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El desarrollo urbano es un tema relevante para los gobiernos locales. En tanto, abordar los problemas propios del crecimiento de las ciudades sigue siendo uno de los objetivos de las políticas de planificación y ordenamiento territorial, buscando un vínculo con políticas sectoriales para atender las demandas sociales y los fenómenos urbanos y territoriales.

Este trabajo de pasantía se enfoca en el desarrollo de una biblioteca de 30 casos de reconstrucción 3D de la anatomía cráneo-maxilofacial con asimetrías o anomalías en casos clínicos de pacientes latinoamericanos. Para el desarrollo de esta biblioteca se trabajó segmentación de diferentes zonas anatómicas maxilofaciales tales como: mandíbula, maxilar, vías aéreas, nervios y dientes, todo lo anterior obtenido de imágenes médicas provenientes de tomografía axial computariza (TAC) o ConeBeam (CBCT). Adicionalmente, se tomaron medidas de referencia que incluyeron el diámetro mediolateral de los cóndilos derecho e izquierdo, el volumen maxilar, volumen mandibular y la medición del área transversal de vía aérea. Se logró trabajar con un software de acceso libre y se comparó con uno comercial, obteniendo así una réplica de procesos que se utilizan en ambos software de segmentación, llegando a la conclusión de que hay herramientas en el software comercial que facilitan y ahorran un poco más de tiempo en el proceso. Esto permitió establecer una metodología de trabajo y de aseguramiento de calidad en la segmentación médica. Posteriormente, la segmentación resultante de los 30 casos permitió la obtención de biomodelos, en formato STL y listos para procesos consecuentes tales como planeación virtual quirúrgica, impresión 3D, guías de corte e implantes. This internship work focuses on the development of a library of 30 cases of 3D reconstruction of the cranio-maxillofacial anatomy with asymmetries or anomalies in clinical cases of Latin American patients. For the development of this library, segmentation of different maxillofacial anatomical zones was worked on, such as: jaw, maxilla, airways, nerves and teeth, all obtained from medical images from computed axial tomography (CT) or Cone Beam computed tomography (CBCT). Additionally, baseline measurements were taken that included the mediolateral diameter of the right and left condyles, maxillary volume, mandibular volume and measurement of the transverse area of the airway. We were able to work with an open access software and we compare it with a commercial one, obtaining a replica of the processes used in both segmentation software; there are tools in the commercial software that facilitate and save time during the process. This opened the way to establish a work methodology and quality assurance in medical segmentation. After that, the results of the 30 segmentations were biomodels, in STL format and ready for the next processes such as virtual surgical planning, 3D printing, cutting guides and implants. Pasantía institucional (Ingeniero Biomédico)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2022 Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Biomédico(a)

La radicalización de las mujeres y su acercamiento a la violencia política y al terrorismo, se ha llevado a cabo en una amplia diversidad geográfica y produce nuevos retos estratégicos. Entre los principales motivos por los cuales las mujeres se unen a grupos yihadistas, se encuentra el impulso a una ideología fuerte, volver a los roles tradicionales de género, promesas de trabajo y las perspectivas de matrimonio, arraigadas en creencias religiosas y prácticas cultura-les. Los análisis del instituto de servicios unidos del Reino Unido (RUSI según sus siglas en inglés) sugieren que el 17% de los reclutados extremistas en África son mujeres. Las cifras exactas podrían ser mucho más altas. Esto se basó en estudios respaldados por otros organismos que investigaron el rol de las mujeres en organizaciones como ISIS y Al Shabab en el continente. En el caso de ISIS, el reclutamiento apunta a fomentar ideas de redención, emancipación, liberación y participación. Estas mujeres, actuaron en un principio como médicas y trabajadoras de la salud, pero luego, se las empezó a ver en primera fila como terroristas suicidas. En Al Shabaab constituyen una base social importante que explica su capacidad de resistencia, intervienen en la captación, obtención de fondos y puesta en práctica de operaciones. Reúnen información que permite llevar a cabo operaciones militares o