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In this study, we sought to develop—and provide preliminary validity evidence for scores derived from—a new Psychological Flow Scale (PFS). We propose a parsimonious model of three core dimensions of flow, reflecting the findings from a recent scoping review that synthesised flow research across scientific disciplines. The validation process for the PFS addressed recent conceptual criticisms of flow science regarding construct validity, theoretical compatibility, relational ambiguity, and definitional inconsistency. An initial review and analysis of the many flow measurements that exist found that these instruments either assess one, some, or none of the three core-dimensions of flow; often measuring similar dimensions that may bear resemblance to one of the three-dimensions but differ in dimensional meaning. PFS item development involved a phase of theoretical scrutiny, review of existing instruments, item generation, and expert review of items. Subsequently, 936 participants were recruited for scale development purposes, which included sample testing, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. This factor analytic process showed evidence for three distinguishable dimensions ‘under’ a single general or higher-order factor (i.e., global flow). With respect to external aspects of validity, flow scores correlated positively with perceptions of competence, self-rated performance, autotelic personality, and negatively with anxiety and stress scores. In conclusion, we present preliminary evidence for the theoretical and operational suitability of the PFS to assess the flow state across scientific disciplines and activity domains that be useful for experimental research and enable comparative flow research in the future.

Everyday stressors—the irritating and disturbing events that happen in the context of everyday life—are common. The present research examined the relationship between everyday stressors and the use of music listening as a coping mechanism. In particular, it examined the use of music listening to cope with different types of everyday stressor and examined the relationship between this usage and listener characteristics, including demographics and music engagement style. Participants in the USA, Australia, and Malaysia ( N =553) completed an online survey. A factor analysis was used to identify five types of everyday stressor: Social, Financial, Performance Responsibilities, Work-related, and Daily Displeasures. Individuals listened to music significantly more often to cope with social and work-related stressors than performance responsibilities and daily displeasures. Moreover, individuals who demonstrated a stronger affective listening style and those who reported listening to music for emotion/problem-orientated and avoidance/disengagement reasons were found to listen to music most often to cope with everyday stressors. These findings have implications, for both listeners and health professionals, when considering how music listening can be used as a self-administered tool for coping with everyday stressors.

Theorists attending to the epistemic condition on responsibility are divided over whether moral ignorance is ever exculpatory. While those who argue that reasonable expectation is required for blam...

This review aims to provide information on the prevalence and frequency of adult males’ pornography use. It appears, the majority (> 80%) of adult men have accessed pornography at some point, and i...

Long-train intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of motor (M1) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC) in primates reveals cortical domains for different ethologically relevant behaviors. How functional domains interact with each other in producing motor behaviors is not known. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that matching domains interact to produce a specific complex movement, whereas connections between nonmatching domains are involved in suppression of conflicting motor outputs to prevent competing movements. In anesthetized galagos, we used 500-ms trains of ICMS to evoke complex movements from a functional domain in M1 or PPC while simultaneously stimulating another mismatched or matched domain. We considered movements of different and similar directions evoked from chosen cortical sites distant or close to each other. Their trajectories and speeds were analyzed and compared with those evoked by simultaneous stimulation. Stimulation of two sites evoking same or complementary movements produced a similar but more pronounced movement or a combined movement, respectively. Stimulation of two sites representing movements of different directions resulted in partial or total suppression of one of these movements. Thus interactions between domains in M1 and PPC were additive when they were functionally matched across fields or antagonistic between functionally conflicting domains, especially in PPC, suggesting that mismatched domains are involved in mutual suppression. Simultaneous stimulation of unrelated domains (forelimb and face) produced both movements independently. Movements produced by the simultaneous stimulation of sites in domains of two cerebral hemispheres were largely independent, but some interactions were observed. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Long trains of electrical pulses applied simultaneously to two sites in motor cortical areas (M1, PPC) have shown that interactions of functionally matched domains (evoking similar movements) within these areas were additive to produce a specific complex movement. Interactions between functionally mismatched domains (evoking different movements) were mostly antagonistic, suggesting their involvement in mutual suppression of conflicting motor outputs to prevent competing movements. Simultaneous stimulation of unrelated domains (forelimb and face) produced both movements independently.

Author(s): Cole, WTS; Wei, H; Nguyen, SC; Harris, CB; Miller, DJ; Saykally, RJ | Abstract: Angle-resolved second harmonic scattering is used to probe the adsorption dynamics of aqueous cationic and anionic dye molecules onto polystyrene surfaces. The adsorptions of malachite green to negatively charged polystyrene and naphthol yellow S to positively charged polystyrene are both highly favorable, with I"GAds values of -10.9 ± 0.2 and -10.27 ± 0.09 kcal/mol, respectively. A competitive displacement methodology was employed to obtain values for the adsorption free energies of various smaller neutral organic molecules, including the important micropollutant ascorbic acid, caffeine, and pentoxifylline. For charged adsorbers, electrostatic interactions appear to significantly contribute to adsorption behavior. However, electrostatic repulsion does not necessarily deter the adsorption of molecules with large uncharged moieties (e.g., surfactants). In these cases, the mechanism of adsorption is dominated by van der Waals interactions, with the surface charge playing a relatively minor role.

Pornography use, preference for “porn‐like” sex, masturbation, and sexual and relationship satisfaction were assessed among two samples of men (NStudy 1 = 326, NStudy 2 = 335). Frequent pornography use was associated with sexual dissatisfaction, greater preference for porn‐like sex, and more frequent masturbation in both studies. Pornography use was associated with relationship dissatisfaction in Study 2 only. The data did not support the notion that pornography negatively impacts sexual or relationship satisfaction via preference for porn‐like sex. In fact, it may bolster sexual satisfaction by promoting sexual variety. The data were consistent with a model in which pornography negatively, indirectly affects sexual and relationship satisfaction via masturbation frequency. Pornography use may have multiple opposing influences on sexual satisfaction.

