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Salvia spinosa L. KAZAKHSTAN: On deposits in the village Kaplanbek, 21 May 1928, I . Granitov & A. Vvedensky 6790 (TASH!, MW0873446 [photo!], P04387482 [photo!] (Fig. 2), E00031017 [photo!]); Kaplanbek hills, in the vicinity of Tashkent, 24 May 1928, Radkewicz s. n. (TASH!); Kaplanbek, on the Bogar, 20 June 1928, N . Bartninikov s.n. (TASH!); South Kazakhstan, surroundings Kaplanbek, 5 May 1938, Zeldina & Juchtenishaher 78 (TASH!); Darwaza, near the Mesa, high loess hills, 11 June 1950, Students specimen 1 (TASH!); Array river Keles, in the vicinity of station Darwaza, 10 May 1966, G . Khamidov s.n. (TASH!); Tashkent chuli, 10–12 km north of the railway station Djilga, dry hills, 13 May 1975, A . Lee, M. Pakhomova, U. Pratov, G. Shermatov & T. Tsukervanik 4 (TASH!), Published as part of Turdiboev, Obidjon A., Shormanova, Aijamal A., Sheludyakova, Mariya B., Akbarov, Feruz, Drew, Bryan T. & Celep, Ferhat, 2022, Synopsis of the Central Asian Salvia species with identification key, pp. 1-20 in Phytotaxa 543 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6424279

Salvia tianschanica Makhm. TAJIKISTAN: Kurama ridge, Altyn-Topkan Mountains, in the region of Kara-Kiya-say (Pangaz-say), southwestern rubble slope, 18 June 1953, R . Vernik, M. Nabiev & T. Tsukervanik 361 (TASH!); 5 km from Altyn-Topkan towards Almalyk, 23 June 1961, Z. N . Filimonova s. n. (TASH!); Pangaz river valley, Siyo-Kukh mountains, dry slopes, 23 June 1970, R. V . Kamelin 335 (LE0052465! paratype (Fig. 3)); The road from Almalyk to Leninabad stony slope, 24 May 1976, U . Pratov, T. Tsukervanik & A. Makhmedov 669 (TASH!)., Published as part of Turdiboev, Obidjon A., Shormanova, Aijamal A., Sheludyakova, Mariya B., Akbarov, Feruz, Drew, Bryan T. & Celep, Ferhat, 2022, Synopsis of the Central Asian Salvia species with identification key, pp. 1-20 in Phytotaxa 543 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6424279