de extorsión, ya que las fuerzas de seguridad suelen vigilar más a los hombres que a las mujeres. Las mujeres también, tienen el trabajo de reclutar a otras mujeres, son esposas de combatientes, trabajadoras domésticas y, a veces, esclavas sexuales. En Kenia las mujeres son engañadas para viajar a regiones fronterizas y desde allí, las introducen a Somalia donde se las registra en primera línea o como combatientes suicidas. Otro grupo terrorista con actividad en África es Boko Haram, con desplazamiento en Nigeria. Este grupo tiene la fama de utilizar mujeres y niñas en más de la mitad de los atentados suicidas que realiza. En 2015 el Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas dio reconocimiento oficial a los vínculos entre la lucha contra el terrorismo y la agenda sobre mujeres, paz y seguridad, y desde entonces, se introdujeron disposiciones que exigen a los estados y a los organismos de la ONU tener en cuenta los aspectos de género en la lucha contra el terrorismo y la violencia extremista., Observatorio Universitario de Terrorismo., Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

El propósito de este artículo es analizar a la organización terrorista Boko Haram y a su recientemente fallecido líder, Shekau. Boko Haram es actualmente uno de los grupos con mayor actividad en el continente africano, concentrándose específicamente en la región del Sahel y sobre todo en Nigeria, país donde surgió y donde ha llevado a cabo sus actos más importantes. Desde su surgimiento, ha tenido diferentes líderes y se ha relacionado con diferentes organizaciones, como veremos en el desarrollo de este artículo. Pero, en primer término, queremos destacar cómo ha afectado el accionar de esta organización a la población. Según ACNUR, desde 2004 se estima que 27.000 personas han perdido la vida por los accionares de BH, 1,8 millones de desplazados, y existen cerca de 276.000 refugiados (tomados como solicitantes de asilo formalmente) en países vecinos que han huido de Nigeria por la situación violenta, por miedo y/o por haber perdido sus viviendas. Además, esta organización es reconocida por la captura de niños soldados y por la utilización de mujeres, tanto para unirse a sus filas, como para usarlas como esclavas sexuales, y entre los hechos que han llamado la atención de la prensa mundial y los organismos de derechos humanos, se encuentran los recordados secuestros de niños en escuelas en 2014 y 2020, incendios a varias escuelas en 2012 y el asesinato de niños en un colegio en Yobe en 2014, entre otros., Observatorio Universitario de Terrorismo., Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

Pristimantis boulengeri species group Content (Fig. 2). Eight recognized species: Pristimantis angustilineatus (Lynch, 1998), P. baiotis (Lynch, 1998), P. boulengeri (Lynch, 1981), P. brevifrons (Lynch, 1981), P. dorsopictus (Rivero & Serna, 1988), P. myops (Lynch, 1998), P. quantus (Lynch, 1998), and P. urani (Rivera-Correa & Daza, 2016). Distribution. The species are known from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia (from Munchique National Park to north of the Orquideas National Park, at elevations of 1780���2610 m) and along the Cordillera Central of Colombia (from Cauca Department to Antioquia Department, 2500���3200 m). Morphological diagnosis. Males with vocal slits and external vocal sac. Dorsolateral folds absent (with exception of Pristimantis quantus). Ventral skin coarsely areolate. Parietal peritoneum covered by iridophores (condition unknown in P. quantus and P. myops). Nuptial pads present on Finger I (absent in P. myops). Ulnar tubercles present (with exception of P. brevifrons). Tip of snout with small papilla. Double distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III (polymorphic in P. brevifrons). Double distal subarticular tubercle present on Finger IV (polymorphic in P. brevifrons and P. boulengeri). Heel tubercle present (with exception of P. angustilineatus). Finger I shorter than Finger II. Digital discs expanded and round, except in Finger I and Toe I in P. myops, P. quantus and P. brevifrons. Toe V much longer than Toe III, reaching level of distal subarticular tubercle of Toe IV. Cranial crests absent. SQp portion of m. depressor mandibulae reaching dorsally to level of optic ramus of squamosal. We propose as putative synapomorphies 1) presence of a double distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III, 2) presence of a double distal subarticular tubercle on Finger IV, 3) parietal peritoneum covered by