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Water-related diseases such as diarrhoeal diseases from viral, bacterial and parasitic organisms and Aedes-borne arboviral diseases are major global health problems. We believe that these two disease groups share common risk factors, namely inadequate household water management, poor sanitation and solid waste management. Where water provision is inadequate, water storage is essential. Aedes mosquitoes commonly breed in household water storage containers, which can hold water contaminated with enteric disease-causing organisms. Microbiological contamination of water between source and point-of-use is a major cause of reduced drinking-water quality. Inadequate sanitation and solid waste management increase not only risk of water contamination, but also the availability of mosquito larval habitats. In this article we discuss integrated interventions that interrupt mosquito breeding while also providing sanitary environments and clean water. Specific interventions include improving storage container design, placement and maintenance and scaling up access to piped water. Vector control can be integrated into sanitation projects that target sewers and drains to avoid accumulation of stagnant water. Better management of garbage and solid waste can reduce the availability of mosquito habitats while improving human living conditions. Our proposed integration of disease interventions is consistent with strategies promoted in several global health frameworks, such as the sustainable development goals, the global vector control response, behavioural change, and water, sanitation and hygiene initiatives. Future research should address how interventions targeting water, sanitation, hygiene and community waste disposal also benefit Aedes-borne disease control. The projected effects of climate change mean that integrated management and control strategies will become increasingly important. Gestion integree des maladies: arboviroses et diarrhees liees a l'eau Diarrhees provoquees par la presence d'organismes viraux, bacteriens et parasites, arboviroses vehiculees par les moustiques Aedes: les maladies liees a l'eau constituent un probleme de sante majeur dans le monde. Nous pensons que ces deux groupes de maladies partagent les memes facteurs de risque, a savoir une mauvaise gestion de l'eau au sein du foyer ainsi qu'un manque d'assainissement et de traitement des dechets solides. Dans les endroits oU l'approvisionnement en eau est insuffisant, les conditions de conservation sont essentielles. Les moustiques Aedes se reproduisent frequemment dans les reservoirs d'eau a domicile, qui peuvent des lors contenir de l'eau contaminee par des organismes responsables d'infections enteriques. La contamination microbiologique de l'eau, entre la source et le moment oU elle est consommee, represente l'une des causes principales d'alteration de la qualite de l'eau potable. Le manque d'assainissement et de traitement des dechets solides fait augmenter le risque de contamination de l'eau, mais aussi le nombre de biotopes disponibles pour les larves de moustique. Dans cet article, nous parlons des interventions integrees qui permettent d'interrompre la reproduction des moustiques tout en creant des environnements sanitaires adaptes et de l'eau propre. Ces interventions specifiques prevoient notamment une optimisation de la conception, du placement et de l'entretien des reservoirs, ainsi qu'un meilleur acces a l'eau courante. La lutte contre les vecteurs peut etre incorporee dans des projets d'assainissement qui ciblent les egouts et canalisations, afin d'eviter toute accumulation d'eau stagnante. Une meilleure gestion des ordures menageres et des dechets solides peut reduire le nombre de biotopes disponibles pour les moustiques, mais aussi ameliorer les conditions de vie de la population. Nous proposons une gestion integree des maladies coherente avec les strategies mises en avant dans plusieurs cadres de sante mondiaux tels que les objectifs de developpement durable, l'action mondiale pour lutter contre les vecteurs, le changement de comportement ainsi que les initiatives relatives a l'approvisionnement en eau, l'assainissement et l'hygiene. Les futures recherches devraient etudier la facon dont les interventions dediees a l'eau, a l'assainissement, a l'hygiene et a l'elimination des dechets au sein des communautes contribuent egalement a la lutte contre les maladies vehiculees par les moustiques Aedes. Compte tenu des effets attendus du changement climatique, les strategies de lutte et de gestion integree vont gagner en importance. Gestion integrada de enfermedades: infecciones arbovirales y diarreas transmitidas por el agua Las enfermedades relacionadas con el agua, como las enfermedades diarreicas por organismos viricos, bacterianos y parasitarios, y las enfermedades arbovirales transmitidas por el Aedes, son importantes problemas sanitarios a nivel mundial. Creemos que estos dos grupos de enfermedades comparten factores de riesgo comunes, es decir, una gestion inadecuada del agua en los hogares, un saneamiento deficiente y la gestion de los residuos solidos. Cuando el suministro de agua es inadecuado, el almacenamiento de agua es esencial. Los mosquitos Aedes suelen criar en los recipientes de almacenamiento de agua de los hogares, que pueden contener agua contaminada con organismos causantes de enfermedades entericas. La contaminacion microbiologica del agua entre la fuente y el punto de uso es una de las principales causas de la reduccion de la calidad del agua potable. Un saneamiento y una gestion de residuos solidos inadecuados no solo aumentan el riesgo de contaminacion del agua, sino tambien la disponibilidad de habitats para las larvas de mosquitos. En este articulo se analizan las