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Background: Bleeding during nose surgery is very important, because it can cause a problem in the surgeon's field of view and lead to an increase in the probability of surgical complications. The aim of this study was to compare the local effects of tranexamic acid and phenylephrine on bleeding in rhinoplasty. Methods: The present study is a double-blind clinical trial in which 98 patients who were candidates for rhinoplasty Shiraz were randomly divided into 49 groups of phenylephrine and tranexamic acid. In the first group, 1 cc of phenylephrine and in the second group, 1 cc of tranexamic acid was used locally and then the variables in the two groups were compared. The current study was approved by the Iranian Clinical Trial Registration Center with code IRCT20201205049602N1. Results: The average blood pressure and heart rate in the phenylephrine group first increased and then decreased, but in the tranexamic acid group decreased from the beginning to 30 minutes. Based on the results of the test, there was a difference between the two groups in terms of the amount of bleeding, and a statistically significant relationship was observed. The average bleeding volume was lower in the phenylephrine group (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Results of this study showed that the amount of bleeding in the phenylephrine group was lower than that of tranexamic acid. It is recommended to use phenylephrine in rhinoplasty surgery to reduce bleeding and improve the surgeon's vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the last decade, social media have affected people's lives in an unprecedented way, today, different parts of people's lives, from shopping to education, business, and electronic messages, are influenced by these media. In fact, social media have become an integral part of human life today, and in recent years this dependence has become even greater than before. Because following the spread of the COVID-19, people used social media more to work and study, to keep in touch with their loved ones, and to get information about Covid-19. The present study aimed to determine the positive and negative impact of social media in the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The present study was a brief review designed. From 01 to 10 January 2022, the researchers of this study examined 6 international databases: Medline/PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Science. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the articles, 46 articles entered the next stage, in which the full text of the articles was reviewed. Results: Social media provides a space where health information is easily accessible to everyone. This capability is very efficient in global emergencies such as the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic so the use of social networks during the Covid-19 pandemic has increased significantly compared to previous data. In today's world, social media has become a new field in business and marketing. With the involvement of social media in many aspects of life, we see its significant impact on various aspects of business, from brand development to guaranteeing buyer's trust. Conclusion: Today, the role of social media in social communication, health, economy and other cultural fields is undeniable. However, it is important to consider the negative effects of these media. It seems that it is necessary that social media users be given the principal training before and during their use so that they do not become victims of its undesirable and unconscious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the primary risk factors for heart disease and stroke worldwide. The present meta-analysis was aimed to systematically review and statistically estimate the prevalence rate of pre-hypertension (PHTN) and HTN in the Iranian child/adolescent and adult age groups. Methods: In this study, four International databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane, as well as three Iranian databases, including SID, Magiran, and IranMedex, were separately investigated for articles published before January 2021. Also, we estimated the pooled effect size for the prevalence of PHTN and HTN in children/adolescent and adult age groups. Stata software (version 14.0) was used for all statistical analyses. Results: From a total of 1185 articles found in database searches, fifty-one were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of HTN in the Iranian adult population was 26.26% (25.11 % and 26.22 % for women and men, respectively). Meanwhile, the prevalence of PHTN and HTN in the child/adolescent age group was 8.97% (95% CI 7.33 - 10.61) and 8.98% (95% CI 7.59 - 10.36), respectively. Conclusions: This study provides information which can be used for various purposes, including study designing. Further nationwide surveys should be carried out to obtain accurate information on the HTN prevalence rate, particularly based on the American College of Cardiology /American Heart Association guidelines in the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence suggests that menopause can be associated with a variety of negative psychological changes such as depression and anxiety, and improving the mental health status of women during menopause is one of the important priorities and challenges of the health system. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae) herbal tea on happiness in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial which was conducted in 2021, 72 postmenopausal women were enrolled and divided into intervention and control groups. The randomization blocks method was used for random allocation, and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was utilized to measure the scores. The intervention included the use of 30 mg of dried stigmas of the saffron plant, which was boiled once (in the morning, in 300 ml of boiling water for 10–15 min) and consumed with white rock candy as one cup of saffron tea daily. To compare the trend of changes and after removing the effect of other variables, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used. Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in any of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics (p > 0.05). The results of paired samples t-test showed that the happiness mean score in the intervention group increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 42.93 ± 8.54 to 61.58 ± 8.24, while in the control group, there was no significant difference between the happiness mean score at the beginning and end of the study (p = 0.861). Also, after applying the treatment program in the intervention group, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the happiness mean scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Saffron herbal tea had a positive effect on reducing depression and increasing the happiness score; thus, it is recommended that it should be used as a complementary treatment in consultation with the treating physician. Trial registration: The present study was registered with the code of IRCT20210403050818N1 (Registration date: 09/04/2021) in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. It was also approved by the Ethics Committee of Larestan University of Medical Sciences (Approval ID: IR.LARUMS.REC.1399.017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the trend of animal bites in southern Iran from 2015 to 2019. