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Context: This paper focuses on a class of galaxies characterised by an extremely low surface brightness: the ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs). We used new integral-field spectroscopic data from the ESO Large Programme Looking into the faintEst WIth MUSE (LEWIS) project. Aims: Our main goals are addressing the formation channels and investigating possible correlations of their observational properties. In particular, we derive their stellar kinematics and dynamical properties. Methods: We extract the 1D stacked spectrum inside the effective radius to obtain an unbiased measure of $\sigma_{\rm eff}$. To derive the spatially-resolved stellar kinematics, we first apply the Voronoi tessellation algorithm to bin the spaxels in the datacube and then follow the same prescription adopted for the 1D case. In addition, we extract the velocity profiles along the galaxy's major and minor axes. Results: We find that 7 out of 18 UDGs in LEWIS show a mild rotation, 5 do not have evidence of any rotation, and the remaining 6 UDGs are unconstrained cases. This is the first large census of velocity profiles for UDGs. On average, UDGs in LEWIS are characterised by low values of $\sigma_{\rm eff}$, comparable with available values from the literature. In the Faber-Jackson relation plane, we found a group of UDGs consistent with the relation within the errorbars, whereas outliers are objects with non-negligible rotation components. UDGs and LSBs in LEWIS have larger dark matter content than dwarf galaxies with similar total luminosity. We do not find clear correlations between the derived properties and the local environment. Conclusions: Based on the stellar kinematics, two classes of UDGs are found in the Hydra I cluster: the rotating and non-rotating systems. This result, combined with other structural properties, can help to discriminate between the several formation scenarios proposed for UDGs., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

In this paper, we analyse the light distribution in the Hydra I cluster of galaxies to explore their low surface brightness features, measure the intra-cluster light, and address the assembly history of the cluster. For this purpose, we used deep wide-field g- and r-band images obtained with the VST as part of the VEGAS project. The VST mosaic covers ~0.4 times the virial radius around the core of the cluster, which enabled us to map the light distribution down to faint surface brightness levels of mu_g ~ 28 mag/arcsec^2. In this region of the cluster, 44 cluster members are brighter than m_B<16 mag, and the region includes more than 300 dwarf galaxies. Similar to the projected distribution of all cluster members (bright galaxies and dwarfs), we find that the bulk of the galaxy light is concentrated in the cluster core, which also emits in the X-rays, and there are two overdensities: in the north (N) and south-east (SE) with respect to the cluster core. We present the analysis of the light distribution of all the bright cluster members. After removing foreground stars and other objects, we measured the diffuse intra-cluster light and compared its distribution with that of the globular clusters and dwarf galaxies in the cluster. We find that most of the diffuse light low surface brightness features, and signs of possible gravitational interaction between galaxies reside in the core and in the group in the N, while ram-pressure stripping is frequently found to affect galaxies within the SE group. All these features confirm that the mass assembly in this cluster is still ongoing. By combining the projected phase-space with these observed properties, we trace the different stages of the assembly history. We also address the main formation channels for the intra-cluster light detected in the cluster, which contributes ~ 12% to the total luminosity of the cluster., Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Looking into the faintEst WIth MUSE (LEWIS) is an ESO large observing programme aimed at obtaining the first homogeneous integral-field spectroscopic survey of 30 extremely low-surface brightness (LSB) galaxies in the Hydra I cluster of galaxies, with MUSE at ESO-VLT. The majority of LSB galaxies in the sample (22 in total) are ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs). The distribution of systemic velocities Vsys ranges between 2317 km/s and 5198 km/s and is centred on the mean velocity of Hydra I (Vsys = 3683 $\pm$ 46 km/s). Considering the mean velocity and the velocity dispersion of the cluster, 17 out of 20 targets are confirmed cluster members. To assess the quality of the data and demonstrate the feasibility of the science goals, we report the preliminary results obtained for one of the sample galaxies, UDG11. For this target, we derived the stellar kinematics, including the 2-dimensional maps of line-of-sight velocity and velocity dispersion, constrained age and metallicity, and studied the globular cluster (GC) population hosted by the UDG. Results are compared with the available measurements for UDGs and dwarf galaxies in literature. By fitting the stacked spectrum inside one effective radius, we find that UDG11 has a velocity dispersion $\sigma = 20 \pm 8$ km/s, it is old ($10\pm1$ Gyr), metal-poor ([M/H]=-1.17$\pm$0.11 dex) and has a total dynamical mass-to-light ratio M$/L_V\sim 14$, comparable to those observed for classical dwarf galaxies. The spatially resolved stellar kinematics maps suggest that UDG11 does not show a significant velocity gradient along either major or minor photometric axes. We find two GCs kinematically associated with UDG11. The estimated total number of GCs in UDG11, corrected for the spectroscopic completeness limit, is $N_{GC}= 5.9^{+2.2}_ {-1.8}$, which corresponds to a GC specific frequency of $S_N = 8.4^{+3.2}_{-2.7}$., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