intervenciones integradas que interrumpen la cria de mosquitos al tiempo que proporcionan entornos sanitarios y agua limpia. Las intervenciones especificas incluyen la mejora del diseno, la colocacion y el mantenimiento de los contenedores de almacenamiento y la ampliacion del acceso al agua corriente. El control de los vectores puede integrarse en proyectos de saneamiento dirigidos a las alcantarillas y los desagues para evitar la acumulacion de agua estancada. Una mejor gestion de la basura y los residuos solidos puede reducir la disponibilidad de habitats para los mosquitos y mejorar las condiciones de vida de las personas. Nuestra propuesta de integracion de las intervenciones contra la enfermedad es coherente con las estrategias promovidas en varios marcos sanitarios mundiales, como los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, la respuesta mundial de control de vectores, el cambio de comportamiento y las iniciativas de agua, saneamiento e higiene. La investigacion futura deberia abordar como las intervenciones dirigidas al agua, el saneamiento, la higiene y la eliminacion de residuos de la comunidad tambien benefician al control de las enfermedades transmitidas por el Aedes. Los efectos previstos del cambio climatico significan que las estrategias de gestion y control integrados seran cada vez mas importantes., Introduction Water-related diseases such as diarrhoeal diseases from viral, bacterial and parasitic organisms and Aedes-borne arboviral diseases are major global health problems (Box 1; Table 1). The effects of water [...]

Background: Research on mosquito-microbe interactions may lead to new tools for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. To date, such research has largely utilized laboratory-reared mosquitoes that typically lack the microbial diversity of wild populations. A logical progression in this area involves working under controlled settings using field-collected mosquitoes or, in most cases, their progeny. Thus, an understanding of how laboratory colonization affects the assemblage of mosquito microbiota would aid in advancing mosquito microbiome studies and their applications beyond laboratory settings. Methods: Using high throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the internal and cuticle surface microbiota of F1 progeny of wild-caught adult Anopheles albimanus from four locations in Guatemala were characterized. A total of 132 late instar larvae and 135 2–5 day-old, non-blood-fed virgin adult females that were reared under identical laboratory conditions, were pooled (3 individuals/pool) and analysed. Results: Results showed location-associated heterogeneity in both F1 larval internal (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 9.53) and cuticle surface (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 8.51) microbiota, and only F1 adult cuticle surface (p = 0.001; pseudo-F = 4.5) microbiota, with a more homogenous adult internal microbiota (p = 0.12; pseudo-F = 1.6) across collection sites. Overall, ASVs assigned to Leucobacter, Thorsellia, Chryseobacterium and uncharacterized Enterobacteriaceae, dominated F1 larval internal microbiota, while Acidovorax, Paucibacter, and uncharacterized Comamonadaceae, dominated the larval cuticle surface. F1 adults comprised a less diverse microbiota compared to larvae, with ASVs assigned to the genus Asaia dominating both internal and cuticle surface microbiota, and constituting at least 70% of taxa in each microbial niche. Conclusions: These results suggest that location-specific heterogeneity in filed mosquito microbiota can be transferred to F1 progeny under normal laboratory conditions, but this may not last beyond the F1 larval stage without adjustments to maintain field-derived microbiota. These findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of laboratory-colonized F1An. albimanus progeny from field-derived mothers. This provides a background for studying how parentage and environmental conditions differentially or concomitantly affect mosquito microbiome composition, and how this can be exploited in advancing mosquito microbiome studies and their applications beyond laboratory settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The first-ever round of school-based mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel together with mebendazole targeting school-aged children in endemic districts was conducted in 2009 by the National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program. To evaluate the impact of the treatment regimen, a cross-sectional sentinel site survey was conducted 6 months post-MDA. Methods Fifteen sentinel schools from six highly endemic districts (according to data from national and pre-MDA surveys) with Schistosoma mansoni affecting over 50% of the population, and moderate to high prevalence of hookworms (> 20%). Approximately 30 children aged 9-14 years were selected from each school and stool samples (one per student) were examined by the Kato-Katz method. Results The overall prevalence (and intensity) in these sentinel sites pre-MDA of S. mansoni was 69.0% (170.8 epg), hookworm: 41.7% (71.7 epg), Ascaris lumbricoides: 1.8% and Trichuris trichiura: 3.8%. Six months post MDA, the findings were S. mansoni: 38.2% (47.3 epg) and hookworm: 14.5% (8.7 epg), representing a reduction from pre-MDA levels of 44.6% (65.2%) and 72.3% (87.9%) respectively. The proportion of children who were moderately or heavily infected with S. mansoni fell from 35.6% pre MDA to 9.9% post MDA. Conclusions Significant reduction in S. mansoni and hookworm infection was achieved by this first round MDA in school-going children in Sierra Leone. This reduction in infection burden can potentially contribute to a reduction of morbidity, such as anaemia, in these children.

