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Abstract Cervical cancer remains a significant health challenge in developing countries are high due to low HPV vaccination rates, delayed diagnosis, and restricted healthcare access. Metal nanomaterials, such as copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs), have shown significant promise in cancer therapy due to their ability to induce apoptosis. 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) enhances the cytotoxic effect against cervical cancer, working synergistically with CuO NPs to maximize the therapeutic impact while potentially reducing the 5-Fu's systemic side effects. This study explores the synergistic therapeutic potential of green-synthesized CuO NPs combined with 5-Fu in a gel formulation for targeted anticancer activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. CuO NPs were synthesized using Trichosanthes dioica dried seeds extract and incorporated into a pectin-xanthan gum-based gel. The green-synthesized CuO NPs exhibited a zeta potential of −23.7 mV, a particle size of approximately 26 nm, and spherical morphology. Characterization studies, including FTIR, viscosity, spreadability, pH, and stability assessments, confirmed the gel's suitability for vaginal delivery. In-vitro drug release showed xanthan gum extended the release up to 8 h. The MTT assay revealed PXFCu6 gel's IC50 at 11.82 ± 0.22 μg/mL, significantly more cytotoxic to HeLa cells, being 3.62 times potent than CuO NPs (IC50: 42.8 ± 0.24 μg/mL) and 1.63 times potent than 5-Fu alone (IC50: 19.3 ± 0.49 μg/mL). The antibacterial assay showed no inhibition for the plain gel, but T. dioica-mediated CuO NPs exhibited inhibition of 22.35 ± 4.9 mm. PXFCu6 gel had the more potent inhibition at 52.05 ± 1.37 mm against Escherichia coli growth. The PXFCu6 gel showed better stability at 4 °C, maintaining viscosity, pH, and drug release, unlike 25 °C where a mild degradation occurred. This research highlights the potential of the CuO NPs-5-Fu gel as a novel, effective therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer treatment. Graphical abstract

Abstract Higher usage of copper oxide nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields may cause an increase of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which could have a detrimental ecological effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and UV–VIS spectrophotometer of CuO NPs revealed a typical TEM image and a single crystal structure with average crystallite size of approximately 40 nm also, a sharp absorption band was appeared. Following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10, 15.6 mg/l and LC25, 27.2 mg/l), treated snails revealed a significant decrease (p

Cervical cancer remains a significant health challenge in developing countries are high due to low HPV vaccination rates, delayed diagnosis, and restricted healthcare access. Metal nanomaterials, such as copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs), have shown significant promise in cancer therapy due to their ability to induce apoptosis. 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) enhances the cytotoxic effect against cervical cancer, working synergistically with CuO NPs to maximize the therapeutic impact while potentially reducing the 5-Fu's systemic side effects. This study explores the synergistic therapeutic potential of green-synthesized CuO NPs combined with 5-Fu in a gel formulation for targeted anticancer activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. CuO NPs were synthesized using Trichosanthes dioica dried seeds extract and incorporated into a pectin-xanthan gum-based gel. The green-synthesized CuO NPs exhibited a zeta potential of −23.7 mV, a particle size of approximately 26 nm, and spherical morphology. Characterization studies, including FTIR, viscosity, spreadability, pH, and stability assessments, confirmed the gel's suitability for vaginal delivery. In-vitro drug release showed xanthan gum extended the release up to 8 h. The MTT assay revealed PXFCu6 gel's IC50 at 11.82 ± 0.22 μg/mL, significantly more cytotoxic to HeLa cells, being 3.62 times potent than CuO NPs (IC50: 42.8 ± 0.24 μg/mL) and 1.63 times potent than 5-Fu alone (IC50: 19.3 ± 0.49 μg/mL). The antibacterial assay showed no inhibition for the plain gel, but T. dioica-mediated CuO NPs exhibited inhibition of 22.35 ± 4.9 mm. PXFCu6 gel had the more potent inhibition at 52.05 ± 1.37 mm against Escherichia coli growth. The PXFCu6 gel showed better stability at 4 °C, maintaining viscosity, pH, and drug release, unlike 25 °C where a mild degradation occurred. This research highlights the potential of the CuO NPs-5-Fu gel as a novel, effective therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher usage of copper oxide nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields may cause an increase of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which could have a detrimental ecological effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and UV–VIS spectrophotometer of CuO NPs revealed a typical TEM image and a single crystal structure with average crystallite size of approximately 40 nm also, a sharp absorption band was appeared. Following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10, 15.6 mg/l and LC25, 27.2 mg/l), treated snails revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione contents as well as catalase, and sodium dismutase activities were significantly declined (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Also, histopathological alterations were observed in the digestive gland, including ruptured and vacuolated digestive cells, and a marked increase in the number of secretory cells and the severity of the damage increased with rising concentrations. Furthermore, changes in RAPD profiles were detected in the treated snails. In conclusion, our research highlights the potential ecological impact of CuO NPs release in aquatic ecosystems and advocates for improved monitoring and regulation of CuO NPs industrial usage and disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Manisha Khandelwal,1 Sunita Choudhary,2 Harish,2 Ashok Kumawat,3 Kamakhya Prakash Misra,3 Yogeshwari Vyas,1 Bhavya Singh,4 Devendra Singh Rathore,4 Kanchan Soni,3 Ashima Bagaria,3 Rama Kanwar Khangarot1 1Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India; 2Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India; 3Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India; 4Department of Environmental Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, IndiaCorrespondence: Rama Kanwar Khangarot, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India, Email ramakanwar@mlsu.ac.inBackground: In the current scenario, the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using environmentally benign methods has gained significant attention due to their facile processes, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly nature.Methods: In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using aqueous extract of Coelastrella terrestris algae as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Results: XRD investigation revealed that the biosynthesized CuO NPs were nanocrystalline with high-phase purity and size in the range of 4.26 nm to 28.51 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of secondary metabolites on the surface of the synthesized CuO NPs, with characteristic Cu–O vibrations being identified around 600 cm− 1, 496 cm− 1, and 440 cm− 1. The FE-SEM images predicted that the enhancement of the algal extract amount converted the flattened rice-like structures of CuO NPs into flower petal-like structures. Furthermore, the degradation ability of biosynthesized CuO NPs was investigated against Amido black 10B (AB10B) dye. The results displayed that the optimal degradation efficacy of AB10B dye was 94.19%, obtained at 6 pH, 50 ppm concentration of dye, and 0.05 g dosage of CuO NPs in 90 min with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0296 min− 1. The CuO-1 NPs synthesized through algae exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 22 mm and against P. aeruginosa with a ZOI of 17 mm.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that utilizing Coelastrella terrestris algae for the synthesis of CuO NPs presents a promising solution for addressing environmental contamination. Keywords: green synthesis, CuO NPs, photocatalysis, antibacterial activity, wastewater treatment