This study aims to investigate mental health among Chinese people living in areas with differing levels of infection severity during the COVID-19 outbreak. It also assesses the association between reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety and mental health in times of crises. A sample of 1,201 Chinese participants was surveyed between April and June 2020. Wuhan city (where 23.4% of participants resided), Hubei province outside Wuhan (13.4% of participants), and elsewhere in China (63.1% of participants) were categorized into high, moderate, and low infection severity areas, respectively. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale’s severity cut-points were used to categorize participants. In the overall sample, 20.9, 34.2, and 29.0% of the participants showed elevated (mild to extremely severe) levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Those in the highest infection severity group were significantly more likely to be categorized as having elevated levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. General linear modeling was performed on a composite mental distress variable (taking into account stress, anxiety, and depression scores). This model indicated that, even after adjusting for group differences in age, gender, education, and filial piety, the high infection severity group displayed more mental distress than the low infection severity groups. The model also found reciprocal filial piety to have a negative association with mental distress. Conversely, authoritarian filial piety was found to be unrelated to mental distress when controlling for the other variables in the model. No evidence was found for an interaction between either authoritarian or reciprocal filial piety and infection severity, which suggests that the negative association observed between reciprocal filial piety and mental distress was relatively consistent across the three infection severity groups. The findings suggest that future public health programs may integrate the promotion of filial piety as a strategy to help Chinese people maintain good mental health in the face of pandemic crises.

COVID-19 has created significant concern surrounding the impact of pandemic lockdown on mental health. While the pandemic lockdown can be distressing, times of crisis can also provide people with the opportunity to think divergently and explore different activities. Novelty seeking, where individuals explore novel and unfamiliarly stimuli and environments, may enhance the creativity of individuals to solve problems in a way that allows them to adjust their emotional responses to stressful situations. This study employs a longitudinal design to investigate changes in novelty seeking and mental health outcomes (namely, stress, anxiety, and depression) before, during, and after COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, among a group of students (final N = 173; Mage = 19.81; SDage = 0.98; 135 females and 38 males) from a university in southeast China. Participants were surveyed at three points: November, 2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic); between February and March, 2020 (during the peak of the pandemic and intense lockdown in China); and between May and June, 2020 (after lockdown had been lifted in China). Cross-sectionally, correlation analysis indicated that greater novelty seeking was associated with lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression at all three time points. Univariate latent curve modeling (LCM) indicated a growth trajectory in which novelty seeking increased over time and then remained high during the post-lockdown period. Stress, anxiety, and depression all showed V-shaped growth trajectories in which these variables decreased during lockdown, before increasing in the post-lockdown period. Multivariate LCM indicated the growth trajectory for novelty seeking was associated with the growth trajectories for stress, anxiety, and depression. This suggests that the observed decreases in stress, anxiety, and depression during the lockdown period may be attributable to the sample’s observed increase in novelty seeking. These findings are valuable in that they challenge the notion that lockdown measures are inherently detrimental to mental health. The findings indicate the important role of novelty seeking in responding to crises. It may be possible for future public health measures to incorporate the promotion of novelty seeking to help individuals’ respond to stressful situations and maintain good mental health in the face of crises.

Reverse osmosis using aromatic polyamide membranes is currently the most important technology for seawater desalination. The performance of reverse osmosis membranes is highly dependent on the interplay of their surface chemical groups with water and water contaminants. In order to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these membranes, we study ultrathin polyamide films that chemically resemble reverse osmosis membranes, using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This technique can identify the functional groups at the membrane-water interface and allows monitoring of small shifts in the electron binding energy that indicate interaction with water. We observe deprotonation of free acid groups and formation of a 'water complex' with nitrogen groups in the polymer upon exposure of the membrane to water vapour. The chemical changes are reversed when water is removed from the membrane. While the correlation between functional groups and water uptake is an established one, this experiment serves to understand the nature of their chemical interaction, and opens up possibilities for tailoring future materials to specific requirements.

The Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) is an airborne along-track scanner measuring the polarized and total reflectances with high angular resolution. It allows for accurate characterization of liquid water cloud droplet sizes using the rainbow structure in the polarized reflectance. RSP’s observations also provide constraints on the cumulus cloud’s 2D cross section, yielding estimates of its geometric shape. In this study for the first time we evaluate the possibility to retrieve vertical profiles of microphysical characteristics along the cloud side by combining these micro- and macrophysical retrieval methods. First we constrain cloud’s geometric shape, then for each point on the bright side of its surface we collect data from different scans to obtain the multi-angle polarized reflectance at that point. The rainbow structures of the reflectances from multiple points yield the corresponding droplet size distributions (DSDs), which are then combined into vertical profiles. We present the results of testing the proposed profiling algorithm on simulated data obtained using large eddy simulations and 3D radiative transfer computations. The virtual RSP measurements were used for retrieval of DSD profiles, which then were compared to the actual data from the LES-model output. A cumulus congestus cloud was selected for these tests in preparation for analysis of real measurements made during the Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP(2)Ex). We demonstrate that the use of the non-parametric Rainbow Fourier Transform (RFT) allows for adequate retrieval of the complex altitude-dependent bimodal structure of cloud DSDs.

Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) play an essential role in artificial photosynthesis devices, which photoelectrochemically convert CO2 and water into useful products. AEMs allow the transport of charge carriers between electrodes while minimizing the transport of CO2 reduction products (e.g., ethanol). Fundamental transport studies in AEMs relevant to artificial photosynthesis are uncommon. Herein, we describe the preparation of an imidazolium-functionalized poly(phenylene oxide) membrane. Membrane transport properties were controlled by systematic variation of the degree of imidazolium functionalization, which induced changes in the membrane water volume fraction. Ethanol permeability and ionic conductivity increased with the membrane water volume fraction. Consequently, the membranes with a relatively high ionic conductivity exhibited a relatively high ethanol permeability, presenting a trade-off in the transport properties desirable for artificial photosynthesis applications. This work seeks to enable the optimization of AEMs for artificial photosynthesis through the systematic study of membrane structure (water volume fraction) and its relevance to alcohol transport and electrolyte ion conductivity.

