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2. THE ARCTIC CLOUD PUZZLE : Using ACLOUD/PASCAL Multiplatform Observations to Unravel the Role of Clouds and Aerosol Particles in Arctic Amplification

Author

Wendisch, Manfred, Macke, Andreas, Ehrlich, André, Lüpkes, Christof, Mech, Mario, Chechin, Dmitry, Dethloff, Klaus, Velasco, Carola Barrientos, Bozem, Heiko, Brückner, Marlen, Clemen, Hans-Christian, Crewell, Susanne, Donth, Tobias, Dupuy, Regis, Ebell, Kerstin, Egerer, Ulrike, Engelmann, Ronny, Engler, Christa, Eppers, Oliver, Gehrmann, Martin, Gong, Xianda, Gottschalk, Matthias, Gourbeyre, Christophe, Griesche, Hannes, Hartmann, Jörg, Hartmann, Markus, Heinold, Bernd, Herber, Andreas, Herrmann, Hartmut, Heygster, Georg, Hoor, Peter, Jafariserajehlou, Soheila, Jäkel, Evelyn, Järvinen, Emma, Jourdan, Olivier, Kästner, Udo, Kecorius, Simonas, Knudsen, Erlend M., Köllner, Franziska, Kretzschmar, Jan, Lelli, Luca, Leroy, Delphine, Maturilli, Marion, Mei, Linlu, Mertes, Stephan, Mioche, Guillaume, Neuber, Roland, Nicolaus, Marcel, Nomokonova, Tatiana, Notholt, Justus, Palm, Mathias, van Pinxteren, Manuela, Quaas, Johannes, Richter, Philipp, Ruiz-Donoso, Elena, Schäfer, Michael, Schmieder, Katja, Schnaiter, Martin, Schneider, Johannes, Schwarzenböck, Alfons, Seifert, Patric, Shupe, Matthew D., Siebert, Holger, Spreen, Gunnar, Stapf, Johannes, Stratmann, Frank, Vogl, Teresa, Welti, André, Wex, Heike, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Zanatta, Marco, and Zeppenfeld, Sebastian

Published
2019

3. Future projections of wind energy potentials in the arctic for the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario from regional climate models (Arctic-CORDEX)

Author

Akperov, Mirseid, Eliseev, Alexey V., Rinke, Annette, Mokhov, Igor I., Semenov, Vladimir A., Dembitskaya, Mariya, Matthes, Heidrun, Adakudlu, Muralidhar, Boberg, Fredrik, Christensen, Jens H., Dethloff, Klaus, Fettweis, Xavier, Gutjahr, Oliver, Heinemann, Günther, Koenigk, Torben, Sein, Dmitry, Laprise, René, Mottram, Ruth, Nikiéma, Oumarou, Sobolowski, Stefan, Winger, Katja, Zhang, Wenxin, Akperov, Mirseid, Eliseev, Alexey V., Rinke, Annette, Mokhov, Igor I., Semenov, Vladimir A., Dembitskaya, Mariya, Matthes, Heidrun, Adakudlu, Muralidhar, Boberg, Fredrik, Christensen, Jens H., Dethloff, Klaus, Fettweis, Xavier, Gutjahr, Oliver, Heinemann, Günther, Koenigk, Torben, Sein, Dmitry, Laprise, René, Mottram, Ruth, Nikiéma, Oumarou, Sobolowski, Stefan, Winger, Katja, and Zhang, Wenxin

Abstract

The Arctic has warmed more than twice the rate of the entire globe. To quantify possible climate change effects, we calculate wind energy potentials from a multi-model ensemble of Arctic-CORDEX. For this, we analyze future changes of wind power density (WPD) using an eleven-member multi-model ensemble. Impacts are estimated for two periods (2020–2049 and 2070–2099) of the 21st century under a high emission scenario (RCP8.5). The multi-model mean reveals an increase of seasonal WPD over the Arctic in the future decades. WPD variability across a range of temporal scales is projected to increase over the Arctic. The signal amplifies by the end of 21st century. Future changes in the frequency of wind speeds at 100 m not useable for wind energy production (wind speeds below 4 m/s or above 25 m/s) has been analyzed. The RCM ensemble simulates a more frequent occurrence of 100 m non-usable wind speeds for the wind-turbines over Scandinavia and selected land areas in Alaska, northern Russia and Canada. In contrast, non-usable wind speeds decrease over large parts of Eastern Siberia and in northern Alaska. Thus, our results indicate increased potential of the Arctic for the development and production of wind energy. Bias corrected and not corrected near-surface wind speed and WPD changes have been compared with each other. It has been found that both show the same sign of future change, but differ in magnitude of these changes. The role of sea-ice retreat and vegetation expansion in the Arctic in future on near-surface wind speed variability has been also assessed. Surface roughness through sea-ice and vegetation changes may significantly impact on WPD variability in the Arctic.

Published
2023

6. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition - Atmosphere

Author

Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Hélène, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoé, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Dütsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, André, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Jürgen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Günther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Lüpkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Pätzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preußer, Andreas, Quéléver, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, Yue, Fange, Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Hélène, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoé, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Dütsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, André, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Jürgen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Günther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Lüpkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Pätzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preußer, Andreas, Quéléver, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, and Yue, Fange

Abstract

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore cross-cutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system

Published
2022

7. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

Published
2022

8. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, Zhu, Jialiang, Rabe, Benjamin, Heuzé, Céline, Regnery, Julia, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Allerholt, Jacob, Athanase, Marylou, Bai, Youcheng, Basque, Chris, Bauch, Dorothea, Baumann, Till M., Chen, Dake, Cole, Sylvia T., Craw, Lisa, Davies, Andrew, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Doglioni, Francesca, Ebert, Falk, Fang, Ying-Chih, Fer, Ilker, Fong, Allison A., Gradinger, Rolf, Granskog, Mats A., Graupner, Rainer, Haas, Christian, He, Hailun, He, Yan, Hoppmann, Mario, Janout, Markus, Kadko, David, Kanzow, Torsten, Karam, Salar, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Koenig, Zoe, Kong, Bin, Krishfield, Richard A., Krumpen, Thomas, Kuhlmey, David, Kuznetsov, Ivan, Lan, Musheng, Laukert, Georgi, Lei, Ruibo, Li, Tao, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, Lin, Lina, Lin, Long, Liu, Hailong, Liu, Na, Loose, Brice, Ma, Xiaobing, McKay, Rosalie, Mallet, Maria, Mallett, Robbie D. C., Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mertens, Christian, Mohrholz, Volker, Muilwijk, Morven, Nicolaus, Marcel, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., Perovich, Donald, Ren, Jian, Rex, Markus, Ribeiro, Natalia, Rinke, Annette, Schaffer, Janin, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, Schulz, Kirstin, Shupe, Matthew D., Shaw, William, Sokolov, Vladimir, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stanton, Timothy, Stephens, Mark, Su, Jie, Sukhikh, Natalia, Sundfjord, Arild, Thomisch, Karolin, Tippenhauer, Sandra, Toole, John M., Vredenborg, Myriel, Walter, Maren, Wang, Hangzhou, Wang, Lei, Wang, Yuntao, Wendisch, Manfred, Zhao, Jinping, Zhou, Meng, and Zhu, Jialiang