Nanoscale agrochemicals have been widely used in sustainable agriculture and may potentially affect the nitrogen fixation process in legume crops. The present study investigated the size-effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on nitrogen assimilation in soybean (G. max (L.) Merrill) plants, which were treated with different sizes (20 and 50 nm) of CuO NPs at low use doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) for 21 days under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that 50 nm CuO NPs significantly increased the fresh biomass more than 20 nm CuO NPs achieved at 10 mg/kg. The activities of N assimilation-associated enzymes and the contents of nitrogenous compounds, including nitrates, proteins, and amino acids, in soybean tissues were greatly increased across all the CuO NP treatments. The use doses of two sizes of CuO NPs had no impact on the Cu contents in shoots and roots but indeed increased the Cu contents in soils in a dose-dependent fashion. Overall, our findings demonstrated that both 20 and 50 nm CuO NPs could positively alter soybean growth and boost N assimilation, furthering our understanding that the application of nanoscale micro-nutrient-related agrochemicals at an optimal size and dose will greatly contribute to increasing the yield and quality of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide was prepared by simple chemical method and deposited on quartz glass and single crystal PSi for solar cell and Photodetector applications by drop casting method. XRD measurements reveal that the film was polycrystalline in nature. The average crystalline size of film was (17.46) nm. In order to investigate the optical characteristics of CuO, researchers took a recording of the transmittance against wavelength. It was determined that the optical energy gap of CuO is equal to 3.5 electron volts. The efficiency of solar cell was (0.27)% and the maximum value of spectral detectivity was 5*10 1 0 (cm Hz 0. 5 W − 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using ayurvedic medicine septilin. The septilin-mediated CuO NPs were characterized using UV–Vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average particle size of CuO NPs was 8 nm as evident from TEM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of CuO NPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans was found in the range of 1–2.5 mg·mL−1. CuO NPs dose-dependently decreased the biofilm formation from 0.0315 to 2 mg·mL−1, at the highest dose of 2 mg·mL−1 of CuO NPs; 92.91%, 79.84%, and 71.57% decrease in biofilm was observed for P. aeruginosa, MRSA, and C. albicans, respectively. Down-regulation of biofilm upon treatment with nanoparticles (NPs) was also observed by SEM analysis. SEM analysis also showed the change in morphological structure, and deformities in bacterial and fungal cells upon treatment of NPs. Furthermore, the anticancer efficacy of NPs was assessed using colon cancer (HCT-116). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay clearly showed the anticancer potential of NPs, as the concentration of CuO NPs increased, the number of viable cells decreased. The produced CuO NPs have promise for future investigations in many biological and therapeutic domains, including the treatment of microbial biofilm infections, as well as the inhibition of cancer cell growth.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on growth performance, muscle development, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory responses of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The three diets were formulated with CuO NPs addition at 0 (without CuO NPs addition, low-Cu group, control), 9 (middle-Cu group), and 15 (high-Cu group) mg kg−1 diet, respectively, and final dietary levels for three diets were 2.07 (low-Cu group: served as a control group), 9.19 (middle-Cu group), and 13.96 mg kg−1 (high-Cu group), respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to three replicate groups of 60 fish. The feeding experiment continued for 12 weeks. Among three dietary groups, yellow catfish juveniles fed a middle Cu diet possessed the highest growth performance, and the lowest feed utilization (P0.05). The Cu content in muscle tissue increased with increasing dietary Cu levels. CuO NPs fortification in the diets influenced mRNA of genes involved in endocytosis and metal ion transpor (P

The use of agricultural and biomass waste to treat pollutants is a fruitful sector as it resolves a major problem by a low-cost and eco-friendly source. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of Pomegranate (P. granatum) peel extract and Copper Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs), evaluating their efficacy against various bacterial strains. The P. granatum extract displayed notable bactericidal activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). CuO NPs induced reactive oxygen species, disrupting bacterial mechanisms and altering cellular morphology. Even at lower concentrations, both agents exhibited efficiency comparable to a higher concentration of the pharmaceutical standard (Ciprofloxacin 250 mg/10 ml, 2.5 %). These findings align with previous research, underscoring the antimicrobial properties of P. granatum and the potential of CuO NPs as alternative agents. The study highlights the significance of the ongoing quest for effective and sustainable antimicrobial solutions.

Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized by a simple one-pot synthesis process using leaf extract from Moringa oleifera. A range of analytical methods were utilized to examine the physicochemical characteristics of CuO NPs in their prepared state. The existence of CuO nanoparticles is strongly suggested by the finding of a maximal absorption peak at 293 nm, which was then used to calculate the band gap energy (3.82 eV). The produced CuO NPs had a d-spacing value of 0.215 nm and an assessed crystalline size of approximately 21 nm, indicating good crystallinity. The EDAX spectrum confirms that the produced CuO NPs have a clearly aggregated structure and remarkable elemental purity. These data compellingly demonstrate the effectiveness of our preparatory strategy. Additionally, MCF7 and A549 breast and lung cancer cells were used to test the produced CuO NPs' potential for in vitro anticancer activities. These results demonstrated that different concentrations of CuO nanoparticles exhibited significant and proportionate toxicity toward the evaluated cell lines, underscoring its potential as an effective cancer-fighting strategy. Additionally, under UV light, the as-prepared CuO NPs were used to break down the dyes malachite green (MG) and titan yellow (TY). According to the present results, there was a discernible degree of degradation of 84.7 % and 79.03 % for MG and TY, respectively in basic medium at the 140th and 110th minute. The alignment of first order and 0th order kinetics for MG and TY dyes, respectively, was confirmed when the obtained data were later further examined for the reaction kinetic studies. In addition to being a powerful tool for developing novel treatments for lung and breast cancer, the produced CuO NPs can also be used to break down dangerous cationic and anionic dyes.