iridophores (unknown in P. myops and P. quantus), 4) extended external vocal sac; and 5) tip of the snout with small papilla. Comments. Pristimantis brevifrons, P. boulengeri and P. dorsopictus were species of the P. lacrimosus group, which is not monophyletic according to our results. Hedges et al. (2008) included three of the 18 species then placed in the P. lacrimosus group, and those three species also form a clade in our results. Hedges et al. (2008) characterized the group as arboreal and commonly inhabiting bromeliads. Pinto-S��nchez et al. (2012) found the species group to be paraphyletic, with P. brevifrons falling outside the clade. Padial et al. (2014a) also failed to corroborate the monophyly of the P. lacrimosus group due to the placement of P. acuminatus , a species of P. unistrigatus species group sensu Hedges et al. (2008), inside the group. They transferred this and several other species to the P. lacrimosus group, due to the presence of an acuminate snout, smooth dorsal skin, and round and ovate finger and toe discs, bringing the total number of species to 25. Mendoza et al. (2015) sampled more specimens of P. brevifrons and also recovered this species outside the P. lacrimosus species group, but also found P. moro to be placed inside the group. Rivera-Prieto et al. (2015) included P. dorsopictus in their analysis and found it to be placed outside the P. lacrimosus species group. Heinicke et al. (2015) sampled P. prolixodiscus, then a member of the P. lacrimosus species group and, finding that species to fall outside Pristimantis, designated it as the type species of their new genus Tachiramantis. Rivera-Correa and Daza (2016) found P. lacrimosus group to be paraphyletic, noting that the species formed two clades (their clades A and B). They also describe a new species, P. urani, as the sister of P. brevifrons according to their phylogenetic hypothesis. DNA sequences are unavailable for Pristimantis lacrimosus and its phylogenetic position has never been tested. Lynch and Schwartz (1971) redescribed P. lacrimosus, and Heyer and Hardy (1991) designated the specimen figured by Lynch and Schwartz (1971) as neotype. Neither the figure nor the redescription show double distal subarticular tubercles on Fingers III or IV, putative synapomorphies of the P. boulengeri group, proposed herein. On that basis, we hypothesize that P. lacrimosus is not part of this clade, which is the reason we propose the P. boulengeri group as a new group. DNA sequences are also unavailable for Pristimantis baiotis and its phylogenetic position also has not been tested, so it is here tentatively allocated based on putative morphological synapomorphies, especially the double subarticular tubercles (Lynch, 1998). The description of P. urani was published (Rivera and Daza, 2016) after analyses for the present study had been completed. As such, we include it in the P. boulengeri group on the basis of Rivera and Daza���s (2016) phylogenetic analysis. The Pristimantis boulengeri and P. leptolophus species groups form a monophyletic group with GB = 21. Pristimantis brevifrons, P. angustilineatus, P. boulengeri, and P. dorsopictus can inhabit bromeliads (Lynch, 1981; Lynch, 1998; Rivero and Serna, 1988)., Published as part of Gonz��lez-Dur��n, Gustavo A., Targino, Mariane, Rada, Marco & Grant, Taran, 2017, Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of the Pristimantis leptolophus species group (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea), with the recognition of a new species group in Pristimantis Jim��nez de la Espada, 1870 in Zootaxa 4243 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4243.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/398699, {"references":["Lynch, J. D. (1981) Two new species of Eleutherodactylus from western Colombia (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 697, 1 - 12.","Rivero, J. A. & Serna, M. A. (1988 \" 1987 \") Tres nuevas especies de Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) de Antioquia, Colombia. Caribbean Journal of Science, 23, 386 - 399.","Rivera-Correa, M. & Daza, J. M. (2016) Molecular phylogenetics of the Pristimantis lacrimosus species group (Anura: Craugastoridae) with the description of a new species from Colombia. Acta Herpetologica, 11 (1), 31 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.13128 / Acta _ Herpetol- 16434","Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura, Terrarana), molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182.","Pinto-Sanchez, N. R., Ibanez, R., Madrinan, S., Sanjur, O. I., Bermingham, E. & Crawford, A. J. (2012) The