Abstract

Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN conducted a full year of physical oceanography observations as part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), a drift with the Arctic sea ice from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the program to characterize the Arctic Ocean system in unprecedented detail, from the seafloor to the air-sea ice-ocean interface, from sub-mesoscales to pan-Arctic. The oceanographic measurements were coordinated with the other teams to explore the ocean physics and linkages to the climate and ecosystem. This paper introduces the major components of the physical oceanography program and complements the other team overviews of the MOSAiC observational program. Team OCEAN’s sampling strategy was designed around hydrographic ship-, ice- and autonomous platform-based measurements to improve the understanding of regional circulation and mixing processes. Measurements were carried out both routinely, with a regular schedule, and in response to storms or opening leads. Here we present alongdrift time series of hydrographic properties, allowing insights into the seasonal and regional evolution of the water column from winter in the Laptev Sea to early summer in Fram Strait: freshening of the surface, deepening of the mixed layer, increase in temperature and salinity of the Atlantic Water. We also highlight the presence of Canada Basin deep water intrusions and a surface meltwater layer in leads. MOSAiC most likely was the most comprehensive program ever conducted over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. While data analysis and interpretation are ongoing, the acquired datasets will support a wide range of physical oceanography and multi-disciplinary research. They will provide a significant foundation for assessing and advancing modeling cap

Published
2022

9. Arctic sea ice anomalies during the MOSAiC winter 2019/20

Author

Dethloff, Klaus, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Hendricks, Stefan, Lee, Younjoo J., Goessling, Helge F., Krumpen, Thomas, Haas, Christian, Handorf, Dörthe, Ricker, Robert, Bessonov, Vladimir, Cassano, John J., Kinney, Jaclyn Clement, Osinski, Robert, Rex, Markus, Rinke, Annette, Sokolova, Julia, Sommerfeld, Anja, Dethloff, Klaus, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Hendricks, Stefan, Lee, Younjoo J., Goessling, Helge F., Krumpen, Thomas, Haas, Christian, Handorf, Dörthe, Ricker, Robert, Bessonov, Vladimir, Cassano, John J., Kinney, Jaclyn Clement, Osinski, Robert, Rex, Markus, Rinke, Annette, Sokolova, Julia, and Sommerfeld, Anja

Published
2022

10. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition-Atmosphere INTRODUCTION

Author

Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Helene, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoe, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Duetsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, Andre, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Juergen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Guenther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuze, Celine, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Luepkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Paetzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petaja, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preusser, Andreas, Quelever, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, Yue, Fange, Shupe, Matthew D., Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Persson, P. Ola G., Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Angot, Helene, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoe, Brooks, Ian M., Calmer, Radiance, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher J., Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Duetsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, Andre, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison A., Frey, Markus M., Gallagher, Michael R., Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Juergen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Guenther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Heuze, Celine, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Howard, Dean, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, Jozef, Gina, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Luepkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Paetzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald K., Petaja, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri A., Preusser, Andreas, Quelever, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey M., Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, ZhouQing, and Yue, Fange

Abstract

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore crosscutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system s

Published
2022

11. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, and Tsamados, Michel

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice

Published
2022

12. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred

Abstract

Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.

Published
2022

14. Arctic sea ice anomalies during the MOSAiC winter 2019/20

Author

Dethloff, Klaus, primary, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Lee, Younjoo J., additional, Goessling, Helge F., additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Handorf, Dörthe, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Bessonov, Vladimir, additional, Cassano, John J., additional, Kinney, Jaclyn Clement, additional, Osinski, Robert, additional, Rex, Markus, additional, Rinke, Annette, additional, Sokolova, Julia, additional, and Sommerfeld, Anja, additional

Published
2022
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15. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere

Author

Shupe, Matthew, Rex, Markus, Blomquist, Byron, Ola, P, Persson, G, Schmale, Julia, Uttal, Taneil, Althausen, Dietrich, Lè Ne Angot, Hé, Archer, Stephen, Bariteau, Ludovic, Beck, Ivo, Bilberry, John, Bucci, Silvia, Buck, Clifton, Boyer, Matt, Brasseur, Zoé, Brooks, Ian, Cassano, John, Castro, Vagner, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher, Creamean, Jessie, Crewell, Susanne, Dahlke, Sandro, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Deckelmann, Holger, Dethloff, Klaus, Dütsch, Marina, Ebell, Kerstin, Ehrlich, André, Ellis, Jody, Engelmann, Ronny, Fong, Allison, Frey, Markus, Gallagher, Michael, Ganzeveld, Laurens, Gradinger, Rolf, Graeser, Jürgen, Greenamyer, Vernon, Griesche, Hannes, Griffiths, Steele, Hamilton, Jonathan, Heinemann, Günther, Helmig, Detlev, Herber, Andreas, Line Heuzé, Cé, Hofer, Julian, Houchens, Todd, Inoue, Jun, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaiser, Ralf, Jokinen, Tuija, Jourdan, Olivier, King, Wessley, Kirchgaessner, Amelie, Klingebiel, Marcus, Krassovski, Misha, Krumpen, Thomas, Lampert, Astrid, Landing, William, Laurila, Tiia, Lawrence, Dale, Lonardi, Michael, Loose, Brice, Lüpkes, Christof, Maahn, Maximilian, Macke, Andreas, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Marsay, Christopher, Maturilli, Marion, Mech, Mario, Morris, Sara, Moser, Manuel, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ortega, Paul, Osborn, Jackson, Pätzold, Falk, Perovich, Donald, Petäjä, Tuukka, Pilz, Christian, Pirazzini, Roberta, Posman, Kevin, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri, Preusser, Andreas, Qué Lé Ver, Lauriane, Radenz, Martin, Rabe, Benjamin, Rinke, Annette, Sachs, Torsten, Schulz, Alexander, Siebert, Holger, Silva, Tercio, Solomon, Amy, Sommerfeld, Anja, Spreen, Gunnar, Stephens, Mark, Stohl, Andreas, Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, Janek, Viegas, Juarez, Voigt, Christiane, von Der Gathen, Peter, Wehner, Birgit, Welker, Jeffrey, Wendisch, Manfred, Werner, Martin, Xie, Zhouqing, Yue, Fange, Jourdan, Olivier, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Arctic, Field campaign, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract

International audience; With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore crosscutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge.The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system scientific research and provide an important foundation for advancing multiscale modeling capabilities in the Arctic.