CuO nanoparticles were made quickly from natural macromolecules using the combustion process, and their structural, morphological, thermal, and particle stability properties were examined. All samples were monoclinic polycrystalline by XRD. Tea extract, wine, honey, and cow urine-assisted nanoparticles had crystallite sizes of 25.82, 26.18, 27.69, and 25.32 nm, respectively, according to the WH plot. FESEM and EDAX analysis verifies leaf, pollen grain, disc, and rice-like morphologies and stoichiometric products. Crystallite size correlates with TEM mean particle size. The parameters of the XRD pattern, which was matched with the standard data, reveal the presence of a pure monoclinic CuO phase with only substantial vibrations at 430 cm-1 to 603 cm-1. Thermal investigations (TG-DTA) demonstrate that particles are stable at 896°C-960°C before sublimating. Tea extract, wine, honey, and cow urine have been shown to affect CuO weight reduction. Anti-microbial study of the organic fueled CuO was made with Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) bacteria, also Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger fungi. It is found that CuO nanoparticles effectively inhibit fungal growth more than bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe the environmentally friendly synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) and its subsequent characterization for use in supercapacitors. Using extracts from dried, finely ground Moringa Oleifera as the reducing/capping agent, we created the CuO NP. The produced NPs were then examined using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical analysis techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) review were utilized to look at the electrochemical behavior of CuO-based electrodes. The analysis that followed determined that the green synthesize CuO NPs displayed supercapacitive behavior. This suggests that the synthesized CuO NPs will naturally encourage application as supercapacitive electrodes because it has been found that NPs absorbance varies linearly with NPs concentration, the 0.6 moles of CuO NPs produced the highest absorbance reading of 0.35 at 398 nm. The reflection spectra demonstrate that the material exhibits low reflectance properties in the medium ultraviolet region. However, as the spectra move toward the visible light region, the reflectance rises to its maximum value of 16 percent in the short ultraviolet region. The calculated crystallite sizes are as follows: 0.2 mols CuO NP, 0.3 mols CuO NP, 0.4 mols CuO NP, 0.5 mols CuO NP, and 0.6 mols CuO NP at 43.14 nm, 43.68 nm, 24.23 nm, 5.70 nm, and 12.87 nm, respectively, where Average D = 25.93 nm is the average crystalline size across all samples. the emergence of cubic grains that resemble nanorods with tube-like holes, SEM images demonstrate that CuO NPs can be distinguished from one another as seen in 0.2 mole CuO NPs.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were produced through an environmentally friendly green synthesis. The characteristics of these green synthesized CuO NPs, including their structural, optical, morphological, and electrochemical properties, were examined using various characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the CuO NPs have a monoclinic structure with a C2/c space group. Electrochemical detection of glucose was carried out using cyclic voltammetry. The green synthesized CuO NPs exhibited excellent catalytic properties for both electrochemical sensing and photocatalysis. Significantly, these CuO NPs exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity in glucose detection, with a sensitivity of 370 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 1.0 μM. Furthermore, the CuO NPs demonstrated a substantial 84 % degradation of dyes within 150 min. These results underscore the potential of the green synthesized CuO NPs as a promising material for applications in both sensing and dye degradation.

CuO nanoparticles are synthesized from Ferulago angulate leaf extract under different pH values. The structural, morphological, as well as optical properties of the green synthesized CuO NPs are studied. Besides, the functional groups in the Ferulago angulate stabilizer capping the copper nanoparticles were examined using FTIR spectra. The primary factor that led to the first confirmation of CuO NP production was the reaction mixture's color change. A phytochemical test revealed the presence of proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. FTIR spectrum shows a peak at 532.35 cm-1, this may be attributed to CuO's vibrations confirming the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD analysis shows the presence of crystalline monoclinic cupric oxide (CuO). The morphological study (FESEM) shows different morphology (different shapes and sizes) under different pH values. EDS data shows the Orichness of the prepared CuO NPs extracted from Ferulago angulate [Schltdl.] BOISS leaf extract shows pure CuO phases. In this investigation, fabricated CuO's estimated energy band gap values were higher than those of bulk CuO. Results show Eg increment with increasing pH values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO nanoparticles are synthesized from Ferulago angulate leaf extract under different pH values. The structural, morphological, as well as optical properties of the green synthesized CuO NPs are studied. Besides, the functional groups in the Ferulago angulate stabilizer capping the copper nanoparticles were examined using FTIR spectra. The primary factor that led to the first confirmation of CuO NP production was the reaction mixture's color change. A phytochemical test revealed the presence of proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. FTIR spectrum shows a peak at 532.35 cm-1, this may be attributed to CuO's vibrations confirming the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD analysis shows the presence of crystalline monoclinic cupric oxide (CuO). The morphological study (FESEM) shows different morphology (different shapes and sizes) under different pH values. EDS data shows the O-richness of the prepared CuO NPs extracted from Ferulago angulate [ Schltdl.] BOISS leaf extract shows pure CuO phases. In this investigation, fabricated CuO's estimated energy band gap values were higher than those of bulk CuO. Results show Eg increment with increasing pH values.