Pornography has been identified as playing an increasingly important role in the sexual socialization of men. However, relatively little attention has been paid to men's perceptions of their own pornography consumption. This study investigated self-perceived effects of pornography consumption among an online sample of heterosexual men (N = 312). The study used a short form version of the Pornography Consumption Effects Scale (PCES–SF). The PCES–SF measures both self-perceived positive and negative effects of pornography consumption across the domains of sex life, attitudes toward sex, life in general, perceptions, and attitudes toward the opposite gender, and sexual knowledge. Level of pornography use (measured in terms of frequency of use and average length of use) was positively predictive of both self-perceived positive and negative effects of pornography consumption. Those who indicated that they had never been regular users of pornography reported more negative effects than regular users. Older participants reported fewer negative effects than younger participants, even after controlling for level of pornography use. However, the relationship between age and perceived positive effects was nonsignificant. Religiosity was positively predictive of perceived negative effects, but unrelated to actual level of use. Overall, the sample perceived pornography to have a significantly greater positive than negative effect on their lives. This research is part of a growing body of literature that suggests that most men consider pornography to have a positive impact on their sexual self-schema and lives more generally.

Membranes are a critical component of many energy generation and storage technologies, including artificial photosynthesis systems that reduce atmospheric CO2 to high-value products. In this study, we used in situ ATR FTIR spectroscopy to monitor the crossover of three commonly-reported CO2 reduction products—methanol, sodium formate, and sodium acetate—through Nafion® 117, a common cation exchange membrane. Measurement errors for the permeation of mixtures of solutes are discussed. Permeabilities from one-, two-, and three-solute mixed aqueous solutions were measured using a standard diffusion cell, and ATR FTIR spectra were used to obtain time-resolved concentration data that were fit to a model describing transport of ions and small molecules through hydrated polymer films. The permeability of Nafion® 117 to methanol measured using this methodology was in agreement with literature reports. The sorption of methanol, sodium formate, and sodium acetate, and mixtures thereof, were measured using a desorption technique. From the measured permeabilities and solubilities, diffusivities of each solute were calculated. Differences in permeability among the solutes were found to be primarily due to differences in their solubility in Nafion® 117.

Polymermembranen sind ein energieeffizientes Mittel zur Aufbereitung von Wasser, ein Problem ist jedoch das Auftreten von Fouling wahrend der Filtration. Ein Weg, Membran-Fouling zu umgehen, ist die Modifizierung der Membranoberflache, um eine hohere Wasserproduktivitat aufrechtzuerhalten. Wir diskutieren hier eine Reihe gangiger Membranoberflachenmodifizierungstechniken, darunter Oberflachenbeschichtungen und Pfropfen, sowie verschiedene Behandlungsmethoden wie etwa chemische Behandlungen, UV-Bestrahlung und Plasma-Behandlungen. Die Diskussion wird in den historischen Hintergrund der Membranentwicklung und Oberflachenmodifizierung eingebunden. Wir stellen auserdem Polydopamin als ein neu entwickeltes Material fur die Membranmodifizierung vor, das sich in einfacher Weise auf einer Vielzahl von Substraten aufbringen lasst.

Membrane surface modification with polydopamine (PDA) coatings can reduce fouling in oily water filtration due, at least in part, to enhanced surface hydrophilicity. In this study, polysulfone (PSf) UF membranes were coated with PDA. PDA coating conditions (solution concentration and deposition time) were varied, and the effect of coating conditions on membrane molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) and hydraulic permeability was measured. Membrane MWCO decreased and PDA film thickness increased as initial dopamine coating solution concentration or deposition time increased. The MWCO decrease confirmed that PDA restricted the membrane pores. While the PDA coating thickness on membrane surfaces grew progressively with increasing initial dopamine concentration or coating time, coating inside the membrane pores was limited by the finite membrane pore size. A tradeoff between selectivity and hydraulic permeability of unmodified and PDA-modified membranes was noted. This tradeoff is reminiscent of that observed in other separation membranes. Zydney’s hindered solute transport model of flow through porous membranes was used to estimate changes in membrane mean pore size and pore size distribution. Based on the modelling results, membrane mean pore radius increased at low initial dopamine concentrations or short deposition times and decreased at high initial dopamine concentrations or long deposition times with increasing initial dopamine concentration or increasing PDA coating time. The pore size distribution narrowed as the membranes were modified with PDA. The porosity to thickness ratio of PDA-modified membranes remained unchanged or was only slightly higher than that of unmodified membranes.

Laboratory membrane fouling studies are often performed with a single foulant. However, studies comparing the behavior of different foulants using a single membrane are rarely reported. In this study, a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration membrane was challenged with a series of aqueous-based model fouling media, including a suspension of latex beads, as well as soybean, motor and crude oil emulsions, in constant permeate flux fouling experiments. The critical and threshold fluxes were determined for each membrane-foulant pair. Constant permeate flux crossflow fouling experiments were performed at both low and high fluxes. A direct comparison of the fouling propensity of the PVDF membrane to the four fouling media was made. The fouling propensity was evaluated based on threshold flux values and the extent of transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase during constant permeate flux fouling experiments. In this study, the zeta potential of various fouling media correlated with their fouling propensities. The higher the zeta potential, the lower the fouling propensity. The fouling propensity followed the order of: latex beads