Published
2022

17. A tribute to Peter Hupfer's 90th birthday

Author

Foken, Thomas, Dethloff, Klaus, Spänkuch, Dietrich, Tinz, Birger, and Börngen, Michael

Abstract

The development of science in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) experienced some disruptions with the reunification of Germany. Nevertheless, it was possible to maintain a certain continuity in climate research, which can be seen as a personal merit of Prof. Dr. Peter Hupfer. The development of climate research from the 1950s to the present and his part in it will be acknowledged in the present article.

Published
2023
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19. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Author

Nicolaus, Marcel, primary, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Angelopoulos, Michael, additional, Anhaus, Philipp, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Belter, H. Jakob, additional, Bessonov, Vladimir, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Brauchle, Jörg, additional, Calmer, Radiance, additional, Cardellach, Estel, additional, Cheng, Bin, additional, Clemens-Sewall, David, additional, Dadic, Ruzica, additional, Damm, Ellen, additional, de Boer, Gijs, additional, Demir, Oguz, additional, Dethloff, Klaus, additional, Divine, Dmitry V., additional, Fong, Allison A., additional, Fons, Steven, additional, Frey, Markus M., additional, Fuchs, Niels, additional, Gabarró, Carolina, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Goessling, Helge F., additional, Gradinger, Rolf, additional, Haapala, Jari, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Hamilton, Jonathan, additional, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Herber, Andreas, additional, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Hutchings, Jennifer K., additional, Hwang, Byongjun, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Katlein, Christian, additional, Kolabutin, Nikolai, additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kurtz, Nathan, additional, Lampert, Astrid, additional, Lange, Benjamin Allen, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Light, Bonnie, additional, Linhardt, Felix, additional, Liston, Glen E., additional, Loose, Brice, additional, Macfarlane, Amy R., additional, Mahmud, Mallik, additional, Matero, Ilkka O., additional, Maus, Sönke, additional, Morgenstern, Anne, additional, Naderpour, Reza, additional, Nandan, Vishnu, additional, Niubom, Alexey, additional, Oggier, Marc, additional, Oppelt, Natascha, additional, Pätzold, Falk, additional, Perron, Christophe, additional, Petrovsky, Tomasz, additional, Pirazzini, Roberta, additional, Polashenski, Chris, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Raphael, Ian A., additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Rex, Markus, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, additional, Rinke, Annette, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Salganik, Evgenii, additional, Scharien, Randall K., additional, Schiller, Martin, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Semmling, Maximilian, additional, Shimanchuk, Egor, additional, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Smith, Madison M., additional, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Stanton, Tim, additional, Stroeve, Julienne, additional, Thielke, Linda, additional, Timofeeva, Anna, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, additional, Tavri, Aikaterini, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Wagner, David N., additional, Watkins, Daniel, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, and Wendisch, Manfred, additional

Published
2022
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20. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography

Author

Rabe, Benjamin, primary, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Aksenov, Yevgeny, additional, Allerholt, Jacob, additional, Athanase, Marylou, additional, Bai, Youcheng, additional, Basque, Chris, additional, Bauch, Dorothea, additional, Baumann, Till M., additional, Chen, Dake, additional, Cole, Sylvia T., additional, Craw, Lisa, additional, Davies, Andrew, additional, Damm, Ellen, additional, Dethloff, Klaus, additional, Divine, Dmitry V., additional, Doglioni, Francesca, additional, Ebert, Falk, additional, Fang, Ying-Chih, additional, Fer, Ilker, additional, Fong, Allison A., additional, Gradinger, Rolf, additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, Graupner, Rainer, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, He, Hailun, additional, He, Yan, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Janout, Markus, additional, Kadko, David, additional, Kanzow, Torsten, additional, Karam, Salar, additional, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, additional, Koenig, Zoe, additional, Kong, Bin, additional, Krishfield, Richard A., additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kuhlmey, David, additional, Kuznetsov, Ivan, additional, Lan, Musheng, additional, Laukert, Georgi, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Li, Tao, additional, Torres-Valdés, Sinhué, additional, Lin, Lina, additional, Lin, Long, additional, Liu, Hailong, additional, Liu, Na, additional, Loose, Brice, additional, Ma, Xiaobing, additional, McKay, Rosalie, additional, Mallet, Maria, additional, Mallett, Robbie D. C., additional, Maslowski, Wieslaw, additional, Mertens, Christian, additional, Mohrholz, Volker, additional, Muilwijk, Morven, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, O’Brien, Jeffrey K., additional, Perovich, Donald, additional, Ren, Jian, additional, Rex, Markus, additional, Ribeiro, Natalia, additional, Rinke, Annette, additional, Schaffer, Janin, additional, Schuffenhauer, Ingo, additional, Schulz, Kirstin, additional, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Shaw, William, additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Sommerfeld, Anja, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Stanton, Timothy, additional, Stephens, Mark, additional, Su, Jie, additional, Sukhikh, Natalia, additional, Sundfjord, Arild, additional, Thomisch, Karolin, additional, Tippenhauer, Sandra, additional, Toole, John M., additional, Vredenborg, Myriel, additional, Walter, Maren, additional, Wang, Hangzhou, additional, Wang, Lei, additional, Wang, Yuntao, additional, Wendisch, Manfred, additional, Zhao, Jinping, additional, Zhou, Meng, additional, and Zhu, Jialiang, additional

Published
2022
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22. MOSAiC drift expedition from October 2019 to July 2020: sea ice conditions from space and comparison with previous years

Author

Krumpen, Thomas, primary, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Goessling, Helge F., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Juhls, Bennet, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Willmes, Sascha, additional, Belter, H. Jakob, additional, Dethloff, Klaus, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Katlein, Christian, additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Rostosky, Philip, additional, Rückert, Janna, additional, Singha, Suman, additional, and Sokolova, Julia, additional

Published
2021
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23. A tribute to Peter Hupfer's 90th birthday.