A polymeric nanocomposite film, composed of PMMA/PVDF and different amounts of CuO NPs, was successfully prepared using the casting method to enhance its electrical conductivity. Various techniques were employed to investigate their physicochemical properties. The addition of CuO NPs causes a noticeable difference in the intensities and locations of vibrational peaks in all bands, confirming the incorporation of CuO NPs inside the PVDF/PMMA. In addition, the broadening of the peak at 2θ = 20.6° becomes more intense with increasing amounts of CuO NPs, confirming the increase in the amorphous characteristic of PMMA/PVDF incorporated with CuO NPs in comparison with PMMA/PVDF. Furthermore, the image of the polymeric structure exhibits a smoother shape and interconnection of pore structure associated with spherical particles that agglomerate and give rise to a web-like organization that becomes a matrix. Increasing surface roughness is responsible for an increasing surface area. Moreover, the addition of CuO NPs in the PMMA/PVDF leads to a decrease in the energy band gap, and further increasing the additional amounts of CuO NPs causes the generation of localized states between the valence and conduction bands. Furthermore, the dielectric investigation shows an increase in the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electric conductivity, which may be an indication of an increase in the degree of disorder that confines the movement of charge carriers and demonstrates the creation of an interconnected percolating chain, enhancing its conductivity values compared with that without the incorporation of a matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Physics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a major, but generally overlooked, tropical disease carried by snails of the genus Biomphalaria, which have a large distribution in Egypt. Control of the intermediate host snail is critical in limiting schistosomiasis spread. On the topic of snails’ management, nanotechnology has gained more interest. Results Copper oxide nanoparticles, characterised by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, showed a single crystal structure with an average crystallite size around 40 nm by X-ray diffraction and typical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image. Also, the UV–VIS spectrophotometer displayed a sharp absorption band of CuO NPs. Molluscicidal activity of copper oxide nanoparticles against B. alexandrina snails was observed. Following exposure to CuO NPs (LC50 and LC90 was 40 and 64.3 mg/l, respectively), there was a reduction in the growth and reproductive rates of treated B. alexandrina at the sub-lethal concentrations, as well as, a drop in egg viability. Moreover, CuO NPs exhibited a toxic effect on miracidiae and cercariae of S. mansoni. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations of the head-foot and mantle of control and treated snails to the sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10 15.6 mg\l–LC25 27.18 mg\l) indicated morphological alterations in the ultrastructure. Conclusions CuO NPs caused a significant effect against the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni and provide a considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous resources as snail molluscicidal agents.

A simple physical technique was used in this study to create stable and cost-effective copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles from pure copper metal using the pulsed laser ablation technique. The synthesis of crystalline CuO nanoparticles was confirmed by various analytical techniques such as particle concentration measurement using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystal size and identify of the crystal structure of the prepared particles. The main characteristic diffraction peaks of the three samples were consistent. The corresponding 2θ is also consistent, and the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was also investigated. After 24 hours of exposure, the percentage of cytotoxicity was calculated. The maximum toxicity of Hep-G2 was 37.81% at the maximum concentration of (500) µg mL-1 after 24 hours of exposure. Also, the maximum toxicity of the normal cell line was 27.85% at a maximum concentration of (500) µg mL-1.

Nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−) are frequently used in cured meat products as preservatives, as they give a better taste and work well in color fixation. As a key possible carcinogen, excessive dietary consumption of NO2− in cured meat products would be bad for health. Herein, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using the drug Augmentin as a reducing and capping agent. The desired synthesis of CuO NPs was confirmed by various characterization techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The new approach of drug-mediated acetic acid-capped CuO NPs was developed for simple colorimetric detection of nitrite ions in a mimic solution of processed food. The color of the detection system changes from brown to yellow with the increase in the concentration of NO2− and has been observed with the naked eye. The selectivity of the NO2− detection system by the UV–visible spectrum and the naked eye is compared to other ions, such as Br−, I−, Cl−1, PO4−3, CO32−, and SO42−. The platform was successfully employed for the determination of nitrite in real samples. Moreover, this probe can be used for the sensitive detection of NO2− with a linear range of 1 × 10−8 to 2.40 × 10−6 M, a detection limit of 2.69 × 10−7 M, a limit of quantification 8.9 × 10−7 M, and a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.997. Our results suggest that this sensor can be used for on-site analysis and quantification as well as in the fields of disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety.

Due to exceptional properties, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are now being applied in diverse fields such as agriculture, cosmetics, food industry, and medicine. There is enough scientific evidence that CuO NPs are toxic to living organisms. However, no effective method is available to mitigate the health hazard of the CuO NPs. This study aimed to investigate the possible cytoprotective mechanism of protocatechuic acid (PCA) from the toxicity of CuO NPs in human liver HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. CuO NPs were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy characterization data confirmed the formation of spherical and crystalline CuO NPs with smooth surface morphology. On the basis of preliminary results, cells are divided into four groups; (i) control group, (ii) PCA group (10 µg/mL, a non-cytotoxic dose), (iii) CuO NPs group (IC50), and (iv) co-exposure group (PCA + CuO NPs). Results show that pre-treatment with PCA significantly abrogates the CuO NPs-induced cytotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in both types of cells. CuO NPs-induced reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde levels are remarkably mitigated by the PCA pre-treatment. The depletion in glutathione and several antioxidant enzymes (e.g. glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) because of the CuO NPs exposure is effectively restored by PCA. Caspase-3 gene up-regulation and mitochondrial membrane potential depletion due to CuO NPs exposure are also alleviated by the pre-treatment using PCA. Therefore, this first study reports the mitigating potential of PCA against CuO NPs toxicity in liver cells by restoring the antioxidant defense system and quashing the apoptosis.