An identification key for Salvia species in Central Asia (Modified from Pobedimova 1954 and Makhmedov 1987) 1. Flowers resupinate, connective tissue between thecae of the anthers very short or weakly swelled, no staminal lever mechanism................................................................................................................................................................................................. Group A - Flowers not resupinate, the connective tissue between thecae of the anthers clearly elongated, articulated around filament tip and moveable (staminal lever mechanism) except for S. verticillata and S. baldshuanica...................................................................... 2. Staminal connectives equal, longer or slightly shorter than filaments, both upper and lower lever arms of staminal lever mechanism bear fertile thecae bearing pollen grains, staminal lever mechanism active; upper corolla lip straight or backward-looking.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Group B - Staminal connective tissue clearly longer than the filament, only upper lever arm with fertile thecae, lower lever arm reduced to a dolabriform or subulate sterile tissue and not bearing thecae and pollen grains; upper lip of corolla usually falcate or semifalcate, rarely straight (in S. verticillata and S. baldshuanica).......................................................................................................... Group C Group A 1. Leaves bipinnatisect................................................................................................................................................... S. abrotanoides - Leaves not bipinnatisect..................................................................................................................................................................... 2. Flowers sessile or pedicels 0.5–1 mm long; verticillasters 2–6(–8) flowered; calyx covered with simple or branched hairs.......... - Pedicels ca. 2 mm long or longer; verticillasters 2–4 flowered; calyx pubescent with branched, subsessile and stalked hairs or only subsessile (stellate) hairs.................................................................................................................................................................... 3. Leaves 1.5–3(–4) cm long, 0.5–0.8 cm wide, rhombic-lanceolate, sparsely covered with short simple and branched hairs; pedicels 0.5–0.7 mm long; inflorescence virgate; calyx ca. 5 mm long............................................................................................. S. bungei - Leaves 3–7 cm long, 0.7–3.5 cm wide, oblong, lanceolate or ovate, glabrous; pedicels 1 mm long; inflorescence pyramidal; calyx ca. 6–8 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 4. Leaves oblong; inflorescence 11–18 cm long, short-branched, dense; calyx green, covered with simple and branched hairs.............................................................................................................................................................................................. S. kudrjaschevii - Leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate; inflorescence (17–) 22–30 cm long, branched, lax; calyx +/- colored, +/- violet, rarely green, covered with simple hairs................................................................................................................................................................... 5. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate, rounded or cordate at base, petiole 0.5–1 cm long; inflorescence leafless............................................................................................................................................................................................. S. scrophulariifolia - Leaves oblong-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, subacute, serrate, cuneate at base, petiole 0.4–0.6 cm long; inflorescence leafy.............................................................................................................................................................................................. S. karelinii 6. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; calyx 4–5 mm long, pubescent with branched, almost sessile (stellate) hairs; corolla 8–9 mm long.............................................................................................................................................................................. S. klokovii - Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; calyx 5–6 mm long, pubescent with branched hairs on stalks, only in the upper third with almost sessile (stellate) branched hairs; corolla 10–12 mm long............................................................................... S. pobedimovae Group B 1. Calyx tubular campanulate, slightly accrescent; stems strongly branched; flowers solitary in axils of floral leaves; caulinar leaves simple and usually entire margin (lower ones large-toothed), 1–2.5 cm long and 0.5–1.2 cm wide................................................. - Calyx slightly inflated (upper lip 3-toothed with very small or subulate-pointed middle tooth, or 2-toothed) or calyx expanded in fruit; stems not strongly branched; flowers 2–3(–10) flowers in axils of floral leaves; caulinar leaves simple (only S. korolkovii) or pinnatisect, dissected or deeply lobed, 4–9 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide................................................................................................ 2. Calyx pubescent with eglandular hairs, its teeth 5–7 mm long in fruit.............................................................................................. - Calyx pubescent with glandular hairs, its teeth 1–4 mm long in fruit................................................................................................ 4 3. Lower calyx lip longer than the upper; pedicels 15–20 mm long......................................................................... S. schmalhausenii - Lower calyx lip shorter than the upper, pedicels 8–13 mm long..................................................................................... S. kamelinii 4. Corolla tube included in the calyx or very slightly exserted........................................................................................... S. aequidens - Corolla tube exserted from calyx half of its length or the length of calyx 25–30 mm long............................................................... 5. Floral axis glandular-pubescent; pedicels 6–9 mm long.................................................................................................... S. drobovii - Floral axis glabrous; pedicels 7–12 mm long..................................................................................................................................... 6. Stem always repeatedly branched; calyx lips subequal, the teeth of upper lip subequal........................................ S. camplylodonta - Stem mostly simply branched; lower calyx lip longer than the upper one, lateral teeth of upper lip longer than the middle teeth........................................................................................................................................................................................... S. margaritae 7. Fruiting calyces infundibular with widely spreading rounded lobes.................................................................................................. - Fruiting calyces usually urceolate, upper lip 3-toothed with very small or subulate-pointed middle tooth or 2-toothed.................. 8. Leaves simple; calyx greenish-yellow and corolla cream-yellowish.............................................................................. S. korolkovii - Leaves pinnatisect; calyx and corolla light to dark pink................................................................................................. S. bucharica 9. Plants 15–20 cm tall; calyx 22–25 mm long, upper lip 2-toothed, all teeth of the calyx blunt, without awl-shaped sharpening................................................................................................................................................................................................ S. submutica - Plants 25–65 cm tall; calyx 10–22 mm long, upper lip 3-toothed, sometimes with a very small reduced middle teeth, all teeth of the calyx subulate pointed................................................................................................................................................................ 0 10. Stem with few (3–4) basal leaves; pedicels reddish-purple, with different pairs of bracts; one bract oblong-ovate, large, up to 15 mm long, the other lanceolate, small, up to 4 mm long; calyx with a sharp network of green and reddish-purple anastomosing veins............................................................................................................................................................................... S. vvedenskii - Stem leafless or with reduced stem leaves, leaves mostly basal; pedicels green, with the same pairs of bracts; calyx without a noticeable network of veins.............................................................................................................................................................. 