Author

FOKEN, THOMAS, DETHLOFF, KLAUS, SPÄNKUCH, DIETRICH, TINZ, BIRGER, and BÖRNGEN, MICHAEL

Subjects
GERMAN Unification, 1990, CLIMATE research, BIRTHDAYS, RESEARCH & development
Abstract

The development of science in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) experienced some disruptions with the reunification of Germany. Nevertheless, it was possible to maintain a certain continuity in climate research, which can be seen as a personal merit of Prof. Dr. Peter Hupfer. The development of climate research from the 1950s to the present and his part in it will be acknowledged in the present article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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25. MOSAiC drift expedition from October 2019 to July 2020: sea ice conditions from space and comparison with previous years

Author

Krumpen, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Goessling, Helge F., Hendricks, Stefan, Juhls, Bennet, Spreen, Gunnar, Willmes, Sascha, Belter, H. Jakob, Dethloff, Klaus, Haas, Christian, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Ricker, Robert, Rostosky, Philip, Rückert, Janna, Singha, Suman, Sokolova, Julia, Krumpen, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Goessling, Helge F., Hendricks, Stefan, Juhls, Bennet, Spreen, Gunnar, Willmes, Sascha, Belter, H. Jakob, Dethloff, Klaus, Haas, Christian, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Ricker, Robert, Rostosky, Philip, Rückert, Janna, Singha, Suman, and Sokolova, Julia

Abstract

We combine satellite data products to provide a first and general overview of the physical sea ice conditions along the drift of the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition and a comparison with previous years (2005–2006 to 2018–2019). We find that the MOSAiC drift was around 20 % faster than the climatological mean drift, as a consequence of large-scale low-pressure anomalies prevailing around the Barents–Kara–Laptev sea region between January and March. In winter (October–April), satellite observations show that the sea ice in the vicinity of the Central Observatory (CO; 50 km radius) was rather thin compared to the previous years along the same trajectory. Unlike ice thickness, satellite-derived sea ice concentration, lead frequency and snow thickness during winter months were close to the long-term mean with little variability. With the onset of spring and decreasing distance to the Fram Strait, variability in ice concentration and lead activity increased. In addition, the frequency and strength of deformation events (divergence, convergence and shear) were higher during summer than during winter. Overall, we find that sea ice conditions observed within 5 km distance of the CO are representative for the wider (50 and 100 km) surroundings. An exception is the ice thickness; here we find that sea ice within 50 km radius of the CO was thinner than sea ice within a 100 km radius by a small but consistent factor (4 %) for successive monthly averages. Moreover, satellite acquisitions indicate that the formation of large melt ponds began earlier on the MOSAiC floe than on neighbouring floes.

Published
2021

26. Improved Circulation in the Northern Hemisphere by Adjusting Gravity Wave Drag Parameterizations in Seasonal Experiments With ICON-NWP

Author

Köhler, Raphael, Handorf, Dörthe, Jaiser, Ralf, Dethloff, Klaus, Zängl, Günther, Majewski, Detlev, Rex, Markus, Köhler, Raphael, Handorf, Dörthe, Jaiser, Ralf, Dethloff, Klaus, Zängl, Günther, Majewski, Detlev, and Rex, Markus

Abstract

The stratosphere is one of the main potential sources for subseasonal to seasonal predictability in midlatitudes in winter. The ability of an atmospheric model to realistically simulate the stratospheric dynamics is essential in order to move forward in the field of seasonal predictions in midlatitudes. Earlier studies with the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic atmospheric model (ICON) point out that stratospheric westerlies in ICON are underestimated. This is the first extensive study on the evaluation of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric winter circulation with ICON in numerical weather prediction (NWP) mode. Seasonal experiments with the default setup are able to reproduce the basic climatology of the stratospheric polar vortex. However, westerlies are too weak and major stratospheric warmings too frequent in ICON. Both a reduction of the nonorographic, and a reduction of the orographic gravity wave and wake drag lead to a strengthening of the stratospheric vortex and a bias reduction, in particular in January. However, the effect of the nonorographic gravity wave drag scheme on the stratosphere is stronger. Stratosphere-troposphere coupling is intensified and more realistic due to a reduced gravity wave drag. Furthermore, an adjustment of the subgrid-scale orographic drag parameterization leads to a significant error reduction in the mean sea level pressure. As a result of these findings, we present our current suggested improved setup for seasonal experiments with ICON-NWP.

Published
2021

27. MOSAiC Extended Acknowledgement

Author

Nixdorf, Uwe, Dethloff, Klaus, Rex, Markus, Shupe, Matthew, Sommerfeld, Anja, Perovich, Donald K., Nicolaus, Marcel, Heuzé, Céline, Rabe, Benjamin, Loose, Brice, Damm, Ellen, Gradinger, Rolf, Fong, Allison, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Rinke, Annette, Kwok, Ronald, Spreen, Gunnar, Wendisch, Manfred, Herber, Andreas, Hirsekorn, Marius, Mohaupt, Verena, Frickenhaus, Stephan, Immerz, Antonia, Weiss-Tuider, Katharina, König, Bjela, Mengedoht, Dirk, Regnery, Julia, Gerchow, Peter, Ransby, Daniela, Krumpen, Thomas, Morgenstern, Anne, Haas, Christian, Kanzow, Torsten, Rack, Frank R., Saitzev, Vladimir, Sokolov, Vladimir, Makarov, Alexander, Schwarze, Stefan, Wunderlich, Thomas, Wurr, Karsten, Boetius, Antje, Nixdorf, Uwe, Dethloff, Klaus, Rex, Markus, Shupe, Matthew, Sommerfeld, Anja, Perovich, Donald K., Nicolaus, Marcel, Heuzé, Céline, Rabe, Benjamin, Loose, Brice, Damm, Ellen, Gradinger, Rolf, Fong, Allison, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Rinke, Annette, Kwok, Ronald, Spreen, Gunnar, Wendisch, Manfred, Herber, Andreas, Hirsekorn, Marius, Mohaupt, Verena, Frickenhaus, Stephan, Immerz, Antonia, Weiss-Tuider, Katharina, König, Bjela, Mengedoht, Dirk, Regnery, Julia, Gerchow, Peter, Ransby, Daniela, Krumpen, Thomas, Morgenstern, Anne, Haas, Christian, Kanzow, Torsten, Rack, Frank R., Saitzev, Vladimir, Sokolov, Vladimir, Makarov, Alexander, Schwarze, Stefan, Wunderlich, Thomas, Wurr, Karsten, and Boetius, Antje

Abstract

For years, the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), together with the international MOSAiC partners, had been planning and developing the scientific, logistical and financial concept for the implementation of the MOSAiC expedition. The planning and organization of this endeavor was an enormous e˙ort, involving more than 80 institutions from 20 countries. The number of groups and individuals that significantly contributed to the success of the drift observatory goes far beyond the scope of usual polar expeditions.