Plant growth regulators tagged on metallic oxide nanoparticles (NPs) may function as nanofertilizers with reduced toxicity of NPs. CuO NPs were synthesized to function as nanocarriers of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed 30.4 nm size of NPs and sheet-like structure, respectively, of CuO-IAA NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed CuO-IAA formation. IAA-decorated CuO NPs enhanced the physiological parameters of Chickpea plants, i.e., root length, shoot length, and biomass compared to naked CuO NPs. The variation in physiological response was due to change of phytochemical contents in plants. Phenolic content increased up to 17.98 and 18.13 µgGAE/mg DW at 20 and 40 mg/L of CuO-IAA NPs, respectively. However, significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes' activity was recorded compared to control. Presence of CuO-IAA NPs increased the reducing potential of plants at higher concentration of NPs, while decrease in total antioxidant response was observed. This study concludes that IAA conjugation to CuO NPs reduces toxicity of NPs. Furthermore, NPs can be explored as nanocarriers for plant modulators and slow release in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Versatile nature of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) has made them an imperative nanomaterial being employed in nanomedicine. Various physical, chemical, and biological methodologies are in use for the preparation of CuO NPs. The physicochemical and biological properties of CuO NPs are primarily affected by their method of fabrication; therefore, selectivity of a synthetic technique is immensely important that makes these NPs appropriate for a specific biomedical application. The deliberate use of CuO NPs in biomedicine questions their biocompatible nature. For this reason, the present review has been designed to focus on the approaches employed for the synthesis of CuO NPs; their biomedical applications highlighting antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant studies; and most importantly, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity associated with these NPs. This comprehensive overview of CuO NPs is unique and novel as it emphasizes on biomedical applications of CuO NPs along with its toxicological assessments which would be useful in providing core knowledge to researchers working in these domains for planning and conducting futuristic studies. Key Points: • The recent methods for fabrication of CuO nanoparticles have been discussed with emphasis on green synthesis methods for different biomedical approaches. • Antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties of CuO nanoparticles have been explained. • In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of CuO nanoparticles exploited along with their respective mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of copper oxide were synthesized from the Spirodela polyrrhiza (greater duckweed) plant. Ultraviolet spectroscopy absorbance of around 400 nm was used for nanoparticle characterization. The presence of copper and oxygen in the biogenic nanoparticles was analyzed by the EDX technique. Based on scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) results, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are evenly distributed and spherical, and their sizes are in the 100 nm range. The synthesized nanoparticles of copper oxide were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and nematicidal effectiveness against plants pest and pathogens. Antifungal and nematicidal activity against pests and plant pathogens was observed, with fungal mycelium reduced by 45–50% and eggs hatching. The findings suggest that plant-based copper oxide nanoparticles could be a potential source of plant pathogen inhibition. From this study, we concluded that synthesized CuO NPs have the potential to serve as a safer alternative for plant disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to biofabricate copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract. The biofabricated CuO NPs were treated against the malarial parasite of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (INDO) and the antilarval efficacy was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and dengue vector Aedes aegypti. The prominence at 285 nm in the UV–visible spectrum helped to identify the produced CuO NPs. Based on the XRD patterns, the concentric rings correspond to reflections at 38.26° (111), 44.11° (200), 64.58° (220), and 77.34° (311). These separations are indicative of CuO's face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The synthesized CuO NPs have FTIR spectra with band intensities of 3427, 2925, 1629, 1387, 1096, and 600 cm−1. The absorbance band at 3427 cm−1 is known to be associated with the stretching O-H due to the alcoholic group. FTIR proved that the presence of the -OH group is responsible for reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized CuO NPs were found to be polymorphic (oval, elongated, and roughly spherical) in form with a size range of 11–47 nm and an average size of 16 nm when the morphology was examined using FESEM and HRTEM. The highest antiplasmodial efficacy against the chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum (INDO) was found in the synthesized CuO NPs, with LC50 values of 19.82 µg/mL, whilst HEK293 cells are the least toxic, with a CC50 value of 265.85 µg/mL, leading to a selectivity index of 13.41. However, the antiplasmodial activity of T. cordifolia leaf extract (TCLE) and copper sulfate (CS) solution showed moderate activity, with LC50 values of 52.24 and 63.88 µg/mL, respectively. The green synthesized NPs demonstrated extremely high antilarval efficacy against the larvae of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, with LC50 values of 4.06 and 3.69 mg/L, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, copper oxide nanoparticles have been fabricated by using a biological method. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have received more attention than other metal oxides due to their distinctive properties and applications. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has gained the attention of researchers because of its simple and ecologically sustainable approach. The biosynthesis of CuO NPs included the use of Passiflora edulis leaf extract that acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent. A non-toxic, cost-effective, and ecologically acceptable method was the use of plant leaf extract in the biogenesis of nanoscale materials. UV-vis, SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques were used to examine the biologically produced copper oxide nanoparticles. The findings of the SEM examination, which gives morphological information, demonstrate that the synthesized NPs have a spherical shape and have an average particle size of between 60 and 65 nm. CuO has been further investigated in the current study as a photo-catalyst in the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation and as an antioxidant in free radical scavenging activities. The decolorization efficiency was approximately 93% after 160 min. Furthermore, CuO nanoparticles were tested for antioxidant performance by scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free radicals (DPPH) and evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The result showed that biologically synthesized CuO NPs can be used as an effective antioxidant. The half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 of copper oxide nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 0.13–0.20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were prepared via a chemical precipitation method using the precursor of copper (II) nitrate trihydrate. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that the CuO NPs were a monoclinic crystal structure. The energy band gap of CuO NPs was found to be about 1.76 eV. The obtained CuO NPs were used as a photo catalyst to decolorize various dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), acid yellow 23 (AY 23) and reactive black 5 (RB 5), with a low concentration in the presence of visible light. The results show that the highest decolorization achieved was 67.8% and 66.3% for RB-5 dye and AY-23 dye, while 43.5% for MB dye from aqueous solution at 5 h illumination. The obtained CuO NPs were used as a photo catalyst to decolorize various dyes, RB-5, AY-23 and MB dye obeys pseudo first order kinetics with values of −0.112, −0.174 and −0.201 h−1, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS Chemically prepared Cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were used as efficient photo catalyst for degrading Azo dyes.; The energy band gap of CuO NPs was found to be about 1.76 eV.; Azo dyes like RB-5, AY-23 and MB obey pseudo first order kinetics.; The photocatalysis results show that the highest degradation achieved was 67.8% and 66.3% for RB-5 dye and AY-23 dye, while 43.5% for MB dye from aqueous solution at 5 h illumination.; The enhanced photo catalytic degradation of Azo dye can be explained in terms of ion charge and molecular weight.; Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of RB5 and MB with reported literature data.;

In this research article we have demonstrated the sustainable green synthesis of a novel starch templated CuO NP following a clean and non-hazardous pathway. Ultrasonic irradiation was used to promote the reaction in alkaline medium. The numerous hydroxyl groups present in starch was exploited in the green reduction of immobilized copper ions in situ. They also helped to stabilize the as synthesized Cu NPs by encapsulation or capping. The morphology and physicochemical characteristics were ascertained over an array of analytical techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Elemental Mapping, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Biologically, the nanocomposite exhibited excellent cytotoxicity against human renal cell carcinoma (RCC-GH, CaKi-2 and HEK293) cell lines without affecting the normal (HUVEC) cell line. IC50 values of the nanocomposite were found at 139, 208and 125 against RCC-GH, CaKi-2 and HEK293 cell lines respectively and accordingly, HEK293 afforded the best adenocarcinoma activity.

