development at each percentile of the distribution of economic development. Thus, the quantile regressions provide information on how the associations between economic development and both bank and securities market development change as countries grow richer.

O estudo apresentado tem como objetivo analisar o contributo do Banco Palmas para o Desenvolvimento Local e a Economia Solidária do Conjunto Palmeira. Este banco, localizado no estado do Ceará, município de Fortaleza no Brasil, foi implementado pela sua comunidade através da ASMOCONP – Associação de Moradores do Conjunto Palmeira, que durante anos lutou por melhores condições de vida, tendo em 1998 criado o primeiro Banco Comunitário do Brasil – o Banco Palmas. Durante a análise do estudo de caso é nitidamente identificado o Desenvolvimento Local reproduzido dentro daquela sociedade, assim como a utilização de elementos da Economia Solidária, com o propósito de incluir social e economicamente aquela população. Encontram-se implementados hoje 103 Bancos Comunitários por todo o Brasil. Esta informação demonstra que foi possível reproduzir este projeto como “mancha de óleo”. É essencial destacar os Bancos Comunitários como agentes promotores do Desenvolvimento Local e da Economia Solidária, uma vez que os mesmos apresentam possibilidades para uma sociedade mais justa e coerente. A ideia principal deste estudo é demonstrar que um outro modelo económico é realizável, sendo a utilização dos Bancos Comunitários um meio possível para alcançar a coesão social. Esta investigação possibilita comprovar a relação estreita entre os conceitos de Desenvolvimento Local e Economia Solidária com os Bancos Comunitários. Após a conclusão da dissertação será fundamental divulgar o sucesso do Banco Palmas e da sua moeda social para outras comunidades, provocando o entusiasmo necessário no sentido de implementar Bancos Comunitários em territórios mais carenciados promovendo a inclusão social. The present study aims to analyze the contribution of Banco Palmas for Local Development and Solidarity Economy of the Conjunto Palmeira. This bank, located in the state of Ceará, Fortaleza in Brazil, was implemented by the community through ASMOCONP - Residents Association Conjunto Palmeira, who for years fought for better living conditions and in 1998 created the first Community Bank in Brazil - Banco Palmas. During the analysis of the case study, Local Development is clearly identified within that society, as well as the use of elements of Solidarity Economy in order to include socially and economically that population. 103 Community Banks are now implemented throughout Brazil. This information shows that it is possible to reproduce this project as an "oil slick". It is essential to highlight Community Banks as promoters of Local Development and Solidarity Economy, since they present possibilities for a fairer society. The main idea of this study is to demonstrate that another economic model is feasible, and the use of Community Banks is a possible means to achieve social cohesion. This research provides evidence of the close relationship between the concepts of Local Development and Solidarity Economy with the community banks. Upon completion of the dissertation it will be important to disseminate the success of Banco Palmas and its social currency to other communities, creating the necessary enthusiasm to implement Community Banks in areas in need to promote social inclusion.

The present work is aimed at exploiting the relationship between city and work, from the study of two democratic experiences: a self-managed joint effort (mutirão) and a community bank in the city of Sao Paulo. These two experiences show us that the social movements constantly need new ways of carrying out their actions in order to renew participation and strengthen the social organization towards the creation of a political community. Both the community bank, that broadens the range of the discussion on the endogenous circulation of money and on the possibility of higher consumption in the area, and the self-managed joint effort (mutirão), which intensifies the access to rights and to participation, are, however, experiences that struggle with huge difficulties and are perhaps weak as alternatives to the capitalist processes of sociability. In spite of that, they show themselves to be, in the very core of the system, capable of transforming previously precarious realities. Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a relação entre cidade e trabalho a partir da análise de duas experiências democráticas: um mutirão autogestionário e um banco comunitário na cidade de São Paulo. Essas duas experiências nos mostram que os movimentos sociais precisam constantemente de novas formas de atuação para renovar a participação e fortalecer a organização social na direção da formação de uma comunidade política. Tanto o Banco Comunitário, que amplia a discussão em torno da circulação endógena do dinheiro e da possibilidade de maior consumo na localidade, quanto o mutirão autogestionário, que intensifica o acesso aos direitos e à participação, são, no entanto, experiências que enfrentam enormes dificuldades e são talvez frágeis como alternativas aos processos de sociabilidade capitalista. Porém, vão se revelando, no interior mesmo do sistema, transformadoras de realidades antes precárias.