Published
2021

28. Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Field Campaign Report

Author

Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.), Shupe, Matthew, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher, Creamean, Jesse, de Boer, Gijs, Dethloff, Klaus, Engelmann, Ronny, Gallagher, Michael, Hunke, Elizabeth, Maslowski, Wieslaw, McComiskey, Allison, Osborn, Jackson, Persson, Ola, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri, Randall, David, Solomon, Amy, Tjernstrom, Michael, Turner, David, Uin, Janek, Uttal, Taneil, Verlinde, Johannes, Wagner, David, Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.), Shupe, Matthew, Chu, David, Costa, David, Cox, Christopher, Creamean, Jesse, de Boer, Gijs, Dethloff, Klaus, Engelmann, Ronny, Gallagher, Michael, Hunke, Elizabeth, Maslowski, Wieslaw, McComiskey, Allison, Osborn, Jackson, Persson, Ola, Powers, Heath, Pratt, Kerri, Randall, David, Solomon, Amy, Tjernstrom, Michael, Turner, David, Uin, Janek, Uttal, Taneil, Verlinde, Johannes, and Wagner, David

Published
2021

31. Circulation regimes due to attractor merging in atmospheric models

Author

Sempf, Mario, Dethloff, Klaus, Handorf, Dorthe, and Kurgansky, Michael V.

Subjects
Atmospheric circulation -- Analysis, Atmospheric circulation -- Models, Bifurcation theory -- Usage, Atmospheric research, Earth sciences, Science and technology
Abstract

From a dynamical systems theory perspective, the mechanisms of atmospheric regime behavior in a barotropic model, a pseudobarotropic model, and a baroclinic three-level model, where all of them show quite realistic regimes, are unveiled. Along with this, the role played by multiple equilibria for the emergence of regimes in barotropic models is critically reexamined. In the barotropic model, a sequence of bifurcations is observed, which leads to the merging of coexisting attractors and results in two pronounced regimes corresponding to high- and low-index flow. The pseudobarotropic model is constructed from the three-level model by introducing a strong internal friction between the levels and switching off the interfacial diabatic forcing, and it has essentially the same bifurcation properties and regimes as the truly barotropic model. A continuous metamorphosis between the pseudobarotropic and the original baroclinic three-level model is accomplished by a linear interpolation of parameters and forcing fields between these two models. Both local and global bifurcations occurring during this transition to baroclinicity are analyzed in detail, yielding two main results. First, almost all of the multiple steady states of the pseudobarotropic model owe their existence merely to the fact that the surface friction has generally to be chosen unphysically weak in barotropic models in order to obtain chaotic behavior. Second, the circulation regimes in both the pseudobarotropic model and the baroclinic three-level model are proven to emerge from the unification of multiple attractors, which coexist at intermediate strength of baroclinicity and correspond to low- or high-index flow configurations, respectively.

Published
2007

32. Toward understanding the dynamical origin of atmospheric regime behavior in a baroclinic model

Author

Sempf, Mario, Dethloff, Klaus, Handorf, Dorthe, and Kurgansky, Michael V.

Subjects
Atmospheric circulation -- Research, Earth sciences, Science and technology
Abstract

Dynamical mechanisms of atmospheric regime behavior are investigated in the context of a quasigeostrophic three-level T21 model of the wintertime atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere, The model, driven by realistic orography and using a thermal forcing determined by a newly developed tuning procedure, is shown to possess a reasonable climatology and to simulate the Arctic Oscillation quite realistically. It exhibits pronounced internally generated interannual and decadat variability and, in particular, circulation regimes that agree fairly well with observed ones. Two known hypotheses about the origin of regime behavior, as it occurs in the model herein are addressed: (i) multiple equilibria and (ii) chaotic itinerancy between attractor ruins. The first hypothesis is falsified at very high probability, while the second is likely to be true.

Published
2007

33. The MOSAiC ice floe: sediment-laden survivor from the Siberian shelf

Author

Krumpen, Thomas, Birrien, Florent, Kauker, Frank, Rackow, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, V., Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Haapala, J., Haas, Christian, Harris, C., Hendricks, Stefan, Hoelemann, Jens, Hoppmann, Mario, Kaleschke, Lars, Karcher, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Lei, Ruibo, Lenz, Josefine, Morgenstern, Anne, Nicolaus, Marcel, Nixdorf, Uwe, Petrovsky, T., Rabe, Benjamin, Rabenstein, Lasse, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Shimanchuk, E., Singha, S., Smolyanitsky, V., Sokolov, V., Stanton, T., Timofeeva, A., Tsamados, M., Watkins, D., Krumpen, Thomas, Birrien, Florent, Kauker, Frank, Rackow, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, V., Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Haapala, J., Haas, Christian, Harris, C., Hendricks, Stefan, Hoelemann, Jens, Hoppmann, Mario, Kaleschke, Lars, Karcher, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Lei, Ruibo, Lenz, Josefine, Morgenstern, Anne, Nicolaus, Marcel, Nixdorf, Uwe, Petrovsky, T., Rabe, Benjamin, Rabenstein, Lasse, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Shimanchuk, E., Singha, S., Smolyanitsky, V., Sokolov, V., Stanton, T., Timofeeva, A., Tsamados, M., and Watkins, D.

Abstract

In September 2019, the research icebreaker Polarstern started the largest multidisciplinary Arctic expedition to date, the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) drift experiment. Being moored to an ice floe for a whole year, thus including the winter season, the declared goal of the expedition is to better understand and quantify relevant processes within the atmosphere–ice–ocean system that impact the sea ice mass and energy budget, ultimately leading to much improved climate models. Satellite observations, atmospheric reanalysis data, and readings from a nearby meteorological station indicate that the interplay of high ice export in late winter and exceptionally high air temperatures resulted in the longest ice-free summer period since reliable instrumental records began. We show, using a Lagrangian tracking tool and a thermodynamic sea ice model, that the MOSAiC floe carrying the Central Observatory (CO) formed in a polynya event north of the New Siberian Islands at the beginning of December 2018. The results further indicate that sea ice in the vicinity of the CO (<40 km distance) was younger and 36 % thinner than the surrounding ice with potential consequences for ice dynamics and momentum and heat transfer between ocean and atmosphere. Sea ice surveys carried out on various reference floes in autumn 2019 verify this gradient in ice thickness, and sediments discovered in ice cores (so-called dirty sea ice) around the CO confirm contact with shallow waters in an early phase of growth, consistent with the tracking analysis. Since less and less ice from the Siberian shelves survives its first summer (Krumpen et al., 2019), the MOSAiC experiment provides the unique opportunity to study the role of sea ice as a transport medium for gases, macronutrients, iron, organic matter, sediments and pollutants from shelf areas to the central Arctic Ocean and beyond. Compared to data for the past 26 years, the sea ice encountered at th