Nanomaterials (NPs) and antibiotics, as two emergent pollutants, forms a complex contamination through their interaction, potentially causing adverse effects on the organism. This study systematically examined the influence of two NPs (CuO NPs and carbon nanotubes, CNTs) on the photodegradation behavior of tetracycline (TC) and their combined toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that CuO NPs significantly accelerated TC photodegradation compared to CNTs, increasing the TC photodegradation rate constant by187.6%. Electron spin resonance (ESR) indicated that under the coexistence of CuO NPs or CNTs, 1O 2 、O 2 •- and •OH were the main active species promoting TC photodegradation. Probe and quenching experiments confirmed the predominant role of O 2 •- and 1O 2 in the presence of CuO NPs and CNTs. Additionally, three possible TC photodegradation pathways were proposed for the coexistence of CuO NPs and CNTs. In the Chlorella vulgaris growth inhibition experiment, the combined toxicity of CuO NPs or CNTs and TC was higher than that of individual substance, indicating significant synergistic effects, especially with the combination of CNTs and TC. This study provides a new perspective on accurately assessing the environmental behaviors and risks when NPs and antibiotics coexist. [Display omitted] • CuO NPs obviously accelerated the photodegradation of TC than CNTs. • O 2.•- and 1O 2 were the main active species in the CuO NPs and CNT coexistence system. • Toxicity of TC degradation products was lower in CuO NPs coexistence system. • CuO NPs or CNTs combined with TC cause graver toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris. • The toxicity mechanism of CuO NPs and CNTs with TC showed synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, morphology, and optical properties of a new hybrid structure prepared from CuO nanoparticles embedded in a Fe2O3–PVA composite matrix were investigated in this work. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption and transmission spectra, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were all used to analyze the prepared materials. Crystallography information revealed the presence of CuO that did not affect the crystal structure of PVA–Fe2O3. The prepared composites revealed strong absorption in the range of 440–570 nm. It was observed that the highest absorption of these composites gradually shifted to the shorter wavelength region with the presence of CuO. PVA–Fe2O3 is highly transparent, with a transmittance of around 85% in the range of 600–800 nm. After the addition of 5% by weight of CuO nanoparticles, the transmittance of the nanocomposite drops to 75% in the same range of wavelength. The prepared materials were used as anti-cancer cells, and they showed high efficacy to kill tumor cells, especially PVA–Fe2O3–CuO at concentration 0.5 μ g/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles using fungal cultures is a promising and novel tool in nano-biotechnology. The potential culture of Trichoderma asperellum (T. asperellum) has been used to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in the current study. The necrotrophic infection in Brassica species is caused due to a foliar pathogen Alternaria brassicae (A. brassicae). Mycogenic copper oxide nanoparticles (M-CuO NPs) were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal potential of CuO NPs was studied against A. brassicae. M-CuO NPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 303 nm, and XRD confirmed the crystalline phase of NPs. FTIR spectra confirmed the stretching of amide bonds, and the carbonyl bond indicated the presence of enzymes in T. asperellum filtrate. SEM and TEM confirmed the spherical shape of M-CuO NPs with an average size of 22 nm. Significant antifungal potential of M-CuO NPs was recorded, as it inhibited the growth of A. brassicae up to 92.9% and 80.3% in supplemented media with C-CuO NPs at 200 ppm dose. Mancozeb and propiconazole inhibited the radial growth up to 38.7% and 44.2%. SEM confirmed the morphological changes in hyphae and affected the sporulation pattern. TEM revealed hardly recognizable organelles, abnormal cytoplasmic distribution, and increased vacuolization, and light microscopy confirmed the conidia with reduced diameter and fewer septa after treatment with both types of NPs. Thus, M-CuO NPs served as a promising alternative to fungicides.

CuO NPs is being applied for various applications including catalyst, electronics, cosmetics, and biomedicines due to its exceptional physicochemical properties. Physical and chemical routes for CuO NPs synthesis raised the concern of environmental hazard due to use of high energy, high temperature, and toxic chemicals. Conversely, green procedure is considered as an inexpensive and eco-friendly approach. To compare in vitro bioactivities and in vivo toxicity, CuO NPs was synthesized by two different methods; green and chemical routes. Leaf extract of a medicinal plant (Salacia reticulate) was used as a reducing and capping agent for green synthesis of CuO NPs. Sodium hydroxide was applied for chemical route of CuO NPs preparation. The in vivo toxicity of both CuO NPs (green and chemical) was examined in zebrafish (Dania rerio) embryos. Several in vitro biological activities e.g. antibacterial, cytotoxicity (in human cells), antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of both CuO NPs (green and chemical) was also assessed. Prepared CuO NPs (green and chemical) was characterized by SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Several biomarkers such as hatching rate, malformation, and mortality rate of zebrafish embryos showed that green prepared CuO NPs exerted much lesser toxicity as compared to chemically synthesized CuO NPs. Antibacterial activity of green CuO NPs against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria was higher than chemical CuO NPs. Cytotoxicity results showed that human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were more sensitive to green CuO NPs than chemical CuO NPs. Furthermore, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of green CuO NPs was greater than those of chemically prepared CuO NPs. This work revealed that in vitro bioactivities of green synthesized CuO NPs was better than chemically synthesized CuO NPs. Green CuO NPs also displayed higher biocompatibility towards zebrafish than chemical CuO NPs. This work highlights the importance eco-friendly green synthesis of CuO NPs for biomedical applications.

