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Aquaculture production is continuously increasing, consequently increasing the demand for feed. Unfortunately, the reliance on fish meal and fish oil also raises sustainability issues due to overfishing and resource depletion. Nanoparticle-enhanced feed presents a promising solution to these challenges. Nanoparticles, with their large surface area-to-volume ratio and encapsulation capabilities, significantly improve nutrient delivery, absorption, and utilization, enhancing growth and health. Their immune-modulatory and antimicrobial properties reduce antibiotic use and support sustainability. This review explores different nanoparticles in fish feed, including metal-based, non-metal-based, and composite types, each offering benefits for fish growth and health. It highlights the advantages of nanoparticle-enhanced feed, such as improved nutrient delivery, immune enhancement, antimicrobial action, stress reduction, and environmental sustainability. Concerns like potential toxicity, safety, bioaccumulation, and environmental impacts of nanoparticles, together with measures of addressing these concerns, are also highlighted. The review concludes with insights into future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi pose significant global health threats in diverse environments. While conventional disinfection methods are effective, their reliance on frequent chemical applications raises concerns about resistance and environmental impact. Photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces have emerged as a promising alternative. These surfaces incorporate photosensitizers that, when exposed to light, produce reactive oxygen species to target and eliminate microbial pathogens. This review explores the concept and mechanism of photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces, highlighting the variety and characteristics of photosensitizers integrated into surfaces and the range of light sources used across different applications. It also highlights the effectiveness of these surfaces against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, while also discussing their potential for providing continuous antimicrobial protection without frequent reapplication. Additionally, the review addresses both the advantages and limitations associated with photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces and concludes with future perspectives on advancing this technology to meet ongoing challenges in infection control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]