The cerebral cortex is the hallmark of the mammalian nervous system, and its large size and cellular diversity in humans supports our most sophisticated cognitive abilities. Although the basic cellular organization of the cortex is conserved across mammals, cells have diversified during evolution. An increasingly integrated taxonomy of cell types, especially with the advent of single cell transcriptomic data, has revealed an unprecedented variety of human cortical cell subtypes. Here, we broadly review the cellular composition and diversity of the mammalian brain, and how progenitor pools generate cell subtypes during development. We then discuss human cortical cells that are distinct from rodent cells, as well as the challenges and advantages of using model systems to study human cell types in health and disease.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Known catalysts for (photo)electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction typically generate multiple products, including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxygenates, making product separation a ubiquitous, yet often overlooked, challenge. Here, we review CO2reduction products using available catalysts and discuss approaches for product separation along with estimates of separation energy requirements. We illustrate potential complexities and discuss opportunities to minimize separations by utilizing product mixtures. We also examine potential CO2sources, their energy requirements, and net CO2emissions. Finally, we discuss use of waste energy sources and integrate this information into an overall energy balance assessment. Using a common sustainability metric, energy return on energy investment (EROEI), we find that an EROEI of ∼2.0 may be possible, before including separation and CO2production energy. For EROEI to remain above one (the break-even point), these additional energy requirements, including embodied energy of equipment, must be no greater than half of the product energy. To limit climate change, we must meet our energy needs without increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Although still at an early stage, (photo)electrochemical CO2reduction (“solar fuels”) offers potentially scalable and transformative technology to make fuels and chemicals. However, product separation and its energy requirements are a critical and often overlooked challenge. While proven and effective, distillation is energy intensive; more efficient methods (e.g., solvent extraction, membranes, and other approaches) are useful but often less selective and not universally applicable. With currently known technology, the energy return on energy investment sustainability metric could be low or even below one. Identifying major contributing factors may help focus research on critical areas, such as trade-offs between product selectivity and overall efficiency, and facilitate interaction between catalysis and separations researchers to help solve the challenges of making solar fuels. Unlike electricity, there are fewer options available to decarbonize fuels (e.g., for building heat or transportation). “Solar fuels” are a promising alternative to fossil-derived fuels, as they are not limited by land constraints associated with biomass fuels and can have low net CO2emissions. However, catalysts used to convert CO2and water into fuels using sunlight typically yield a mixture of products, making product separation a ubiquitous, yet often overlooked, challenge. We explore possible approaches, CO2considerations, and energy implications.

Background To examine whether ethnicity moderates the association between caregiver characteristics and perceptions of childhood weight and whether these perceptions are associated with their child's obesity status. Methods Caregivers recruited from paediatricians' offices (n = 453) completed a survey about childhood health; nurses weighed and measured the children. Caregivers reported their own weight and height, demographic information about their family and made ratings of healthy weight for children in general and for their own child in particular. Results African American caregivers were more likely to view heavier girls as healthier, but this association held only for lower income families or caregivers with higher body mass index. Hispanic caregivers were more likely to misperceive their own child's weight if either the caregiver or the child had a higher body mass index. Parents who perceived heavier weight as healthier or misperceived their own child's weight were more likely to have a child with obesity. This latter association held regardless of ethnicity. Conclusion The association between ethnicity and perceptions of healthy childhood weight are complex. The relation between caregivers' perceptions of healthy weight and their own child's obesity status, however, was similar regardless of ethnicity.

We examined the functional macrocircuitry of frontoparietal networks in the neocortex of prosimian primates (Otolemur garnettii) using a microfluidic thermal regulator to reversibly deactivate selected regions of motor cortex (M1). During deactivation of either forelimb or mouth/face movement domains within M1, we used long-train intracortical microstimulation techniques to evoke movements from the rostral division of posterior parietal cortex (PPCr). We found that deactivation of M1 movement domains in most instances abolished movements evoked in PPCr. The most common effect of deactivating M1 was to abolish evoked movements in a homotopic domain in PPCr. For example, deactivating M1 forelimb lift domains resulted in loss of evoked movement in forelimb domains in PPCr. However, at some sites, we also observed heterotopic effects; deactivating a specific domain in M1 (e.g., forelimb lift) resulted in loss of evoked movement in a different movement domain in PPCr (e.g., hand-to-mouth or eye-blink). At most sites examined in PPCr, rewarming M1 resulted in a reestablishment of the baseline movement at the same amplitude as that observed before cooling. However, at some sites, reactivation did not result in a return to baseline movement or to the full amplitude of the baseline movement. We discuss our findings in the context of frontoparietal circuits and how they may subserve a repertoire of ecologically relevant behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of primates integrates sensory information used to guide movements. Different modules within PPC and motor cortex (M1) appear to control various motor behaviors (e.g., reaching, defense, and feeding). How these modules work together may vary across species and may explain differences in dexterity and even the capacity for tool use. We investigated the functional connectivity of these modules in galagos, a prosimian primate with relatively simple frontoparietal circuitry. By deactivating a reaching module in M1, we interfered with the function of similar PPC modules and occasionally unrelated PPC modules as well (e.g., eye blink). This circuitry in galagos, therefore, is more complex than in nonprimates, indicating that it has been altered with the expansion of primate PPC.

Integration of vestibular and proprioceptive afferent information within the central nervous system is a critical component of postural regulation. We recently demonstrated that labyrinthine and hindlimb signals converge onto vestibular nucleus neurons, such that hindlimb movement modulates the activity of these cells. However, it is unclear whether similar convergence of hindlimb and vestibular signals also occurs upstream from the vestibular nuclei, particularly in the rostral fastigial nucleus (rFN). We tested the hypothesis that rFN neurons have similar responses to hindlimb movement as vestibular nucleus neurons. Recordings were obtained from 53 rFN neurons that responded to hindlimb movement in decerebrate cats. In contrast to vestibular nucleus neurons, which commonly encoded the direction of hindlimb movement (81 % of neurons), few rFN neurons (21 %) that responded to leg movement encoded such information. Instead, most rFN neurons responded to both limb flexion and extension. Half of the rFN neurons whose activity was modulated by hindlimb movement received convergent vestibular inputs. These results show that rFN neurons receive somatosensory inputs from the hindlimb and that a subset of rFN neurons integrates vestibular and hindlimb signals. Such rFN neurons likely perform computations that participate in maintenance of balance during upright stance and movement. Although vestibular nucleus neurons are interconnected with the rFN, the dissimilarity of responses of neurons sensitive to hindlimb movement in the two regions suggests that they play different roles in coordinating postural responses during locomotion and other movements which entail changes in limb position.