11. Middle stem internodes bare; basal leaves elliptical, deeply incised into ovoid or triangular blunt lobes; calyx 10–16 mm length........................................................................................................................................................................................ S. glabricaulis - Middle stem internodes densely covered with long, thin, multicellular, trampled hairs with an admixture of long and short-necked glands; basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnate-dissected into elliptical, triangular-oblong sharp-toothed; calyx 16–22 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12. Corolla naked outside; plants of Pamiro-Alay................................................................................................................................ - Corolla finely tortuous hairy outside, sometimes with an admixture of sessile glands; plants of Western Tien Shan.................... 4 13. Pedicels 5–7 mm long; flowers pale-white..................................................................................................................... S. komarovii - Pedicels 8–12 mm long; flowers pale lilac-blue.................................................................................................... S. lilacinocoerulea 14. Basal leaves large, 7–9 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, deeply pinnately dissected into triangular-oblong sharp-toothed lobes; calyx glabrous inside, its upper lip with a well-defined middle tooth................................................................................. S. tianschanica - Basal leaves relatively small, 4–5 cm long, 1.5–2 cm wide; deeply pinnatisect, the segments flexuous-linear; calyx hairy inside, its upper lip with a very reduced middle tooth................................................................................................................... S. trautvetteri Group C 1. Lower staminal arm subulate, lever mechanism not active; upper corolla lip straight...................................................................... - Lower staminal arm expanded (dolabriform tissue), lever mechanism active; upper corolla lip falcate or semifalcate................... 2. Low subshrubs with densely pubescent white leaves; upper corolla lip deeply emarginated, not narrowed at base and not movable; verticillasters 2-flowered; filaments long and exserted from corolla tube................................................................ S. baldshuanica - Perennial herb with short hairs; upper corolla lip slightly emarginated, narrowed at base and movable up; verticillasters 20–40– flowered; filaments short and included in corolla tube.................................................................................................. S. verticillata 3. Annual; stems often topped by a colored coma of sterile bracts........................................................................................... S. viridis - Perennnial or biennial plants; stems without a colored coma at the top............................................................................................ 4 4. Leaves pinnatifid with spreading linear segments....................................................................................................... S. ceratophylla - Leaves not pinnatifid.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5. Calyx markedly accrescent in fruit, 22–30 mm long; upper corolla lip slightly curved.................................................................... - Calyx not or poorly accrescent in fruit, up to 22 mm long; upper corolla lip falcate or slightly concave......................................... 6. Leaves green above, almost glabrous, pubescent below; inflorescences compact, verticillasters 1–1.5 cm apart from each other; bracts longer than calyx; corolla tube hidden in the calyx; flowers white (pink)............................................................... S. insignis - Leaves green on both sides, glabrous or covered with sparsely short glandular hairs along the veins beneath; inflorescences lax, verticillasters 2–3 cm apart from each other; bracts almost as long as or slightly shorter than calyx; corolla tube strongly exposed from the calyx; flowers white or pale violet............................................................................................................. S. gontscharovii 7. Inflorescence candelabriform, widely spreading and branching; stems eglandular lanate; calyx densely white lanate hairy........................................................................................................................................................................................................ S. aethiopis - Inflorescence not candelabriform; stems pilose to villous; calyx short pilose to pubescent, never white lanate hairy..................... 8. Corolla usually less than 20 mm long, usually violet-blue; calyx 5–10 mm in anthesis, upper calyx lip strongly reflexed in fruit, with two deep sulcate grooves............................................................................................................................................................ - Corolla usually more than 20 mm long, usually white, pinkish, or pale lilac; calyx 10–20 mm in anthesis, upper calyx lip not strongly reflexed in fruit, without two deep sulcate grooves........................................................................................................... 9. Floral leaves as long as or shorter than the calyx, green, non-imbricate in bud; inflorescence usually branched, widely-paniculate (in S. virgata and S. turcomanica) or simple (in S. dumetorum), with 12–40 verticillasters........................................................... 0 - Floral leaves exceeding the calyx, violet, imbricate in bud; inflorescence simple or slightly branched, with 5–30 verticillasters. 10. Basal leaves oblong or cordate-oblong; flowers bisexual, pistillate, or a mix of bisexual and pistillate..................... S. dumetorum - Basal leaves elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate; all flowers bisexual............................................................... 11. Corolla 14–16 mm long, upper lip falcate, almost equal to the lower lip, corolla tube short, hidden in calyx; stem and calyx with long glandular hairs.............................................................................................................................................................. S. virgata - Corolla 16–20 mm long, upper lip straight or slightly concave, but not falcate, upper lip slightly longer than the lower one, corolla tube significantly exposed from the calyx; stem and calyx eglandular hairy............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ S. turcomanica 12. Leaves green on both sides, glabrous above, villous along the veins beneath; bracts longer than or as long as the calyx; calyx nerves covered with very short appressed hairs; corolla blue-violet.......................................................................................... S. nemorosa - Leaves dull green above, clearly pubescent, gray by a dense pubescence beneath; bracts usually shorter than calyx; calyx nerves covered with long hairs; corolla bright purple or pink (albino white)................................................................................. S. deserta 13. Corolla tube squamulate, ventricose (corolla tube abruptly widening towards throat).................................................................... 4 - Corolla tube not squamulate, ventricose or not (corolla tube gradually widening towards throat)................................................. 14. Upper corolla lip lilac; bracts clearly longer than the calyx (1.5–2 times), bracts white, greenish, pink to mauve.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... S. sclarea - Upper corolla lip white; bracts as long as or slightly longer than the calyx, bracts yellowish green.............................................. 15. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, glabrous or with few scattered hairs above, densely patent hairy beneath; calyx 12–15 mm long, recurved in fruit......................................................................................................, Published as part of Turdiboev, Obidjon A., Shormanova, Aijamal A., Sheludyakova, Mariya B., Akbarov, Feruz, Drew, Bryan T. & Celep, Ferhat, 2022, Synopsis of the Central Asian Salvia species with identification key, pp. 1-20 in Phytotaxa 543 (1) on pages 14-16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6424279, {"references":["Pobedimova, E. G. (1954) Salvia. In: Shishkin, B. K. (Ed.) Flora of the U. S. S. R. 21. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSR, Moscow, pp. 154 - 657.","Makhmedov, A. M. (1987) Salvia L. In: Adylov, T. A. (Ed.) Conspectus florae Asiae Mediae, vol. 9. Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent, pp. 138 - 150. [in Russian]"]}