We study the evolutionary path of the Fornax cluster galaxy NGC$~$1436, which is known to be currently transitioning from a spiral into a lenticular morphology. This galaxy hosts an inner star-forming disc and an outer quiescent disc, and we analyse data from the MeerKAT Fornax Survey, ALMA, and the Fornax3D survey to study the interstellar medium and the stellar populations of both disc components. Thanks to the combination of high resolution and sensitivity of the MeerKAT data, we find that the $\textrm{H}\scriptstyle\mathrm{I}$ is entirely confined within the inner star-forming disc, and that its kinematics is coincident with that of the CO. The cold gas disc is now well settled, which suggests that the galaxy has not been affected by any environmental interactions in the last $\sim1~$Gyr. The star formation history derived from the Fornax3D data shows that both the inner and outer disc experienced a burst of star formation $\sim5$ Gyr ago, followed by rapid quenching in the outer disc and by slow quenching in the inner disc, which continues forming stars to this day. We claim that NGC$~$1436 has begun to effectively interact with the cluster environment 5$~$Gyr ago, when a combination of gravitational and hydrodynamical interactions caused the temporary enhancement of the star-formation rate. Furthermore, due to the weaker gravitational binding $\textrm{H}\scriptstyle\mathrm{I}$ was stripped from the outer disc, causing its rapid quenching. At the same time, accretion of gas onto the inner disc stopped, causing slow quenching in this region., Comment: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), accepted for publication. Data available at the MeerKAT Fornax Survey website https://sites.google.com/inaf.it/meerkatfornaxsurvey

The {\Lambda} cold dark matter ({\Lambda}CDM) paradigm of galaxy formation predicts that dense spheroidal stellar structures invariably grow at early cosmic time. These primordial spheroids evolve toward a virialized dynamical status as they finally become today's elliptical galaxies and large bulges at the center of disk galaxies. However, observations reveal that small bulges in spiral galaxies are common in the nearby universe. The prevailing belief that all small bulges form at later times from internal processes occurring in the disk represents a challenge for the {\Lambda}CDM scenario. Notably, the coevolution of bulges and central supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at early phases of galaxy evolution is also at stake. However, observations have so far not provided conclusive evidence against their possible early origin. Here, we report new observations of small bulges showing that they follow the mass-velocity dispersion relation expected for virialized systems. Contrary to previous claims, small bulges bridge the gap between massive ellipticals and globular clusters. This dynamical picture supports a scenario where systems over seven orders of magnitude in stellar mass form at early cosmic time. These results alleviate the tension between {\Lambda}CDM simulations and observations at galactic scales. We hypothesize that these small bulges are actually the low-mass descendants of compact objects observed at high redshift, also known as red nuggets, which are consistently produced in cosmological {\Lambda}CDM simulations. Therefore, this also suggests that the established coevolution of SMBHs and large bulges naturally extends to spheroids in the low-mass regime., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in ApJL

Empirical stellar spectral libraries have applications in both extragalactic and stellar studies, and they have an advantage over theoretical libraries because they naturally include all relevant chemical species and physical processes. During recent years we see a stream of new high quality sets of spectra, but increasing the spectral resolution and widening the wavelength coverage means resorting to multi-order echelle spectrographs. Assembling the spectra from many pieces results in lower fidelity of their shapes. We aim to offer the community a library of high signal-to-noise spectra with reliable continuum shapes. Furthermore, the using an integral field unit (IFU) alleviates the issue of slit losses. Our library was build with the MUSE (Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) IFU instrument. We obtained spectra over nearly the entire visual band (lambda~4800-9300 Ang). We assembled a library of 35 high-quality MUSE spectra for a subset of the stars from the X-shooter Spectral Library. We verified the continuum shape of these spectra with synthetic broad band colors derived from the spectra. We also report some spectral indices from the Lick system, derived from the new observations. We offer a high-fidelity set of stellar spectra that covers the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. It can be useful for both extragalactic and stellar work and demonstrates that the IFUs are excellent tools for building reliable spectral libraries., Comment: accepted in A&A; 11 pages, 7 figures (some panels are omitted in the figures in the appendix to reduce the file size)