Published
2020

34. Effects of the tropospheric large-scale circulation on European winter temperatures during the period of amplified Arctic warming

Author

Vihma, Timo, Graversen, Rune, Chen, L., Handorf, Dörthe, Skific, N., Francis, J., Tyrrell, N., Hall, Richard, Hanna, Edward, Uotila, P., Dethloff, Klaus, Karpechko, Alexey, Björnsson, H., Overland, James, Vihma, Timo, Graversen, Rune, Chen, L., Handorf, Dörthe, Skific, N., Francis, J., Tyrrell, N., Hall, Richard, Hanna, Edward, Uotila, P., Dethloff, Klaus, Karpechko, Alexey, Björnsson, H., and Overland, James

Abstract

We investigate factors influencing European winter (DJFM) air temperatures for the period 1979?2015 with the focus on changes during the recent period of rapid Arctic warming (1998?2015). We employ meteorological reanalyses analysed with a combination of correlation analysis, two pattern clustering techniques, and back-trajectory airmass identification. In all five selected European regions, severe cold winter events lasting at least 4 days are significantly correlated with warm Arctic episodes. Relationships during opposite conditions of warm Europe/cold Arctic are also significant. Correlations have become consistently stronger since 1998. Large-scale pattern analysis reveals that cold spells are associated with the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO?) and the positive phase of the Scandinavian (SCA+) pattern, which in turn are correlated with the divergence of dry-static energy transport. Warm European extremes are associated with opposite phases of these patterns and the convergence of latent heat transport. Airmass trajectory analysis is consistent with these findings, as airmasses associated with extreme cold events typically originate over continents, while warm events tend to occur with prevailing maritime airmasses. Despite Arctic?wide warming, significant cooling has occurred in northeastern Europe owing to a decrease in adiabatic subsidence heating in airmasses arriving from the southeast, along with increased occurrence of circulation patterns favouring low temperature advection. These dynamic effects dominated over the increased mean temperature of most circulation patterns. Lagged correlation analysis reveals that SCA? and NAO+ are typically preceded by cold Arctic anomalies during the previous 2-3 months, which may aid seasonal forecasting.

Published
2020

35. The MOSAiC ice floe: sediment-laden survivor from the Siberian shelf

Author

Naval Postgraduate School, Oceanography, Krumpen, Thomas, Birrien, Florent, Kauker, Frank, Rackow, Thomas, Albedy, Luisa von, II, Angelopoulos, Michael, Bessonov, Vladimir, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Belter, H. Jakob, Harris, Carolynn, Hendricks, Stefan, Hoelemann, Jens, Hoppmann, Mario, Kaleschke, Lars, Karcher, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Lei, Ruibo, Lenz, Josefine, Morgenstern, Anne, Nicolaus, Marcel, Nixdorf., Uwe, Petrovsky, Tomash, Rabe, Benjamin, Rabenstein, Lasse, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Shimanchuk, Egor, Singha, Suman, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Timofeeva, Anna, Tsamados, Michel, Watkins, Daniel, Naval Postgraduate School, Oceanography, Krumpen, Thomas, Birrien, Florent, Kauker, Frank, Rackow, Thomas, Albedy, Luisa von, II, Angelopoulos, Michael, Bessonov, Vladimir, Damm, Ellen, Dethloff, Klaus, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Belter, H. Jakob, Harris, Carolynn, Hendricks, Stefan, Hoelemann, Jens, Hoppmann, Mario, Kaleschke, Lars, Karcher, Michael, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Lei, Ruibo, Lenz, Josefine, Morgenstern, Anne, Nicolaus, Marcel, Nixdorf., Uwe, Petrovsky, Tomash, Rabe, Benjamin, Rabenstein, Lasse, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Shimanchuk, Egor, Singha, Suman, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Timofeeva, Anna, Tsamados, Michel, and Watkins, Daniel

Abstract

In September 2019, the research icebreaker Po larstern started the largest multidisciplinary Arctic expedi tion to date, the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Obser vatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) drift experiment. Be ing moored to an ice floe for a whole year, thus including the winter season, the declared goal of the expedition is to better understand and quantify relevant processes within the atmosphere–ice–ocean system that impact the sea ice mass and energy budget, ultimately leading to much improved cli mate models. Satellite observations, atmospheric reanalysis data, and readings from a nearby meteorological station in dicate that the interplay of high ice export in late winter and exceptionally high air temperatures resulted in the longest ice-free summer period since reliable instrumental records began. We show, using a Lagrangian tracking tool and a ther modynamic sea ice model, that the MOSAiC floe carrying the Central Observatory (CO) formed in a polynya event north of the New Siberian Islands at the beginning of De cember 2018. The results further indicate that sea ice in the vicinity of the CO ( < 40 km distance) was younger and 36 % thinner than the surrounding ice with potential consequences for ice dynamics and momentum and heat transfer between ocean and atmosphere. Sea ice surveys carried out on vari ous reference floes in autumn 2019 verify this gradient in ice thickness, and sediments discovered in ice cores (so-called dirty sea ice) around the CO confirm contact with shallow

Published
2020

37. Atmospheric mechanisms for�Arctic-midlatitude linkages

Author

Jaiser, Ralf, Romanowsky, Erik, Handorf, Dörthe, Wohltmann, Ingo, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ukita, Jinro, Cohen, Judah, Dethloff, Klaus, Rex, Markus, Jaiser, Ralf, Romanowsky, Erik, Handorf, Dörthe, Wohltmann, Ingo, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ukita, Jinro, Cohen, Judah, Dethloff, Klaus, and Rex, Markus

Published
2019

38. Future projections of cyclone activity in the Arctic for the 21st century from regional climate models (Arctic-CORDEX)