great American biotic interchange in frogs: Multiple and early colonization of Central America by the South American genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62 (3), 954 - 972.","Padial, J. M., Grant, T. & Frost, D. R. (2014 a) Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria. Zootaxa, 3825 (1), 001 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3825.1.1","Mendoza, A. M., Ospina, O. E., Cardenas-Henao, H. & Garcia-R, J. C. (2015) A likelihood inference of historical biogeography in the world's most diverse terrestrial vertebrate genus: Diversification of direct-developing frogs (Craugastoridae: Pristimantis) across the Neotropics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 85, 50 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.02.001","Heinicke, M. P., Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Hedges, S. B. (2015) Molecular and morphological data support recognition of a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Anura: Terrarana) from an under-sampled region of South America. Zootaxa, 3986 (2), 151 - 172."]}

Pristimantis leptolophus species group Content (Fig. 2 and 3). Nine named species, six unnamed species, five in process of description: Pristimantis acatallelus (Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1983), P. leptolophus (Lynch, 1980), P. lasalleorum (Lynch, 1995), P. maculosus (Lynch, 1991), P. parectatus (Lynch and Rueda-Almonacid, 1998), P. peraticus (Lynch, 1980), P. scoloblepharus (Lynch, 1991), P. stictus Gonz��lez-Dur��n, 2016, P. uranobates (Lynch, 1991), Pristimantis sp. 1, Pristimantis sp. 2, Pristimantis sp. 3, Pristimantis sp. 4, Pristimantis sp. 5 and Pristimantis sp. 6. Distribution. Cordillera Central (Purac�� National Park to Par��mos de Belmira, 2300���3900 m) and Cordillera Occidental (Munchique National Park to P��ramo de Urrao, 2000���3850 m) of Colombia. Morphological diagnosis. The Pristimantis leptolophus group is diagnosed by the following morphological character-states: Males with vocal slits (except Pristimantis sp. 1). Vocal sac internal (except in P. acatalellus P. leptolophus and Pristimantis sp. 3). Dorsolateral folds or scapular ridges present. Ventral skin coarsely areolate. Ulnar tubercles present. Heel tubercle and tubercles on outer edge of tarsus present. Inner tarsal fold short. Eyelid tubercles conical, subconical or small warts. Finger I shorter than Finger II. Digital discs expanded except on Finger I, which is narrow. Toe V much longer than Toe III, almost reaching distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV. Digital discs on toes expanded (narrow on Toe I in P. peraticus). Frontoparietal fenestra almost entirely hidden, visible only between the narrow space between the parallel frontoparietals, frontoparietal crests absent (Fig. 4 b, d, e). Anterior margin of optic fenestra ossified (Fig. 4 c, e) (cartilaginous in P. acatallelus and Pristimantis sp. 1 as in Fig. 4 a, polymorphic in P. maculosus , P. peraticus, P. scoloblepharus, P. uranobates as in Fig. 4 e). Dorsal fascia slip (DF) of m. depressor mandibulae absent (present in P. scoloblepharus, Pristimantis sp. 1, and Pristimantis sp. 5). Squamosal flap of m. depressor mandibulae short, overlapping otic ramus of squamosal (SQ). Posterior fibers of squamosal slip of m. depressor mandibulae originating from m. levator posterior longus at level of otic ramus of squamosal (SQp). Only one character-state is proposed as putative synapomorphy: 1) Posterior fibers of squamosal slip of m. depressor mandibulae (SQp) at the level of otic ramus of squamosal (Table 2, Fig. 5 d, f). Morphological characterization. External morphology. Species of the Pristimantis leptolophus group are small���medium in size, SVL P. acatallelus , maximum SVL = 31.7 mm in females, 27.2 mm in males; Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1983). Snout short, subacuminate or round in dorsal view, rounded or protruding in lateral profile. Tip of snout with small papilla in some specimens, mostly males (P. leptolophus, P. stictus, Pristimantis sp. 3, and P. scoloblepharus). Canthus rostralis concave. Adult males with vocal slits (absent in Pristimantis sp. 1), vocal sac internal (external in P. acatalellus, P. leptolophus, Pristimantis sp. 3). Nuptial pads on Finger I present in P. lasalleorum, P. maculosus, P. scoloblepharus, P. uranobates, Pristimantis sp. 1, and Pristimantis sp. 4, absent in P. acatallelus, P. leptolophus, P. parectatus