Nuclear star clusters (NSCs) are found in at least 70% of all galaxies, but their formation path is still unclear. In the most common scenarios, NSCs form in-situ from the galaxy's central gas reservoir, through merging of globular clusters (GCs), or through a combination of the two. As the scenarios pose different expectations for angular momentum and stellar population properties of the NSC in comparison to the host galaxy and the GC system, it is necessary to characterise the stellar light, NSC and GCs simultaneously. The large NSC (r$_\rm{eff} = 66$ pc) and rich GC system of the early-type Fornax cluster galaxy FCC47 (NGC1336) render this galaxy an ideal laboratory to constrain NSC formation. Using MUSE science verification data assisted by adaptive optics, we obtained maps for the stellar kinematics and for stellar-population properties of FCC47. We extracted the spectra of the central NSC and determined line-of-sight velocities of 24 GCs and metallicities of five. FCC47 shows two decoupled components (KDCs): a rotating disk and the NSC. Our orbit-based dynamical Schwarzschild model revealed that the NSC is a distinct kinematic feature and it constitutes the peak of metallicity and old ages in the galaxy. The main body consists of two counter-rotating populations and is dominated by a more metal-poor population. The GC system is bimodal with a dominant metal-poor population and the total GC system mass is $\sim 17\%$ of the NSC mass ($\sim$ 7 $\times$ $10^8 M_\odot$). The rotation, high metallicity and high mass of the NSC cannot be uniquely explained by GC-inspiral and most likely requires additional, but quickly quenched, in-situ formation. The presence of two KDCs most probably are evidence of a major merger that has altered the structure of FCC47 significantly, indicating the important role of galaxy mergers in forming the complex kinematics in the galaxy-NSC system., Comment: 21 pages, accepted in A&A

Photometric surveys of galaxy clusters have revealed a large number of ultra compact dwarfs (UCDs) around predominantly massive elliptical galaxies. Their origin is still debated as some UCDs are considered to be the remnant nuclei of stripped dwarf galaxies while others seem to mark the high-mass end of the star cluster population. We aim to characterise the properties of a UCD found at very close projected distance (1.1 kpc) from the centre of the low-mass (M~10^10 M_sun) early-type galaxy FCC47. This is a serendipitous discovery from MUSE adaptive optics science verification data. We explore the potential origin of this UCD as either a massive cluster or the remnant nucleus of a dissolved galaxy. We use archival Hubble Space Telescope data to study the photometric and structural properties of FCC47-UCD1. In the MUSE data, the UCD is unresolved, but we use its spectrum to determine the radial velocity and metallicity. FCC47-UCD1's surface brightness is best described by a single King profile with low concentration C = R_t/R_c ~ 10 and large effective radius (r_e = 24pc). Its integrated magnitude and a blue colour (G = -10.6 mag, g-z = 1.46 mag) combined with with a metallicity of [M/H] = -1.12+-0.10 dex and an age > 8 Gyr obtained from the full fitting of the MUSE spectrum suggests a stellar population mass of M_star = 4.87x10^6 M_sun. The low S/N of the MUSE spectrum prevents detailed stellar population analysis. Due to the limited spectral resolution of MUSE, we can only give an upper limit on the velocity dispersion (sig < 17km/s), and consequently on its dynamical mass (M_dyn < 1.3x10^7 M_sun). The origin of the UCD cannot be constrained with certainty. The low metallicity, old age and magnitude are consistent with a star cluster origin, whereas the extended size is consistent with an origin as the stripped nucleus of a dwarf galaxy with a initial stellar mass of a few 10^8 M_sun., Comment: 18 pages, accepted for publication in A&A

A minimum in stellar velocity dispersion is often observed in the central regions of disc galaxies. To investigate the origin of this feature, known as a {\sigma}-drop, we analyse the stellar kinematics of a high-resolution N-body + smooth particle hydrodynamical simulation, which models the secular evolution of an unbarred disc galaxy. We compared the intrinsic mass-weighted kinematics to the recovered luminosity-weighted ones. The latter were obtained by analysing synthetic spectra produced by a new code, SYNTRA, that generates synthetic spectra by assigning a stellar population synthesis model to each star particle based on its age and metallicity. The kinematics were derived from the synthetic spectra as in real spectra to mimic the kinematic analysis of real galaxies. We found that the recovered luminosity-weighted kinematics in the centre of the simulated galaxy are biased to higher rotation velocities and lower velocity dispersions due to the presence of young stars in a thin and kinematically cool disc, and are ultimately responsible for the {\sigma}-drop., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, published on MNRAS