Author

Akperov, Mirseid, Rinke, Annette, Mokhov, Igor I., Semenov, Vladimir A., Parfenova, Mariya R., Matthes, Heidrun, Adakudlu, Muralidhar, Boberg, Fredrik, Christensen, Jens H., Dembitskaya, Mariya A., Dethloff, Klaus, Fettweis, Xavier, Gutjahr, Oliver, Heinemann, Günther, Koenigk, Torben, Koldunov, Nikolay, Laprise, René, Mottram, Ruth, Nikiéma, Oumarou, Sein, Dmitry, Sobolowski, Stefan, Winger, Katja, Zhang, Wenxin, Akperov, Mirseid, Rinke, Annette, Mokhov, Igor I., Semenov, Vladimir A., Parfenova, Mariya R., Matthes, Heidrun, Adakudlu, Muralidhar, Boberg, Fredrik, Christensen, Jens H., Dembitskaya, Mariya A., Dethloff, Klaus, Fettweis, Xavier, Gutjahr, Oliver, Heinemann, Günther, Koenigk, Torben, Koldunov, Nikolay, Laprise, René, Mottram, Ruth, Nikiéma, Oumarou, Sein, Dmitry, Sobolowski, Stefan, Winger, Katja, and Zhang, Wenxin

Abstract

Changes in the characteristics of cyclone activity (frequency, depth and size) in the Arctic are analyzed based on simulations with state-of-the-art regional climate models (RCMs) from the Arctic-CORDEX initiative and global climate models (GCMs) from CMIP5 under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Most of RCMs show an increase of cyclone frequency in winter (DJF) and a decrease in summer (JJA) to the end of the 21st century. However, in one half of the RCMs, cyclones become weaker and substantially smaller in winter and deeper and larger in summer. RCMs as well as GCMs show an increase of cyclone frequency over the Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, north of Greenland, Canadian Archipelago, and a decrease over the Nordic Seas, Kara and Beaufort Seas and over the sub-arctic continental regions in winter. In summer, the models simulate an increase of cyclone frequency over the Central Arctic and Greenland Sea and a decrease over the Norwegian and Kara Seas by the end of the 21st century. The decrease is also found over the high-latitude continental areas, in particular, over east Siberia and Alaska. The sensitivity of the RCMs' projections to the boundary conditions and model physics is estimated. In general, different lateral boundary conditions from the GCMs have larger effects on the simulated RCM projections than the differences in RCMs' setup and/or physics.

Published
2019
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39. Interaction of diabatic processes, large-scale eddies and the mean atmospheric circulation over the Atlantic, Arctic and Eurasia

Author

Jaiser, Ralf, Handorf, Dörthe, Dethloff, Klaus, Jaiser, Ralf, Handorf, Dörthe, and Dethloff, Klaus

Abstract

In the last decade, the atmospheric part of the climate system experienced a shift from pronounced zonal to stronger meridional flow configurations and regionally diverse changes and trends. The climate system shows complex interactions and nonlinear behavior, manifested in global warming, rising ocean temperatures and the retreat of Arctic sea ice. Although atmospheric trends and changes are observed, underlying processes are not well understood. In this study we diagnose the interaction of large-scale atmospheric eddies and the mean flow with respect to diabatic heating and cooling processes that impact on the atmospheric advection of heat. For this purpose, three-dimensional Eliassen-Palm flux theory is used in combination with an analysis of the thermodynamic equation, diabatic heating and cooling and heat advection. The most recent decades of observed winter climate are evaluated in terms of climatology and trends over the Atlantic, Arctic and Eurasia. The change of the atmospheric circulation and related processes differ between early and late winter. In early winter, the interaction of macro-turbulent eddies with the mean flow is inhibited at the Atlantic jet stream entrance region and atmospheric heat is meridionally advected into the Arctic, both related to strong high pressure anomalies. In late winter, these anomalies are inverted and a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation with a more wavy mean flow and a tendency towards stronger meridionalization is observed.

Published
2019

41. Simulating Arctic 2-m air temperature and its linear trends using the HIRHAM5 regional climate model

Author

Zhou, Xu, Matthes, Heidrun, Rinke, Annette, Huang, Bo, Zang, Kun, Dethloff, Klaus, Zhou, Xu, Matthes, Heidrun, Rinke, Annette, Huang, Bo, Zang, Kun, and Dethloff, Klaus

Abstract

Air temperature at 2-m (T2) in the Arctic represents its local climate. Its quantification is one of the major criteria to evaluate the performance of numerical models in reflecting the complex physical and dynamical processes associated with the surface energy balance. This study uses HIRHAM5 regional climate model to simulate the Arctic climate during 1979–2014. Evaluations with Arctic station observations reveal that HIRHAM5 can generally reproduce the temporal and spatial variation of the T2, although a systematic cold bias of ca. −2 °C exists in all seasons. The overestimated surface albedo in spring and autumn, and the underestimated downward solar radiation associated with the cloud cover in summer are the main causes of the cold biases in each respective season. The model also simulates the Arctic warming well (with linear trends of 0.40 °C decade−1 for the annual mean T2), although the magnitude is less than that from ERA-Interim (0.55 °C decade−1) and station observations (0.60 °C decade−1). In addition, strong decadal variability is clear in the T2 trends calculated using an 11-year moving windows, especially in winter and spring, which is mainly associated with the variability of the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillations.

Published
2019

43. Evaluation of the Sea-Ice Simulation in the Upgraded Version of the Coupled Regional Atmosphere-Ocean-Sea Ice Model HIRHAM–NAOSIM 2.0

Author

Dorn, Wolfgang, Rinke, Annette, Köberle, Cornelia, Dethloff, Klaus, Gerdes, Rüdiger, Dorn, Wolfgang, Rinke, Annette, Köberle, Cornelia, Dethloff, Klaus, and Gerdes, Rüdiger

Abstract

The sea-ice climatology and sea-ice trends and variability are evaluated in simulations with the new version of the coupled Arctic atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model HIRHAM–NAOSIM 2.0. This version utilizes upgraded model components for the coupled subsystems, which include physical and numerical improvements and higher horizontal and vertical resolution, and a revised coupling procedure with the aid of the coupling software YAC (Yet Another Coupler). The model performance is evaluated against observationally based data sets and compared with the previous version. Ensemble simulations for the period 1979–2016 reveal that Arctic sea ice is thicker in all seasons and closer to observations than in the previous version. Wintertime biases in sea-ice extent, upper ocean temperatures, and near-surface air temperatures are reduced, while summertime biases are of similar magnitude as in the previous version. Problematic issues of the current model configuration and potential corrective measures and further developments are discussed.