P. peraticus, P. stictus, Pristimantis sp. 2, Pristimantis sp. 3, and Pristimantis sp. 5. Dorsolateral folds complete, thick in P. uranobates, P. scoloblepharus, P. lasalleorum , Pristimantis sp. 4, and Pristimantis sp. 5, thin in P. acatallelus, P. stictus, P. leptolophus; polymorphic in P. parectatus, P. peraticus , Pristimantis sp. 3; incomplete, row of tubercles reaching level of sacrum in P. maculosus and Pristimantis sp. 2 (polymorphic in P. parectatus; only scapular ridges present in Pristimantis sp. 1). Ventral skin coarsely areolate. Ulnar tubercles small, subconical. Tubercles present on heel and outer edge of tarsus. Inner tarsal fold short. Supernumerary plantar tubercles present. Upper eyelid tubercles conical (P. lasalleorum, P. parectatus, P. scoloblepharus and P. uranobates), subconical (P. leptolophus, P. peraticus, Pristimantis sp. 1, Pristimantis sp. 2, Pristimantis sp. 3, Pristimantis sp. 4 and Pristimantis sp. 5), or forming small warts (P. maculosus). Finger I shorter than Finger II, fingers with expanded round digital discs, except Finger I. Relative length of fingers: I Pristimantis sp. 3, absent in P. parectatus). Length of toes IV> V> III> II> I. Toe V is much longer than toe III, extending near distal edge of distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV. Digital discs expanded and round (except on toe I in P. peraticus). Cranium (Fig. 4). In dorsal view, the sphenethmoid is concave posteriorly and hidden dorsally by the frontoparietal. Anteriorly, it reaches, but is not overlapped, by the nasals (except in Pristimantis acatallelus and Pristimantis sp. 1, Fig. 4 b). In ventral view, the anterior margin of optic fenestra is ossified (cartilaginous in P. acatallelus and Pristimantis sp. 1, Fig. 4 a, polymorphic in P. maculosus , P. peraticus, P. scoloblepharus, and P. uranobates , Fig. 4 e). Anteroventrally, it is overlapped by the vomers. The nasals are separated medially (Fig. 4 d, e) (except in P. acatallelus and Pristimantis sp. 1, in which they are in contact, Fig. 4 b). The maxillary process of the nasal does not approximate the preorbital process of the maxilla. The frontoparietal crests are absent and the frontoparietal fontanelle is almost hidden (Fig. 4 b, d, f). Posterolaterally, the frontoparietal extends to the level of, but do not overlap, the epiotic eminence of the prootic (Fig. 4 b, d, f). The frontoparietal and prootic are separate, not fused. The cultriform process of the parasphenoid does not reach the level of the palatines and vomers; it almost reaches the palatines, lying just posterior to them (Fig. 4 a, c, e). The otic ramus of the squamosal contacts the cartilaginous crista parotica and does not reach the otoccipital. The stapes (= columella auris) is present (absent in P. peraticus). The vomers are separated medially. The prechoanal process is triangular, poorly developed, and laterally oriented. The postchoanal process is narrow and pointed (Fig. 4 b, d, f). The dentigerous process of the vomer is elongate and narrow, directed posteromedially, extending posteriorly but not reaching the palatine. Pristimantis leptolophus, P. lasalleorum, and P. stictus bear oblique keels on the vomers and lack odontophores and teeth (Fig. 4 c) (as defined by Gonz��lez-Dur��n, 2016), whereas P. uranobates, P. peraticus, P. parectatus, P. maculosus, P. scoloblepharus, Pristimantis sp. 3, and Pristimantis sp. 4 bear a small odontophore with a few teeth (Fig. 4 a), and P. acatallelus and Pristimantis sp. 1 have triangular odontophores with a transverse row of teeth (Fig. 4 a). The palatine contacts the maxilla and sphenethmoid. The pterygoid is triradiate and the anterior ramus contacts the maxilla, being longer than the posterior and medial rami. Hyobranchial apparatus. The hyoid plate is cartilaginous, bearing posterolateral processes directed posteriorly and ossified posteromedial processes. The anterolateral processes are absent, except in Pristimantis stictus, where it may be absent or present. The hyales are thin and reach the ventral part of the otic capsule. They bear anterior processes, which are as long as the length of the hyoid plate. Axial skeleton. The vertebral column has eight procoelous, presacral vertebrae. This condition varies intraspecifically in some species in which the eighth vertebra and sacrum are fused in some specimens (e.g., P. uranobates, ICN 29876; P. stictus, ICN 55717; P. leptolophus, ICN 6745, 25925; P. peraticus, ICN 40777). The vertebrae have complete neural arches