The hot aqueous extract of E. camaldensis leaves as a degradable agent and copper nitrate as a copper source with cold plasma was used in this work to present an easy and green technique for copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesis. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) were all used to determine the production of copper oxide nanoparticles (SEM). The energy gap was 4.9 eV, and the average crystalline size of CuO NPs evaluated using the Scherrer equation was 15.06 nm, according to the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). CuO NPs had a grain size of 70.63 nanometers, according to AFM morphology study. Finally, the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A successful electrochemical study of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) polymer (SPEEK), and sulfonated polyether ether ketone-copper oxide (SPEEK/CuO) nanocomposite on bare gold electrodes was conducted. The synthesized CuO NPs and SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD showed that the diameter of the CuO NPs synthesized was 20.44 nm. The cyclic voltammetry properties of bare screen-print gold, SPEEK and SPEEK/CuO-modified electrodes were assessed in a 5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] solution. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes investigated revealed that CuO NPs improved the electrochemical properties of SPEEK, and the quantum size effect indicated good adsorption by the SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite compared to the SPEEK polymer and the CuO NPs alone. Moreover, the Tafel values indicated the enhanced electrochemical performance of the other electrodes as compared with the SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite. This, therefore, confirmed the successful incorporation of CuO NPs into the SPEEK polymer, as the increased surface area and the interactions between the polymer matrix and CuO fillers improved the electrochemical performance of the electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polymeric nanocomposite film, composed of PMMA/PVDF and different amounts of CuO NPs, was successfully prepared using the casting method to enhance its electrical conductivity. Various techniques were employed to investigate their physicochemical properties. The addition of CuO NPs causes a noticeable difference in the intensities and locations of vibrational peaks in all bands, confirming the incorporation of CuO NPs inside the PVDF/PMMA. In addition, the broadening of the peak at 2θ = 20.6° becomes more intense with increasing amounts of CuO NPs, confirming the increase in the amorphous characteristic of PMMA/PVDF incorporated with CuO NPs in comparison with PMMA/PVDF. Furthermore, the image of the polymeric structure exhibits a smoother shape and interconnection of pore structure associated with spherical particles that agglomerate and give rise to a web-like organization that becomes a matrix. Increasing surface roughness is responsible for an increasing surface area. Moreover, the addition of CuO NPs in the PMMA/PVDF leads to a decrease in the energy band gap, and further increasing the additional amounts of CuO NPs causes the generation of localized states between the valence and conduction bands. Furthermore, the dielectric investigation shows an increase in the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electric conductivity, which may be an indication of an increase in the degree of disorder that confines the movement of charge carriers and demonstrates the creation of an interconnected percolating chain, enhancing its conductivity values compared with that without the incorporation of a matrix.

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The optical properties of various nanomaterials make them quite interesting and play a vital role in the fabrication of devices used in the optoelectronic and photonic fields. The research community around the world is curios to understand the physical phenomena behind such nanomaterials. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a sonochemical method and their detailed optical properties analyzed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The normal dispersion of the refractive index of the CuO NPs was illustrated by the Wemple–DiDomenico single-oscillator method to yield the oscillator strength, static refractive index, dispersion energy (Ed), energy of effective dispersion oscillator (Eo), carrier concentration, and N/m* values. In addition, nonlinear optical parameters such as the refractive index, third-order nonlinear susceptibility, and optical polarization were also estimated. The nonlinear optical performance of the CuO NPs was simulated by using optiFDTD software, and the acceptance angle, spectral bandwidth, and nonlinear output power obtained. The findings could be used in optoelectronic device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of medicinal plant, Vernonia amygdalina Del. mediated green copper oxide nanoparticles (VeA-CuO NPs). The presence of two absorbance maxima, λmax 1 and λmax 2 at 436 nm and 452 nm, respectively confirms a mixture of biomolecules surface amalgamated CuO NPs with different morphological features. The FT-IR spectra of the plant leaf extract and VeA-CuO confirmed the efficient role of biomolecules as capping and stabilising agents. The XRD patterns of NPs approved high crystallinity of CuO. The purity of the NPs was corroborated by SEM-EDAX analysis. The average particle size of the NPs was found to be 19.68 nm. In addition, the combined TEM, HRTEM and SAED analysis substantiated the presence of CuO with a d-spacing value of 0.2854 nm, which conformed to CuO (111). The antibacterial assay revealed that VeA-CuO NPs were synergistic in their influence versus bacterial strains, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and E. aerogenes. The uppermost zone of inhibition of 15 mm was observed for E. aerogenes. The bioactive compounds capped around the CuO NPs served the effective role in disrupting the cell wall of bacterial strains. The degradation efficiencies for Indigo carmine (IC) and Malachite green (MG) dyes by NPs were found to be 95% and 91%, respectively. The lowest degradation half-life was recorded to be 16.55 min for MG dye. In addition, the better electrode stability revealed by CV and EIS studies, confirms the multi-functional nature of VeA-CuO NPs, these CuO NPs exhibited multifunctional applications.

Abstract Recently, the wide application of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) in engineering field inevitably leads to its release into various geologic settings, which has aroused great concern about the geochemical behaviors of CuO NPs due to its high surface reactivity and impact on the fate of co-existing contaminants. However, the redox transformation of pollutants mediated by CuO NPs and the underlying mechanism still remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the interaction of CuO NPs with As(III), and explored the reaction pathways using batch experiments and multiple spectroscopic techniques. The results of in situ quick scanning X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Q-XAS) analysis verified that CuO NPs is capable of catalytically oxidize As(III) under dark conditions efficiently at a wide range of pHs. As(III) was firstly adsorbed on CuO NPs surface and then gradually oxidized to As(V) with dissolved O2 as the terminal electron acceptor. As(III) adsorption increased to the maximum at a pH close to PZC of CuO NPs (~ pH 9.2), and then sharply decreased with increasing pH, while the oxidation capacity monotonically increased with pH. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance characterization of samples from batch experiments indicated that two pathways may be involved in As(III) catalytic oxidation: (1) direct electron transfer from As(III) to Cu(II), followed by concomitant re-oxidation of the produced Cu(I) by dissolved O2 back to Cu(II) on CuO NPs surface, and (2) As(III) oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from the above Cu(I) oxygenation process. These observations facilitate a better understanding of the surface catalytic property of CuO NPs and its interaction with As(III) and other elements with variable valence in geochemical environments.