Published
2019

44. Trends of intense cyclone activity in the Arctic from reanalyses data and regional climate models (Arctic-CORDEX)

Author

Akperov, M, Rinke, Annette, Mokhov, I I, Matthes, Heidrun, Semenov, V A, Adakudlu, M, Cassano, J, Christensen, J H, Dembitskaya, M A, Dethloff, Klaus, Fettweis, X, Glisan, J, Gutjahr, O, Heinemann, G, Koenigk, T, Koldunov, Nikolay, Laprise, R, Mottram, R, Nikiéma, O, Parfenova, M, Scinocca, J F, Sein, Dmitry, Sobolowski, S, Winger, K, Zhang, W, Akperov, M, Rinke, Annette, Mokhov, I I, Matthes, Heidrun, Semenov, V A, Adakudlu, M, Cassano, J, Christensen, J H, Dembitskaya, M A, Dethloff, Klaus, Fettweis, X, Glisan, J, Gutjahr, O, Heinemann, G, Koenigk, T, Koldunov, Nikolay, Laprise, R, Mottram, R, Nikiéma, O, Parfenova, M, Scinocca, J F, Sein, Dmitry, Sobolowski, S, Winger, K, and Zhang, W

Published
2019

45. Dynamical mechanisms of Arctic amplification

Author

Dethloff, Klaus, Handorf, Dörthe, Jaiser, Ralf, Rinke, Annette, Klinghammer, Pia, Dethloff, Klaus, Handorf, Dörthe, Jaiser, Ralf, Rinke, Annette, and Klinghammer, Pia

Abstract

The Arctic has become a hot spot of climate change, but the nonlinear interactions between regional and global scales in the coupled climate system responsible for Arctic amplification are not well understood and insufficiently described in climate models. Here, we compare reanalysis data with model simulations for low and high Arctic sea ice conditions to identify model biases with respect to atmospheric Arctic–mid‐latitude linkages. We show that an appropriate description of Arctic sea ice forcing is able to reproduce the observed winter cooling in mid‐latitudes as result of improved tropospheric‐stratospheric planetary wave propagation triggering a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation in late winter.

Published
2019

46. Atmospheric winter response to Arctic sea ice changes in reanalysis data and model simulations

Author

Jaiser, Ralf, Nakamura, Tetsu, Handorf, Doerthe, Dethloff, Klaus, Ukita, Jinro, and Yamazaki, Koji

Subjects
polar vortex, polar midlatitude linkages, planetary wave activity, stratosphere-troposphere coupling, Arctic amplification
Abstract

The changes of atmospheric flow patterns related to Arctic Amplification have impacts well beyond the Arctic regional weather and climate system. Here we examine modulations of vertically propagating planetary waves, a major feature of the climate response to Arctic sea ice reduction by comparing the corresponding results of an atmospheric general circulation model with reanalysis data for periods of high and low sea ice conditions. Under low sea ice condition we find enhanced coupling between troposphere and stratosphere starting in November with preferred polar stratospheric vortex breakdowns in February, which then feeds back to the troposphere. The model experiment and ERA-Interim reanalysis data agree well with respect to temporal and spatial characteristics associated with vertical planetary wave propagation including its precursors. The upward propagating planetary wave anomalies resemble a wave number 1 and 2 pattern depending on region and timing. Since our experimental design only allows influences from sea ice changes and there is a high degree of resemblance between model results and observations, we conclude that sea ice is a main driver of observed winter circulation changes.

Published
2016

47. Evaluation of 20CR reanalysis data and model results based on historical (1930–1940) observations from Franz Josef Land

Author

Klaus, Daniel, Wyszyński, Przemysław, Dethloff, Klaus, Przybylak, Rajmund, and Rinke, Annette

Subjects
Arctic, regional climate model, 20th Century Reanalysis, early twentieth century warming
Abstract

Unique and independent historical observations, carried out in the central Arctic during the early twentieth century warming (ETCW) period, were used to evaluate the older (20CRv2) and newer (20CRv2c) versions of the 20th Century Reanalysis and the HIRHAM5 regional climate model. The latter can reduce several biases compared to its forcing data set (20CRv2) probably due to higher horizontal resolution and a more realistic cloud parameterization. However, low-level temperature and near-surface specific humidity agree best between 20CRv2c and the surface-based observations. This better performance results from more realistic lower boundary conditions for sea ice concentration and sea surface temperature, but it is limited mainly to polar night. Although sea level pressures are very similar, the vertical stratification and baroclinicity change in the transition from 20CRv2 to 20CRv2c. Compared to observed temperature profiles, the systematic cold bias above 400 hPa remains almost unchanged indicating an incorrect coupling between the planetary boundary layer and free troposphere. In addition to surface pressures, it is therefore recommended to assimilate available vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and wind speed. This might also reduce the large biases in 10 m wind speed, but the reliability of the sea ice data remains a great unknown.

Published
2018

50. Analysis of atmospheric circulation from climate model big data -Current approaches and future challenges

Author

Handorf, Dörthe, Dethloff, Klaus, Jaiser, Ralf, and Rinke, Annette

Abstract

A large part of low-frequency variability in the climate system on sub-seasonal to decadal timescales can be described in terms of preferred atmospheric circulation patterns, often called circulation regimes. Such recurring and persistent, large-scale patterns of pressure and circulation anomalies span vast geographical area and are closely related to atmospheric teleconnection patterns like the famous North-Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Within the conceptual framework of circulation regimes, low-frequency variability can be observed as a result of transitions between the distinct atmospheric circulation regimes. Moreover, the frequency of occurrence of preferred atmospheric circulation regimes is influenced by the external forcing factors such as other components of the climate system and anthropogenic forcing. This determines, at least partly, the time-mean response of the atmospheric flow to the external forcing. In this framework, one of our research foci is to advance the understanding of past, recent and future changes in the spatial/temporal structure of atmospheric circulation regimes and to assess the impact of internal climate dynamics versus external forcing. To tackle these questions, we exploit large global gridded data sets either from different reanalysis data sets or from model simulations with state of the art climate models mostly performed in the framework of CMIP (Coupled model intercomparison project) initiatives. We introduce and apply a hypothesis-driven approach, in particular to study the impact of sea-ice changes on atmospheric circulation patterns. The hypothesis-driven approach consists in three (iterative) steps: (i) Application of statistical methods for pattern recognition on reanalysis and climate model data, (ii) development of a hypothesis about underlying dynamical mechanisms of the impact of sea-ice changes on atmospheric circulation patterns, (iii) testing of the new hypothesis by performing new well designed climate model experiments and new model data analysis. By applying this approach, we identified tropospheric and stratospheric dynamical pathways which explain, how Arctic climate changes, in particular sea-ice changes, influence the weather and climate in mid-latitudes.

Published
2017

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