INTRODUCTION Improved understanding of how the developing human nervous system differs from that of closely related nonhuman primates is fundamental for teasing out human-specific aspects of behavior, cognition, and disorders. RATIONALE The shared and unique functional properties of the human nervous system are rooted in the complex transcriptional programs governing the development of distinct cell types, neural circuits, and regions. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying shared and unique features of the developing human nervous system have been only minimally characterized. RESULTS We generated complementary tissue-level and single-cell transcriptomic datasets from up to 16 brain regions covering prenatal and postnatal development in humans and rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ), a closely related species and the most commonly studied nonhuman primate. We created and applied TranscriptomeAge and TempShift algorithms to age-match developing specimens between the species and to more rigorously identify temporal differences in gene expression within and across the species. By analyzing regional and temporal patterns of gene expression in both the developing human and macaque brain, and comparing these patterns to a complementary dataset that included transcriptomic information from the adult chimpanzee, we identified shared and divergent transcriptomic features of human brain development. Furthermore, integration with single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic data covering prenatal and adult periods of both species revealed that the developmental divergence between humans and macaques can be traced to distinct cell types enriched in different developmental times and brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain associated with distinctly human aspects of cognition and behavior. We found two phases of prominent species differences: embryonic to late midfetal development and adolescence/young adulthood. This evolutionary cup-shaped or hourglass-like pattern, with high divergence in prenatal development and adolescence/young adulthood and lower divergence in early postnatal development, resembles the developmental cup-shaped pattern described in the accompanying study by Li et al . Even though the developmental (ontogenetic) and evolutionary (phylogenetic) patterns have similar profiles, the overlap of genes driving these two patterns is not substantial, indicating the existence of different molecular mechanisms and constraints for regional specification and species divergence. Notably, we also identified numerous genes and gene coexpression modules exhibiting human-distinct patterns in either temporal (heterochronic) or spatial (heterotopic) gene expression, as well as genes with human-distinct developmental expression, linked to autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and other neurological or psychiatric diseases. This finding potentially suggests mechanistic underpinnings of these disorders. CONCLUSION Our study provides insights into the evolution of gene expression in the developing human brain and may shed some light on potentially human-specific underpinnings of certain neuropsychiatric disorders. Concerted ontogenetic and phylogenetic transcriptomic divergence in human and macaque brain. Left: Human and macaque brain regions spanning both prenatal and postnatal development were age-matched using TranscriptomeAge. Right: Phylogenetic transcriptomic divergence between humans and macaques resembles the developmental (ontogenetic) cup-shaped pattern of each species, with high divergence in prenatal development and adolescence/young adulthood and lower divergence during the early postnatal period (from perinatal to adolescence). Single-cell transcriptomics revealed shared and divergent transcriptomic features of distinct cell types.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test a mediated model of the relationship between self-concept orientation (individualist and collectivist) and organizational identification (OrgID, Cooper and Thatcher, 2010), with proposed mediators including the need for organizational identification (nOID, Glynn, 1998) as well as self-presentation concerns of social adjustment (SA) and value expression (VE, Highhouse et al., 2007). Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 509 participants in seven countries. Direct and mediation effects were tested using structural equation modeling (AMOS 25.0). Findings Individualist self-concept orientation was positively related to VE and collectivist self-concept orientation was positively related to nOID, VE and SA. VE mediated the relationship between both self-concept orientations and OrgID. In addition, nOID mediated the relationship for collectivist self-concept orientation. Practical implications This study identifies underlying psychological needs as mediators of the relationship of self-concept orientation to OrgID. Understanding these linkages enables employers to develop practices that resonate with the self-concept orientations and associated psychological needs of their employees, thereby enhancing OrgID. Originality/value This study provides a significant contribution to the OrgID literature by proposing and testing for relationships between self-concept orientations and OrgID as mediated by underlying psychological needs. The results provide support for the mediated model as well as many of Cooper and Thatcher’s (2010) theoretical propositions, with notable exceptions.

Many passive remote sensing techniques have been developed to retrieve cloud microphysical properties from satellite-based sensors, with the most common approaches being the bispectral and polarimetric techniques. These two vastly different retrieval techniques have been implemented for a variety of polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite platforms, providing global climatological datasets. Prior instrument comparison studies have shown that there are systematic differences between the droplet size retrieval products (effective radius) of bispectral (e.g. MODIS, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and polarimetric (e.g. POLDER, Polarization and Directionality of Earth’s Reflectances) instruments. However, intercomparisons of airborne bispectral and polarimetric instruments have yielded results that do not appear to be systematically biased relative to one another. Diagnosing this discrepancy is complicated, because it is often difficult for instrument intercomparison studies to isolate differences between retrieval technique sensitivities and specific instrumental differences such as calibration, atmospheric correction, etc. In addition to these technical differences the polarimetric retrieval is also sensitive to the dispersion of the droplet size distribution (effective variance), which could influence the interpretation of the droplet size retrieval. To avoid these instrument-dependent complications, this study makes use of a cloud remote sensing retrieval simulator. Created by coupling a large eddy simulation (LES) cloud model with radiative transfer models, the simulator serves as a test bed for understanding differences between bispectral and polarimetric retrievals. With the help of this simulator we can not only compare the two techniques to one another (retrieval intercomparison), but also validate retrievals directly against the LES cloud properties. Using the satellite retrieval simulator we are able to verify that at high spatial resolution (50 m) the bispectral and polarimetric retrievals are indeed highly correlated with one another. The small differences at high spatial resolution can be attributed to different sensitivity limitations of the two retrievals. In contrast, a systematic difference between the two retrievals emerges at coarser resolution. This bias largely stems from differences related to sensitivity of the two retrievals to unresolved inhomogeneities in effective variance and optical thickness. The influence of coarse angular resolution is found to increase uncertainty in the polarimetric retrieval, but generally maintains a constant mean value.