Salvia ariana Hedge TAJIKISTAN: Aktau mountains, In the cracks of gypsum rocks Akbulak, 25 May 1959, V . P. Botschantsev & S. Y. Yunusov 127 (LE!); mountains Hajj-Kazian, to in from the Shaartuz mountains, rocky slopes, 23 May 1960, V . P. Botschantsev, T. V. Egorova, 324, 324a (LE!); Southwestern spurs of the Darvaz ridge, Upper Buzdykham, near the ridge, 5 km S from the village of Parkhar, scattered red sandstones, 2100 m, 12 June 1960, Y . D. Soskov & S. Y. Yunusov 1148 (LE!); Sarymsakly, On the slopes in the gorges of the western Zastava, near the border, 22 May 1961, D. Kurbanov s. n. (LE!)., Published as part of Turdiboev, Obidjon A., Shormanova, Aijamal A., Sheludyakova, Mariya B., Akbarov, Feruz, Drew, Bryan T. & Celep, Ferhat, 2022, Synopsis of the Central Asian Salvia species with identification key, pp. 1-20 in Phytotaxa 543 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6424279

Salvia verticillata L. KAZAKHSTAN: Talas Alatau ridge. Poplar forest, the vicinity of the village of Talas, 18 June 1938, P. Z . Krasovsky s. n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Turdiboev, Obidjon A., Shormanova, Aijamal A., Sheludyakova, Mariya B., Akbarov, Feruz, Drew, Bryan T. & Celep, Ferhat, 2022, Synopsis of the Central Asian Salvia species with identification key, pp. 1-20 in Phytotaxa 543 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.543.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6424279

Additional file 4: Figure S2. Phylograms inferred from ML analysis of concatenated nucleotide sequences of 79 protein-coding genes (dataset CR). A, phylogram showing branch lengths, where tips names are absent follow the same order as shown in B. Scale bar represents the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site. B, maximum likelihood bootstrap support values and Bayesian inference posterior probabilities are shown above and below the branches, respectively.