The eco-friendly bio-mediated synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures is found to be gaining research attention towards various applications. In this manuscript, Aerva lanata (A. lanata)-mediated bio-treated production of copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs) were achieved. Also, BBD–RSM method is being used for the optimization of synthesized CuO NPs. Further, the bio-treated CuO NPs were well studied by various characterizations, such as UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM with EDAX, BET, and TEM analysis. The answers have been found to infer that the synthesized bio-mediated CuO NPs with high crystallinity were in the spherical form ranging from 10 to 50 nm. Further, the synthesized bio-mediated CuO NPs is found to act as an excellent larvicidal agent against A. ageypti which results in significant activity against dengue vector at higher concentration of 200 ppm of 95% of mortality rate. Overall, the proposed synthesis route of CuO NPs can be utilized by pharmaceutical industry to develop effective drugs against microbial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of green nanotechnology has attracted significant attention of researchers towards the eco-friendly green synthesis of nanoparticles. The present study reports a green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Cinnamomum malabatrum in appropriate conditions. It is observed that the leaf extract can act as reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize CuO NPs. The synthesized NPs are characterized using XRD. The XRD pattern clearly suggests the crystalline nature and monoclinic structure of the synthesized composition. The average crystalline size is calculated using Debye-Scherrer relation and it was found to be 17nm. The FT-IR analysis is carried out in order to investigate the biomolecules present in the synthesized CuO NPs. The presence of CuO NPS is confirmed with EDX. The TEM and SEM images reveal the spherical shape of the NPs and the size of the NPs calculated is consistent with XRD results. The antibacterial activity of these NPs is tested against four human pathogenic bacteria both Gram-positive (S.aureus) and Gram-negative (E.coli, P.aeruginosa, and P.mirabilis). The synthesized CuO NPs show significant antibacterial activity against all the four bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized by the Pechini sol-gel approach. The effect of three fundamental synthesis parameters on the size, morphology, structural, and optical properties of the prepared products was systematically investigated. The prepared powders were evaluated by XRD, FTIR, DSC/TG, FE-SEM, TEM, and EDS analyses. Based on these experiments, the monoclinic phase structure of highly pure CuO NPs with space group C2/c was characterized. A wide range of crystallite size from 19.1 nm to 45.7 nm were obtained via diverse compositions and calcination temperatures. The preferred orientation (Texture) was found to be altered from (311) to (020). Structural quantities were calculated by Rietveld analysis. Microstructural observations demonstrated that the different morphologies of the CuO NPs (spherical, semi-spherical, and plate-like decorated by semi-spherical NPs) can be achieved by controlling the synthesis parameters. The optical properties of the prepared samples were studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. The estimated direct band gap was decreased from 4.17 eV to 3.01 eV by increasing temperature values. It was found that the size, morphology, texture, and consequently properties of the prepared CuO nanostructures can be controlled by changing the Pechini process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, MOFs-derived transition metal oxides (CuO NPs) were prepared by hydrothermal method combined with the stirring aging method using MOFs as sacrificial templates to realize the growth of CuO NPs octahedra on Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene nanosheets. Due to the synthesized binary heterostructured CuO NPs/Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene materials retain the unique MOFs structures, have abundant heterojunction interface, and owns the advantages of MOFs, such as large specific surface area, abundant active sites, high porosity, and effective oxidative chemical adsorption, the composite sensor shows very significant gas sensing capabilities for NO 2 gas with a gas-sensitive response and response time of 38.54 and 2.84 s, respectively, for 100 ppm NO 2 gas at RT. It achieves an impressively low detection limit of 30 ppb, maintaining stability for up to 10 weeks. This positions it as a highly sensitive NO 2 gas sensor with potential for room-temperature applications. [Display omitted] In this paper, MOFs-derived transition metal oxides (CuO NPs) were prepared by hydrothermal method combined with the stirring aging method using MOFs as sacrificial templates to realize the growth of CuO NPs octahedra on Ti3C2TX MXene nanosheets. Due to the synthesized binary heterostructured CuO NPs/Ti3C2TX MXene materials retain the unique MOFs structures, have abundant heterojunction interface, and owns the advantages of MOFs, such as large specific surface area, abundant active sites, high porosity, and effective oxidative chemical adsorption, the composite sensor shows very significant gas sensing capabilities for NO2 gas with a gas-sensitive response and response time of 38.54 and 2.84 s, respectively, for 100 ppm NO2 gas at RT. It achieves an impressively low detection limit of 30 ppb, maintaining stability for up to 10 weeks. This positions it as a highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor with potential for room-temperature applications. • CuO NPs/Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene with high specific surface area and porous structure. • The porous structure of CuO and the thin layer structure of MXene can significantly improve the gas sensitivityof NO 2. • The gas sensing performance and mechanism of CuO NPs/Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene were studied. • The excellent properties are attributed to the abundant active sites and porous structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work showed the preparation of Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from leaf extract of Cinnamomum camphora (C.camphora) by a green synthetic method. To prepare CuO NPs, about 10 ml of 0.01 M copper sulphate and 30 ml of C.camphora extract were mixed by heating for 60 min at a temperature of 80 °C. Various techniques such as x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy-dispersive spectroscopic analysis (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the characterization of biosynthesized CuO NPs. The formation of CuO NPs was indicated by gradual color change of brownish yellow solution into dark brown. Poly-dispersive and spherically shaped NPs were seen from TEM images with an average particle size of about 23 nm. FTIR results confirmed that polyphenols were capped onto the surface of the formed CuO NPs. On the other hand, the Gloves coated with CuO NPs were extremely successful in suppressing contamination of the outside glove surface with nosocomial-resistant microorganisms and hence beneficial of their use in the food sector or clinical context. CuO NPs-coated latex gloves significantly reduced all experimental bacteria within 30 s, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter , and Candida albicans (P