Multicomponent transport through membranes is encountered in many applications, including photoelectrochemical CO 2 reduction devices that convert CO 2 into alcohols. We report the use of in-situ ATR FTIR spectroscopy to quantify the permeability of Selemion AMV, a commonly used anion exchange membrane, to mixtures of alcohols. An i n-situ ATR FTIR spectrophotometer probe inserted into a standard diffusion cell enabled straightforward measurement of membrane permeability in multicomponent transport experiments without the need to periodically remove aliquots from the diffusion cell. The solubilities of alcohols in Selemion AMV were measured using a standard sorption/desorption technique. The solution-diffusion model was used to calculate alcohol diffusivities in Selemion AMV from measured permeabilities and solubilities. The relative contributions of alcohol solubility and diffusivity to overall permeability are discussed, and changes in permeability, solubility, and diffusivity with changing composition in binary and ternary alcohol mixtures are described.

Limbs may fail to grow properly during fetal development, but the extent to which such growth alters the nervous system has not been extensively explored. Here we describe the organization of the somatosensory system in a 6-year-old monkey (Macaca radiata) born with a deformed left foot in comparison to the results from a normal monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Toes 1, 3, and 5 were missing, but the proximal parts of toes 2 and 4 were present. We used anatomical tracers to characterize the patterns of peripheral input to the spinal cord and brainstem, as well as between thalamus and cortex. We also determined the somatotopic organization of primary somatosensory area 3b of both hemispheres using multiunit electrophysiological recording. Tracers were subcutaneously injected into matching locations of each foot to reveal their representations within the lumbar spinal cord, and the gracile nucleus (GrN) of the brainstem. Tracers injected into the representations of the toes and plantar pads of cortical area 3b labeled neurons in the ventroposterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. Contrary to the orderly arrangement of the foot representation throughout the lemniscal pathway in the normal monkey, the plantar representation of the deformed foot was significantly expanded and intruded into the expected representations of toes in the spinal cord, GrN, VPL, and area 3b. We also observed abnormal representation of the intact foot in the ipsilateral spinal cord and contralateral area 3b. Thus, congenital malformation influences the somatotopic representation of the deformed as well as the intact foot.

Predatory drill holes in marine invertebrates are an important source of information on the nature of biotic interactions and are often used to explore the ecological and evolutionary roles of such interactions in deep time. Measures of drilling frequencies and drill-hole site stereotypy represent the raw data for inferring the intensity and selectivity of drilling predation. One potential source of bias explored in this study relates to the hydrodynamic properties of shells: presence of drill holes and/or drill-hole position may influence how shells behave when subjected to moving fluids. In a unidirectional flow-tank study with the bivalve Donax scortum Linnaeus, 1758, we found that the threshold current velocity for the entrainment of undrilled convex-up shells is significantly lower than for centrally drilled shells, which could be explained by Bernoulli9s principle. The position of the drill hole on a shell also affects its hydrodynamic properties because umbonally drilled shells require a lower entrainment velocity than centrally drilled shells. This difference could potentially result in assemblages of different stereotypic patterns. We also demonstrate the extent of alteration of an assemblage by this process using a simulation parameterized with experimental results. The latter show that a dramatic change in inferred drilling intensity, size selectivity, and stereotypic patterns from the original population can be produced by hydrodynamic sorting. Our study indicates that such sorting can yield a sample significantly different from the original one in terms of drill-hole characteristics. Hence, the effect of such bias should be assessed before inferring the nature of biotic interaction of fossil assemblages.

Previous studies demonstrated that ingestion of the emetic compound copper sulfate (CuSO4) alters the responses to vestibular stimulation of a large fraction of neurons in brainstem regions that mediate nausea and vomiting, thereby affecting motion sickness susceptibility. Other studies suggested that the processing of vestibular inputs by cerebellar neurons plays a critical role in generating motion sickness, and that neurons in the cerebellar fastigial nucleus receive visceral inputs. These findings raised the hypothesis that stimulation of gastrointestinal receptors by a nauseogenic compound affects the processing of labyrinthine signals by fastigial nucleus neurons. We tested this hypothesis in decerebrate cats by determining the effects of intragastric injection of CuSO4 on the responses of rostral fastigial nucleus to whole-body rotations that activate labyrinthine receptors. Responses to vestibular stimulation of fastigial nucleus neurons were more complex in decerebrate cats than reported previously in conscious felines. In particular, spatiotemporal convergence (STC) responses, which reflect the convergence of vestibular inputs with different spatial and temporal properties, were more common in decerebrate than in conscious felines. The firing rate of a small percentage of fastigial nucleus neurons (15%) was altered over 50% by the administration of CuSO4; the firing rate of the majority of these cells decreased. The responses to vestibular stimulation of a majority of these cells were attenuated after the compound was provided. Although these data support our hypothesis, the low fraction of fastigial nucleus neurons whose firing rate and responses to vestibular stimulation were affected by the administration of CuSO4 cast doubt on the notion that nauseogenic visceral inputs modulate motion sickness susceptibility principally through neural pathways that include the cerebellar fastigial nucleus. Instead, it appears that convergence of gastrointestinal and vestibular inputs occurs mainly in the brainstem.