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of patients with animal bites who were referred to the Center for Disease Control in the three cities of Larestan, Evaz, and Khonj in Fars province, southern Iran from 2015 to 2019. The trend of animal bites incidence was analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results: In total, from 2015 to 2019, 1 944 cases of animal bites were reported. A total of 79.8% of the cases were men. The overall average incidence of animal bites was 142.93 per 100 000 people. The incidence of animal bites was significantly increased (Ptrend<0.001). The highest incidence was in November (79.04 per 100 000 people) followed by January (76.1 per 100 000 people) and February (69.48 per 100 000 people); also, the lowest incidence was in August (47.42 per 100 000 people) and July (50.0 per 100 000 people). Conclusions: The incidence of animal bites has significantly increased. Given the importance of rabies, control and management of animal bites should be emphasized and considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 as a public health emergency. In the present study, we compared the preventative and therapeutic strategies and the success rates of Iran and Switzerland during the COVID-19 outbreak. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. In addition, the official documents of developed countries and WHO from 1st February until 15th May 2020 were studied. Relevant documents were reviewed in detail, and vital data were extracted. Results: Both countries have restriction policies to reduce the infection rate in the prevention setting. These policies, such as the recommendation to all citizens to stay home unless necessary, army participation, and non-face-to-face counseling, were surveyed by similar techniques in both countries. Some policies were implemented in both countries with different protocols. These policies, including social distancing practices, smart distancing methods, business activities, border closures, border controls, and restrictions, travel restrictions, testing and screening for infection and fever, and decreased working hours, were performed in both countries. In the treatment setting, the therapeutic strategy used in Iran consisted of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine phosphate and anti-viral drugs. Switzerland followed the guidelines of the European countries. The infection rate, recovery rate, and death rate were 0.139%, 78.73%, and 5.91% in Iran, while these rates were 0.352%, 88.81%, and 6.15% in Switzerland, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the lack of special treatment for the disease, prevention must be considered the most important factor in policymaking. Importantly, observing social distance is the most effective method among the preventative strategies. The capacity of the health care systems to provide optimal services and facilities is an important factor for patients ‘recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the dramatic expansion of e-learning in the world and also its increasing use in Iranian universities and considering the fundamental role of students in educational systems, it is necessary to further study the structure of their knowledge and attitude in using e-learning method. The present study was designed to determine the level of satisfaction with virtual education among the students of Larestan University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Methods: The present study is a survey conducted in 2021 on students at Larestan University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 132 people. Available (convenient) sampling method was used for sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire (Content Validity Ratio=0.99, Cronbach's alpha reliability=0.82) was used to collect data on the students' satisfaction with virtual learning. SPSS software version 25 and independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 132 students participating in the present study, 88 (67.70%) were girls. The only correlation was between the students' semester and the total satisfaction score, where the higher the student's semester, the lower their satisfaction was (P=0.002). The overall mean score of satisfaction with virtual learning was 3.02±0.84. Conclusion: In general, due to the significant expansion of virtual education around the world, despite the short life of those efforts to improve the facilities and infrastructure of hardware and network, paying attention to the diversity and appeal of training using diverse solutions, providing appropriate content based on the results of needs assessments, and more interactions between professors and students can lead to the development of this type of education and maximize student satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence can be a critical period during which individuals begin to cope with self-harm behaviors, and the increasing prevalence of suicide and suicidal attempts in this period is quite tangible in different communities. Given the lack of awareness concerning tolerance strategies in individuals with suicidal behavior, we investigated coping strategies in adolescents with suicidal thoughts. Methods: This qualitative research was conducted during January and February 2019 in which we used the method of qualitative content analysis. In this study, 17 adolescents with suicidal ideation referred to Larestan welfare centers, Fars province were interviewed. In addition, one psychologist and 17 parents of the adolescents participated in this research. Purposeful sampling was done. Data collection continued through semi-structured deep interviews until data saturation. Results: Two main themes, namely effective coping strategies with 16 sub-themes and ineffective coping strategies with 12 subthemes were extracted from the data. Conclusions: It was concluded that using appropriate plans to strengthen positive strategies in adolescents, providing them with new positive strategies, and omitting negative strategies can be conducive to preventing suicidal thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many patients with type 2 diabetes are uncontrolled on maximum oral treatment. The early introduction of insulin can lower diabetes-related complications. This study aimed to evaluate type 2 diabetes patients' demographic characteristics, clinical factors, and attitude toward insulin therapy initiation. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 457 patients were selected from 12 diabetes clinics in the southern Iranian city of Shiraz in 2017. Adult patients (>30 y) with type 2 diabetes indicated to use insulin for the first time (insulin-naive) were asked to complete a researcher-designed questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19. The relationships between insulin and the tendency to use insulin, demographic characteristics, and clinical data were evaluated using the x² or t test and logistic regression. The significance level was considered at 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 55.16±8.76 years and 67.4% were female. Despite physician recommendations, 60.2% of the patients were disinclined to use insulin. Those unwilling to initiate insulin therapy had more misconceptions. In the multivariate analysis, the chances of insulin noncompliance were increased by 4.63-fold among the patients without supplementary insurance (P<0.001), by 2.38-fold among those with a nondiabetic diet (P=0.002), and by 6.75-fold among the illiterate ones (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, the factors affecting insulin noncompliance in our insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes included insurance coverage, illiteracy, and nondiabetic regimens as well as misconceptions about and irrational fear of insulin injection. Overall, our results indicate the need for further education and financial support for patients and health staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]