and low neural processes. The relative lengths of the transverse processes and sacral diapophyses are: III = Sacrum> IV> II = V = VI = VII = VIII. The sacral diapophyses are slightly expanded distally. The urostyle has a well-developed dorsal ridge that extends along half its length. The phalangeal finger formula is 2-2-3-3, and phalangeal toe formula is 2-2-3-4-3. The proximal phalanx of Toe IV is less than or equal to half the length of Metacarpal IV, which causes the distal phalanx of toe V to reach the base of the penultimate phalanx of Toe IV. Depressor mandibulae musculature. (Fig. 5, Table 2). The group of fibers originating from the otic ramus of the squamosal (SQ) has a small flap overlapping the otic ramus (SQ1) (Fig. 5 d, f). The fibers with origin on the posterior region of the squamosal (SQp), originate on the m. levator posterior longus at the level of the otic ramus of the squamosal (SQp1) (Fig. 5 d, f)). Additionally, there are no fibers with origin in the dorsal fascia over the scapula (DF2) (except in P. scoloblepharus, Pristimantis sp. 1, and Pristimantis sp. 5, Fig. 5 f)., Published as part of Gonz��lez-Dur��n, Gustavo A., Targino, Mariane, Rada, Marco & Grant, Taran, 2017, Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of the Pristimantis leptolophus species group (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea), with the recognition of a new species group in Pristimantis Jim��nez de la Espada, 1870 in Zootaxa 4243 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4243.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/398699, {"references":["Lynch, J. D. & Ruiz-Carranza. P. M. (1983) New frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Andes of southern Colombia. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 86, 99 - 112.","Lynch, J. D. (1980) New species of Eleutherodactylus of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). I: Five new species from the Paramos of the Cordillera Central. Caldasia, 13 (61), 165 - 188. Avaliable from: http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 43406131 (Accessed 13 Mar. 2017)","Lynch, J. D. (1995) Three new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from the Paramos of the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Journal of Herpetology, 29 (4), 513 - 521.","Lynch, J. D. (1991) New diminutive Eleutherodactylus from the Cordillera Central of Colombia (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Herpetology, 25 (3), 344 - 352.","Lynch, J. D. & Rueda-Almonacid, J. V. (1998) New frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the eastern flank of the northern Cordillera Central of Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 22 (85), 561 - 570.","Gonzalez-Duran, G. A. (2016) A new small frog species of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern Paramos of Colombia. Zootaxa, 4066 (4), 421 - 437."]}

La publicación de este texto fue financiada por la Vicerrectoría de Acción Social de la Universidad de Costa Rica mediante el Fondo Concursable para el Fortalecimiento de la Relación Universidad Sociedad. El libro recoge los poemas ganadores de un concurso de poesía hecho como homenaje al poeta Osvaldo Sauma. Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Acción Social::Extensión Cultural UCR::Sedes Regionales::Sede del Atlántico

Como parte del proceso de expansión del dominio español en el llamado septentrión novohispano –provincia de Sonora–, después de la llegada de los misioneros jesuitas y debido a los recursos naturales, tierra y agua, se presentaron colonos bajo el amparo de los militares asentados en el Presidio del Pitic. Bajo este contexto, nuestro objetivo en este trabajo, es historiar las acciones que la sociedad, en su relación con la naturaleza, llevo a cabo para modificar el ambiente. Una de ellas fue la ocupación del espacio a partir del establecimiento del presidio militar en El Pitic, a la vera del río Sonora.Los misioneros jesuitas y los gobernantes de la provincia de Sonora, en sus crónicas e informes, destacaron la fertilidad del suelo, con el propósito de fomentar la colonización civil a través del uso y aprovechamiento de los recursos tierra y agua. Siguiendo esta línea, los hombres y las mujeres que se asentaron en El Pitic, en otras de las acciones, lograron explotar el potencial de la llanura con el trinomio tierra, agua y acequias, que dio paso a la práctica de la agricultura bajo riego y la ganadería con la cría de ganado mayor. Ambas actividades económicas y, los paisajes agrícola y ganadero, son la expresión del embate contra el ambiente.Palabras claves: tierra, agua, percepciones, ambiente, colonización, agricultura,ganadería