This case study describes the history and business model of the Rural and Community Bank (RCB) network in Ghana, analyzes its performance, identifies key issues, and makes recommendations on the way forward. The study analyzes the service delivery and financial performance of the RCBs. Before the establishment of RCBs in the late 1970s and the subsequent expansion of other service providers into rural areas, access to institutional credit for farm and nonfarm activities was scarce. The main sources of credit were moneylenders and traders that charged very high interest rates. In many rural communities, secure, safe, and convenient savings and payment facilities hardly existed. The first RCB was established in a farming community in the central region of Ghana in 1976. Rural communities showed tremendous interested in the community ownership and management features of RCBs, and by 1984 the number of RCBs reached 106. The introduction of a check payment system for cocoa farmers also spurred the establishment of local banks in many communities. The financial performance of many RCBs started to decline, however, for several reasons, including a drought that affected the country in 1983, weak governing ability, conflicts within boards of directors, and ineffective management in many RCBs. By the end of 2008, 127 RCBs were in operation with a total 584 service outlets. RCBs are regulated by Ghana's central bank, the Bank of Ghana, and thereby form part of the country's regulated financial sector. RCBs are the largest providers of formal financial services in rural areas and represent about half of the total banking outlets in Ghana.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-18T12:07:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Aluisio Gondim da Silva.pdf: 1097327 bytes, checksum: d1fac4c24da22f7b033d423dc7255298 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T12:07:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aluisio Gondim da Silva.pdf: 1097327 bytes, checksum: d1fac4c24da22f7b033d423dc7255298 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 The lending related to microcredit at Brazil has been a source of floating capital and financing investment to microbusiness leaded by entrepreneurs or low incoming families. Its introduction into poorest families' universe and the shocking over social reality of those families make this initiative a possible solution against poverty. The general subject of this work was to identify the performance of a variant into microcredit, namely Community Banks Methodology, through accompanying collected results of families living at Greater Recife. This work analyses the profile of some areas residents at Greater Recife that has been around two years of Community Banks Methodology. A qualitative analyses was made by a 94 loan takers data survey and linear regression models was estimated to testify hypothesis in community banks influence over microbusiness performance pertaining to these takers. The study concludes that there is a positive contribution of Community Banks Methodology, showing that this maturing process helps the productive activities development and a family health increase. This work has its theoretically basis at non perfect information models, allowing the perception over asymmetric information issues, adversative selection and moral risk impacting the interest rate finds a solution in Community Banks structure to decrease hardness forced by these problems to the credit market. Os empréstimos relacionados ao microcrédito no Brasil têm sido uma fonte de capital de giro para atividades econômicas. Sua inserção no universo das famílias mais pobres e o impacto que provoca na realidade social das famílias o tornaram um efetivo instrumento de combate a pobreza. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar na Metodologia de Bancos Comunitários fatores que reduzem o problema de informação assimétrica, seleção adversa e do risco moral para aumentar o nível de renda das famílias. O estudo analisa o perfil de todos os membros que estão a mais de dois anos sob a metodologia de Bancos Comunitários. Através de um levantamento bibliográfico e documental com 94 atividades produtivas, onde foi realizada uma análise descritiva e uma regressão das variáveis levantadas pelo método econométrico dos mínimos quadrados. Algumas questões levantadas neste trabalho identificaram que existe uma relação entre a melhoria da renda e a Metodologia de Bancos Comunitários, onde o amadurecimento do processo ajuda a desenvolver as atividades produtivas e melhorar a qualidade de vida da família. Também foi constatado que as mulheres empreendedoras casadas sofrem uma perda na variação da renda em relação aos homens. Com relação ao problema de informação assimétrica, seleção adversa e risco moral que impacta na taxa de juro das Instituições de Microcrédito, encontra-se na estrutura de Bancos Comunitários um instrumento de solução para novas práticas de juros reduzidos. A conclusão deste trabalho é que existe uma relação entre a melhoria da renda das atividades pesquisadas e a Metodologia de Bancos Comunitários, onde o amadurecimento do processo ajuda a desenvolver as atividades produtivas e melhorar a qualidade de vida da família.

Provides a working understanding of the basic principles and issues involved in the formation of a one-bank holding company. The holding company vehicle can offer substantial advantages for bank owners and managers in numerous ways; nevertheless, each situation should be assessed on its own merits to determine whether these advantages will outweigh the costs and disadvantages. If circumstances are favorable, the holding company can become an important instrument in preserving local ownership of a community bank, allowing tax-efficient private control, and expanding operational flexibility. Progressive bank management and legal counsel should take a new look at the opportunities available through use of the holding company to enable the small community bank to prosper in the competitive financial environment of the '80s.