Membrane fouling is often characterized in the laboratory by flux decline experiments, where an increase in transport resistance due to accumulation of foulants on and/or in a membrane is manifested as a decrease in permeate flux with filtration time at fixed transmembrane pressure. However, many industrial microfiltration and ultrafiltration applications operate at constant permeate flux, and there are few reports comparing these modes of operation. In this study, emulsified oil fouling of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes was studied using both constant permeate flux and constant transmembrane pressure experiments. Mass transfer resistance changes during fouling were compared between constant flux experiments and constant transmembrane pressure experiments performed at an initial flux equal to the flux imposed during the constant flux experiment. At low fluxes, the transport resistance and its change with permeate volume per unit area agreed within experimental error regardless of operational mode. In contrast, at high fluxes, the change in membrane resistance with permeate volume per unit area was much higher in constant flux than in constant transmembrane pressure experiments. The threshold flux, defined recently as the flux at which the rate of fouling begins to increase rapidly, separates the regimes of good and poor agreement between the two types of experiments. The weak form of the critical flux, below which spontaneous adsorption is the only significant resistance imposed by foulant, was also observed.

Change in the timeline of neurobiological growth is an important source of biological variation, and thus phenotypic evolution. However, no study has to date investigated sensory system development in any of the prosimian primates that are thought to most closely resemble our earliest primate ancestors. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter critical to normal brain function by regulating synaptic plasticity associated with attention and learning. Myelination is an important structural component of the brain because it facilitates rapid neuronal communication. In this work we investigated the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the density of myelinated axons throughout postnatal development in the inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate complex (MGC), and auditory cortex (auditory core, belt, and parabelt) in Garnett's greater galago (Otolemur garnetti). We found that the IC and MGC exhibit relatively high myelinated fiber length density (MFLD) values at birth and attain adult-like values by the species-typical age at weaning. In contrast, neocortical auditory fields are relatively unmyelinated at birth and only attain adult-like MFLD values by the species-typical age at puberty. Analysis of AChE expression indicated that, in contrast to evidence from rodent samples, the adult-like distribution of AChE in the core area of auditory cortex, dense bands in layers I, IIIb/IV, and Vb/VI, is present at birth. These data indicate the differential developmental trajectory of central auditory system structures and demonstrate the early onset of adult-like AChE expression in primary auditory cortex in O. garnetti, suggesting the auditory system is more developed at birth in primates compared to rodents.

Polyacrylonitrile hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) and polyamide spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membrane modules were surface-modified by contact with an aqueous solution containing dopamine to deposit polydopamine on the membrane surfaces and other wetted parts inside the modules. UF modules were further modified by grafting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brushes to the polydopamine coating. Polydopamine and polydopamine-g-PEG coatings increase hydrophilicity of the membrane surfaces and have previously been shown to improve fouling resistance towards model oil/water emulsions in laboratory studies. In a pilot-scale test treating hydraulic fracturing flowback water from the Barnett Shale region of Texas, the fouling performance of modified UF and RO membrane modules was compared to that of unmodified analogs. UF modules were used to remove most of the highly fouling organic matter in the feed before desalination by a train of RO elements. Polydopamine-modified UF modules maintained higher flux, lower transmembrane pressure difference, and improved cleaning efficiency relative to unmodified modules. The polydopamine coating did not appear to improve RO fouling behavior, presumably because most of the organic foulants had been removed by UF pretreatment of the feedwater. However, higher and more stable salt rejection was observed in modified RO modules than in unmodified modules.

Neurons located in the caudal aspect of the vestibular nucleus complex have been shown to receive visceral inputs, and project to brainstem regions that participate in generating emesis, such as nucleus tractus solitarius and the “vomiting region” in the lateral tegmental field (LTF). Consequently, it has been hypothesized that neurons in the caudal vestibular nuclei participate in triggering motion sickness, and that visceral inputs to the vestibular nucleus complex can affect motion sickness susceptibility. To obtain supporting evidence for this hypothesis, we determined the effects of intragastric infusion of copper sulfate (CuSO4) on responses of neurons in the inferior and caudal medial vestibular nuclei to rotations in vertical planes. CuSO4 readily elicits nausea and emesis by activating gastrointestinal afferents. Infusion of CuSO4 produced a >30% change in spontaneous firing rate of approximately one-third of neurons in the caudal aspect of the vestibular nucleus complex. These changes in firing rate developed over several minutes, presumably in tandem with the emetic response. The gains of responses to vertical vestibular stimulation of a larger fraction (approximately two-thirds) of caudal vestibular nucleus neurons were altered over 30% by administration of copper sulfate. The response gains of some units went up, and others went down, and there was no significant relationship with concurrent spontaneous firing rate change. These findings support the notion that the effects of visceral inputs on motion sickness susceptibility are mediated in part through the caudal vestibular nuclei. However, our previous studies showed that infusion of CuSO4 produced larger changes in responses to vestibular stimulation of LTF neurons, as well as parabrachial nucleus neurons that are believed to participate in generating nausea. Thus, integrative effects of gastrointestinal inputs on the processing of labyrinthine inputs must occur at brain sites that participate in eliciting motion sickness in addition to the caudal vestibular nuclei. It seems likely that the occurrence of motion sickness requires converging inputs to brain areas that generate nausea and vomiting from a variety of regions that process vestibular signals.

We call a function constructible if it has a globally subanalytic domain and can be expressed as a sum of products of globally subanalytic functions and logarithms of positively-valued globally subanalytic functions. For any q > 0 and constructible functions f and μ on E × R n , we prove a theorem describing the structure of the set { ( x , p ) ∈ E × ( 0 , ∞ ] : f ( x , ⋅ ) ∈ L p ( | μ | x q ) } , where | μ | x q is the positive measure on R n whose Radon–Nikodym derivative with respect to the Lebesgue measure is | μ ( x , ⋅ ) | q : y ↦ | μ ( x , y ) | q . We also prove a closely related preparation theorem for f and μ. These results relate analysis (the study of L p -spaces) with geometry (the study of zero loci).