Additional file 6: Figure S4. Phylograms inferred from ML analysis of concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 1st and 2nd codon positions (dataset CR12). A, phylogram showing branch lengths, where tips names are absent follow the same order as shown in B. Scale bar represents the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site. B, maximum likelihood bootstrap support values and Bayesian inference posterior probabilities are shown above and below the branches, respectively.

Additional file 7: Figure S5. Phylograms inferred from ML analysis of concatenated nucleotide sequences of the degeneracy nucleotide sequence (dataset dePCS). A, phylogram showing branch lengths, where tip names are absent follow the same order as shown in B. Scale bar represents the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site. B, maximum likelihood bootstrap support values are shown above the branches.

Additional file 5: Figure S3. Phylograms inferred from ML analysis of concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 3rd codon positions (dataset CR3). A, phylogram showing branch lengths, where tip names are absent follow the same order as shown in B. Scale bar represents the mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site. B, maximum likelihood bootstrap support values and Bayesian inference posterior probabilities are shown above and below the branches, respectively.

Salvia L. is an ideal exemplar to demonstrate prezygotic isolation mechanisms in sympatric populations due to their well-known staminal lever mechanism. Mechanical, phenological, and ethological isolation mechanisms have been reported among sympatric species of Salvia. However, it has been shown that if closely related species are sympatric and flower at the same time, they can potentially hybridize. In this study, we describe two new hybrid species of Salvia (S. x karamanensis Celep & B.T.Drew, and S. x doganii Celep & B.T.Drew) from Turkey based on morphological and molecular evidence. Salvia x karamanensis (S. aucheri Benth. subsp. canescens (Boiss. & Heldr.) Celep, Kahraman & Dogan x S. heldreichiana Boiss. ex Benth.) is known from near Karaman city in the central Mediterranean region of Turkey, and S. x doganii (S. cyanescens Boiss. & Bal. x S. vermifolia Hedge & Hub.-Mor.) occurs near Sivas in central Anatolia, Turkey. Morphological comparisons between the hybrid species and their putative parents are given with notes on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list categories, biogeography and ecology of the two hybrid species.

Since the introduction of the island life concept by Wallace, isolated oceanic and relatively young islands have been the place to be to study and unravel evolutionary patterns among original groups within the tree of life. In these regards, the quite old New Caledonian archipelago has been relatively neglected despite hosting a world-class biome, perhaps because no definitive cases of adaptive radi-ation have been detected there thus far. Here we present a detailed analysis of the radiation of the genus Oxera (Lamiaceae) based on a multidisciplinary study including domestication, interspecific hy-bridization, kariology, anatomy, systematics, phylogenetics, pollination biology, ecology, conservation and population genetics. New Caledonia is the main center of Oxera diversification with about 33 endemic species plus a few more taxa in Papua New Guinea, Australia and Pacific islands. We have shown that Oxera originated from a single and quite recent dispersal event in New Caledonia about 4.5 million years ago, and has successfully established and diversified at an outstanding net rate of up to one species per million years. Establishment and rapid initial diversification of Oxera in New Caledonia was probably facilitated by arid conditions that may have created new biota at the beginning of the Pliocene. Concurrently, Oxera also underwent major shifts in pollination syndromes, dispersal modes and life forms that are now exhibited by its extant major clades. More recently, the drivers of speciation within the main clades are most likely due to allopatry and habitat shifts in relation to climatic oscillations and soil morphogenesis. Ongoing population genetic studies on several species from different clades (e.g. within the monocaulous baladica clade and especially on the Oxera baladica species complex) are highlighting more recent stories, while the complete genome sequencing of a taxon (Oxera pulchella subsp. grandiflora) is likely to deepen our outstanding of the past demographic history of several species and/or clades. In fine, we hope the results will be of interest for the conservation of the most critically endangered Oxera taxa.