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) are endemic in Sierra Leone confirmed by national mapping in 2008. To better inform planning of preventive chemotherapy strategy, another survey was conducted before mass drug administration (MDA) in seven districts according to the mapping results or local knowledge. Fifty-nine chiefdoms and one school in every chiefdom were selected. Thirty school children aged 9-14 years from each school (total: 1760) were examined by parasitological methods for infection with Schistosoma mansoni and STHs. Results The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 40.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 37.9-42.5%), particularly in Kailahun (63.3%), Kenema (46.7%), Koinadugu (41.9%) and Kono (71.7%). The results demonstrated the focal distribution of S. mansoni in Bo, Tonkolili and Bombali districts with prevalence ranging from 0.0-63.3%, 3.3-90.0% and 0.0-67.9% respectively. The arithmetic mean intensity of S. mansoni infection was 95.4 epg (95% CI: 61.4-129.5 epg), Heavy mean intensity of infection was found in Kailahun (120.2 epg), Kenema (104.5 epg), Koinadugu (112.3 epg) and Kono (250.3 epg). Heavy or moderate infection with S. mansoni occurred in 20.7% of children examined. Hookworm prevalence was moderate: 31.2% (95% CI: 29.1-33.4%), but high in Bo (50.0%) and Tonkolili (56.7%). Hookworm intensity of infection was light with a mean epg of 53.0 (95% CI: 38.4-67.7 epg). Prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%, 17.8 epg) and Trichuris trichiura (2.5%, 20.3 epg) was low. Conclusions The prediction by previous spatial analysis that S. mansoni was highly endemic across north-eastern Sierra Leone was confirmed with a significant proportion of children heavily or moderately infected. The distribution of S. mansoni in Bo, Tonkolili and Bombali districts ranged widely, highlighting the importance of considering the nature of focal transmission in national mapping exercises. These results were used to refine the MDA for schistosomiasis control to chiefdom implementation units rather than the entire district in these 3 districts. The survey demonstrated that sufficient number of survey sites for schistosomiasis mapping in each district should be used to provide a better national planning of MDA activities, and that it is affordable with the contributions from all parties involved and national resources mobilized.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidences of dengue-like illness (DLI), dengue virus (DENV) infection, and serotypes and to identify socio-demographical and entomological risk factors of DLI in selected suburban and rural communities in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and in Thailand. Methods: A two-year longitudinal study was conducted in four villages during the inter-epidemic period between 2011 and 2013. Entomological surveys, semi-structured interviews of household heads and observations were conducted. Occurrences of DLI were recorded weekly using the World Health Organization's dengue definition along with blood samples; results were compared with national surveillance dengue data. Risk factors of DLI were assessed using logistic regression. Results: Among the 2007 people in the study, 83 DLI cases were reported: 69 in suburban Lao People's Democratic Republic, 11 in rural Thailand, three in rural Lao People's Democratic Republic and none in suburban Thailand. Four were confirmed DENV: two from suburban Lao People's Democratic Republic (both DENV-1) and two from rural Thailand (both DENV-2). Although the number of detected DLIs during the study period was low, DLI incidence was higher in the study compared to the dengue surveillance data in both countries. DLI in suburban Lao People's Democratic Republic was associated with age and occupation, but not with the number of pupae per person. Discussion: This study highlights the importance of continuous clinical and vector surveillance for dengue to improve early detection of dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidences of dengue-like illness (DLI), dengue virus (DENV) infection, and serotypes and to identify socio-demographical and entomological risk factors of DLI in selected suburban and rural communities in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and in Thailand., Methods: A two-year longitudinal study was conducted in four villages during the inter-epidemic period between 2011 and 2013. Entomological surveys, semi-structured interviews of household heads and observations were conducted. Occurrences of DLI were recorded weekly using the World Health Organization's dengue definition along with blood samples; results were compared with national surveillance dengue data. Risk factors of DLI were assessed using logistic regression., Results: Among the 2007 people in the study, 83 DLI cases were reported: 69 in suburban Lao People's Democratic Republic, 11 in rural Thailand, three in rural Lao People's Democratic Republic and none in suburban Thailand. Four were confirmed DENV: two from suburban Lao People's Democratic Republic (both DENV-1) and two from rural Thailand (both DENV-2). Although the number of detected DLIs during the study period was low, DLI incidence was higher in the study compared to the dengue surveillance data in both countries. DLI in suburban Lao People's Democratic Republic was associated with age and occupation, but not with the number of pupae per person., Discussion: This study highlights the importance of continuous clinical and vector surveillance for dengue to improve early detection of dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases in the region.