A commercial polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was surface-modified with polydopamine deposited from buffered, aqueous dopamine solution at ambient conditions. The influence of various modification conditions (i.e., dopamine solution concentration, polydopamine deposition time, and initial pH of Tris–HCl buffer) on pure water flux, flux during filtration of an oil/water emulsion, and NaCl rejection was investigated. Dead-end filtration results showed decreased pure water flux with increasing dopamine solution concentration and polydopamine deposition time. Membranes modified at a pH of 5 exhibited no change in pure water flux or flux during fouling experiments compared to the native membranes, suggesting that polydopamine was not deposited under such acidic coating conditions. All polydopamine-modified membranes, except those coated at a pH of 5, had higher fluxes when filtering an oil/water emulsion than that of unmodified membranes. NaCl rejection values in all membranes were within the manufacturer's specification. The increased flux when filtering an oil/water emulsion was not sensitive to dopamine concentration, coating time greater than 60 min, or alkaline buffer pH value. Short deposition times slightly reduced the fouling resistance of coated membranes, and membranes modified at acidic pH values showed no improvement in fouling.

Surface modification of porous membranes for water filtration has been extensively reported in the literature to improve fouling resistance. However, surface modification can significantly change the membrane filtration properties, sometimes resulting in more severe fouling than with the original, unmodified membrane. This study focused on demonstrating surface modification strategies and membrane comparison strategies to better understand the complex, competing phenomena occurring when membranes are surface modified. Polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes were modified with polydopamine (PDA) at different initial dopamine concentrations and deposition times. Membrane properties, including surface hydrophilicity, roughness, and zeta potential, were characterized. PDA coatings significantly increased surface hydrophilicity, but they did not markedly change the surface roughness or zeta potential. The threshold flux during oil/water emulsion filtration was determined and used as a fouling parameter for membranes modified with PDA at various modification conditions. The threshold flux increased when PDA was deposited at low initial dopamine concentrations or short coating times. However, PDA deposition at high initial dopamine concentrations or long coating times decreased the threshold flux, suggesting that a tradeoff exists between increased hydrophilicity and reduced pore size due to surface modification. An increase in membrane surface hydrophilicity was observed at all PDA deposition conditions, which tends to reduce foulant adhesion and increase threshold flux. However, extensive PDA coating significantly decreased membrane pure water permeance, suggesting that some membrane pores may have been narrowed or blocked, increasing local permeate flux through the remaining pores in the PDA-modified membranes. This higher local flux would exacerbate fouling and decrease threshold flux. Comparing unmodified and PDA-modified membranes having similar pure water permeance values, the PDA-modified membranes had higher threshold fluxes than the unmodified membranes.

An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright 2016 American Geophysical Union., Passive optical retrievals of cloud liquid water path (LWP), like those implemented for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), rely on cloud vertical profile assumptions to relate optical thickness (τ) and effective radius (rₑ) retrievals to LWP. These techniques typically assume that shallow clouds are vertically homogeneous; however, an adiabatic cloud model is plausibly more realistic for shallow marine boundary layer cloud regimes. In this study a satellite retrieval simulator is used to perform MODIS‐like satellite retrievals, which in turn are compared directly to the large‐eddy simulation (LES) output. This satellite simulator creates a framework for rigorous quantification of the impact that vertical profile features have on LWP retrievals, and it accomplishes this while also avoiding sources of bias present in previous observational studies. The cloud vertical profiles from the LES are often more complex than either of the two standard assumptions, and the favored assumption was found to be sensitive to cloud regime (cumuliform/stratiform). Confirming previous studies, drizzle and cloud top entrainment of dry air are identified as physical features that bias LWP retrievals away from adiabatic and toward homogeneous assumptions. The mean bias induced by drizzle‐influenced profiles was shown to be on the order of 5–10 g/m². In contrast, the influence of cloud top entrainment was found to be smaller by about a factor of 2. A theoretical framework is developed to explain variability in LWP retrievals by introducing modifications to the adiabatic rₑ profile. In addition to analyzing bispectral retrievals, we also compare results with the vertical profile sensitivity of passive polarimetric retrieval techniques.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between individual- and country-level values and preferences for job/organizational attributes. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from 475 full-time employees (average of nine years work experience, and three years in a managerial position) enrolled in part-time MBA programs in seven countries. Findings – Preference for a harmonious workplace is positively related to horizontal collectivism, whereas preference for remuneration/advancement is positively related to vertical individualism. The authors also find a positive relationship between preference for meaningful work and horizontal individualism, and between preference for employer prestige and social adjustment (SA) needs. Research limitations/implications – Although the sample comprised experienced, full-time professionals, using graduate business students may limit generalizability. Overall, the results provide initial support for the utility of incorporating the multi-dimensional individualism and collectivism measure, as well as SA needs, when assessing the relationships between values and employee preferences. Practical implications – For practitioners, the primary conclusion is that making assumptions about preferences based on nationality is risky. Findings may also prove useful for enhancing person-organization fit and the ability to attract and retain qualified workers. Originality/value – This study extends research on workers’ preferences by incorporating a new set of values and sampling experienced workers in a range of cultural contexts.

Polymeric membranes are an energy-efficient means of purifying water, but they suffer from fouling during filtration. Modification of the membrane surface is one route to mitigating membrane fouling, as it helps to maintain high levels of water productivity. Here, a series of common techniques for modification of the membrane surface are reviewed, including surface coating, grafting, and various treatment techniques such as chemical treatment, UV irradiation, and plasma treatment. Historical background on membrane development and surface modification is also provided. Finally, polydopamine, an emerging material that can be easily deposited onto a wide variety of substrates, is discussed within the context of membrane modification. A brief summary of the chemistry of polydopamine, particularly as it may pertain to membrane development, is also described.