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Background: In Turkey, pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV) was introduced to the national immunization program as PCV7 in 2008, and was replaced with PCV13 in 2011. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of PCV13 on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage (NPC) by determining the serotype distribution, and to identify risk factors for carriage, in healthy Turkish children., Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 500 healthy children aged 0-13 years between April and November 2014. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were taken, and molecular method for capsular serotyping was performed by multiplex PCR., Results: Of 500 children, 43.4% were unvaccinated with a PCV (7- or 13-valent), 56.6% were vaccinated and The NPC rate was found to be 9.8%. Of 49 positive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, 26 (53%) were PCV13 vaccine strains (VSs), and 17 (34.7%) were non-VS. Six isolates (12.2%) were not typeable by the method applied. The most common serotypes detected were serotype 3 (18.3%), serotype 19F (14.2%), serotype 6A/B (8.1%), serotype 11A (8.1%), and serotype 15B (8.1%). The total coverage rate of the PCV13 serotypes was 60.4%., Conclusion: A significant decrease in carriage rate was detected within three years after the introduction of PCV13 in Turkey. However, the nasopharyngeal carriage of PCV13 strains was found to be interestingly high., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to determine the presence of vancomycin resistance (vanA and vanB) and virulence genes (esp, asa1, gelE, ace, hyl, cylA, cpd and ebpA) in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains and to analyse the clonal relationships among the strains. E. faecium strains were identified from rectal and clinical specimens by biochemical tests and the API-20 Strep kit. Susceptibility testing was performed using disc-diffusion and broth-dilution methods. PFGE was used for molecular typing of the VREfm strains. The vancomycin resistance and virulence genes were amplified by two-step multiplex PCR. All 55 VREfm isolates were resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin and high-level gentamicin but were susceptible to quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid. Multiplex PCR analysis indicated that all isolates harboured vanA and that 41 (75 %) were positive for virulence genes. The esp gene was the most common virulence factor and was detected in nine (41 %) invasive and 32 (96.7 %) non-invasive isolates. Multiple virulence genes were observed only in two non-invasive isolates; one harboured esp and ebpA and the other harboured esp, ebpA, asa1, gelE and cpd. PFGE typing yielded 16 different types, seven of which were clusters with two to 14 strains each. The clustering rates of the rectal swab, blood and urine isolates were 72.7 %, 61.5 % and 87.5 %, respectively. The genetic similarity observed among the VREfm isolates indicated cross-transmission in the hospital. Further studies on the virulence factors present in the strains might provide insight into the acquisition of these traits and their contribution to increased prevalence of VREfm.

The life-threatening illnesses caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae have been declined significantly after the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Continuous monitoring of the vaccine serogroups/types is necessary to follow the changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal diseases. Recently, the sequential multiplex PCR approach, which uses several different sets of reactions, has been commonly adopted for determining capsular serogroups/types of S. pneumoniae isolates. In our study, we focused on development of a one-step multiplex PCR assay detecting all 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A/B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F serogroups/types targeted by PCV13. The content of multiplex PCR mix and the cycling conditions were optimized in a manner that allowed rapid and accurate serotyping of a pneumococcal isolate by performing only a single amplification reaction. In our study of 182 clinical isolates, the one-step multiplex PCR assay exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity, suggesting that its utilization can significantly reduce the use of traditional antiserum method requiring expensive reagents.

Objective: To determine grlA and gyrA mutations in ciprofloxacin- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates and their susceptibility to current antimicrobials, including a newer fluoroquinolone gatifloxacin, glycopeptides vancomycin, teicoplanin and oxazolidinone linezolid., Methods: A total of 56 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were collected during 2003-2006 from inpatients of Süleyman Demirel University Hospital. The isolates were confirmed to be MRSA by the production of coagulase, showing resistance against cefoxitin and having the mecA gene and tested by disk diffusion for susceptibility to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin were measured using the E-test. The quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of isolates were amplified by PCR and mutations in grlA and gyrA genes were identified by direct sequencing., Results: Sequencing data revealed that 96% of our isolates had mutations in both grlA and gyrA genes. Among these, the grlA mutation of Ser-80-Phe or Tyr and the gyrA mutation of Ser-84-Leu were the most dominant ones being detected in 50 (89%) and 40 (71%) isolates, respectively. Although 96% of isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC, >or=32 mg/l), only 54% of ciprofloxacin-resistant MRSA isolates were resistant to gatifloxacin and exhibited lower-level resistance (MIC,

Arrest of DNA replication in Escherichia coli is mediated by specific interactions between the Tus protein and terminator (Ter) sequences. Binding of Tus to a Ter site forms a asymmetric protein-DNA complex that arrests DNA replication in an orientation-dependent fashion. In this study, mutant Ter sites carrying single base pair substitutions at 16 different positions were examined for their ability to bind purified Tus protein and arrest DNA replication. In vitro competition assays demonstrated that base pair substitutions at positions 8-19 had significant effects on the free energy of Tus binding (DeltaDeltaG0 of 1.5 to >4. 0 kcal/mol). Concomitant with loss of binding affinity, mutations at these positions also showed significantly lower or undetectable replication arrest activities in vivo. Substitutions at positions 6, 20, and 21 had moderate effects on Tus-Ter interactions, suggesting that these base pairs contribute to, but are not absolutely critical for, Tus binding. Even though the effects on binding were minimal, these Ter mutants were not as efficient as wild type Tus-TerB complexes at arresting replication forks. Three new potential Ter sites, referred to as TerH, TerI, and TerJ, were identified by searching the E. coli genome for sequence similarity to a consensus Ter site sequence.

Tus, a DNA-binding protein, mediates arrest of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. Tus binds to DNA sequences called Ter sites, located in the terminus region of the chromosome, and forms replication-arrest complexes that block movement of DNA replication forks in a polar fashion. We have analyzed Tus to determine some of its physical parameters and biochemical characteristics. Native Tus had an 8(20,w) of 3.2, a Stokes' radius of 23 A, an axial ratio of 2, and a molar absorption coefficient of 39,700 M-1 cm-1. The data also indicated that Tus existed as a monomeric protein in solution and when complexed with its cognate DNA binding site. Secondary structure estimated from the circular dichroism spectrum suggested that Tus consisted of 40% alpha-helix, 0% beta-sheet, 15% turn, and 45% aperiodic structure. The isoelectric point of native Tus (pH 7.5) was significantly different than that calculated from its amino acid sequence (pH 10.1), possibly because the tertiary structure of Tus perturbs the ionization of several residues. In addition, partial proteolytic digests of free Tus protein did not produce a subfragment of Tus that retained DNA binding activity, but did demonstrate that Tus was resistant to proteolysis when complexed with a Ter site.