Pristimantis stictus sp. nov. (Figures 1–2) Holotype. ICN 55689, adult female collected at the vereda el Vergel, Municipality of Marulanda, Department of Caldas, Colombia (5.2372 N, 75.3512 W; 3700 m.a.s.l), by Gustavo Gonzalez-Duran, on 30 January 2010. Paratypes. Nine adult females ICN- 55690 -92, 55696-99, 55702, 55704 and eight adult males ICN- 55693 - 95, 55700 -01, 55703, 55705-06, collected with the holotype on 29–30 January 2010. Six adult females ICN-55710, 55712- 16 and four adult males ICN- 55707 -09, 55711, collected on 3–4 November 2012, in San Pablo, Municipality of Neira, Department of Caldas, Colombia (5.1193 N, 75.3234 W; 3700 m), by Gustavo Gonzalez- Durán. Referred specimens. ICN- 14417 one adult male and ICN- 14418 -23, 14432 eight adult females collected on 23 June 1984 in the vicinity of the Hotel Termales del Ruiz, Municipality of Villamaria, Department of Caldas, Colombia (4.9711 N, 75.3844 W; 3370 m). ICN- 55591 - 92 adult female collected on 28–29 November 2011 vereda El Desquite, Municipality of Manizales, Department of Caldas, Colombia (5.0650 N, 75.3716 W; 3750 m). ICN- 55717 adult female collected on 25 November 2007 in the vereda Hojas Anchas, Municipality of Salamina, Department of Caldas, Colombia (5.2423 N, 75.3702 W; 3670 m). ICN- 55718 - 31 collected on 1–5 March 2014 vereda El Desquite, Municipality of Manizales, Department of Caldas, Colombia (5.0651 N, 75.3791 W; 3620 m). ICN- 55732 - 33 juveniles collected on 30 January 2010 in the vereda el Vergel, Municipality of Marulanda, Department of Caldas, Colombia (5.2372 N, 75.3512 W; 3700 m). ICN- 55734 - 39 six juveniles and ICN- 55741 one adult male collected on 3–4 November 2012, in San Pablo, Municipality of Neira, Department of Caldas, Colombia (5.1193 N, 75.3234 W; 3700 m). Etymology. The specific epithet s tictus is derived from greek stiktos (spotted) due to the spots on the groin and belly. The name is used as an adjective. Generic and familial allocation. Despite the absence of phenotypic synapomorphies for Pristimantis (see Padial et al. 2014 a, b), the new species is assigned to this genus based on its similarity to other species in this genus occurring in the area, as well as by characters listed by Hedges et al. (2008), such as the absence of cranial crests, expanded terminal discs on digits, well-defined circumferential grooves with T-shaped terminal phalanges, and non-protruding subarticular tubercles. The new species is assigned to the P. leptolophus group due to females with a maximum SVL of less than 30 mm, narrow heads, short snout, Finger I shorter than Finger II, and Toe V much longer than Toe III and it extends to the distal edge of the distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV. The position of the new species should be evaluated through future phylogenetic analyses. SnoutTympanumCranial crestsVomerine odontophoresSource P. lasalleorumShort, rounded in dorsal and lateral viewPresentAbsentAbsentLynch, 1995, this work. P. leptolophusShort, rounded in dorsal and lateral viewPresentAbsentAbsentLynch, 1980, Lynch, 1991. P. maculosusShort, subacuminate in dorsal and rounded in lateral viewPresentAbsentSmall, lowLynch, 1991, this work. P. parectatusShort, subacuminate in dorsal and rounded in lateral viewPresentAbsentLow, ovalLynch & Rueda- Almonacid, 1998. P. peraticusShort, subacuminate in dorsal and rounded in lateral profileAbsentLowLowLynch, 1980, this work P. scoloblepharusSubacuminate in dorsal and rounded in lateral viewPresentAbsentObliquesLynch, 1991. P. uranobatesRound in dorsal and lateralPresentAbsentObliquesLynch, 1991, this workview Diagnosis. The new species can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) Dorsal skin smooth; dorsolateral folds present, continuous from eyelid to the sacrum; ventral skin coarsely areolate; discoidal fold absent. (2) Tympanum superficial, tympanic annulus prominent, round, corresponding to 1 / 2 – 1 / 3 (35 %– 46 %) of eye length, with an obscure stripe on the supratympanic fold. (3) Snout short, subacuminate in dorsal view, rounded in lateral profile; canthus rostralis concave. (4) IOD wider than upper eyelid; craneal crests absent, upper eyelid bearing small subconical tubercle. (5) Vomerine odontophores absent. (6) Males with vocal slits and subgular vocal sac; nuptial pads in males absent. (7) Finger I shorter than II, with large rounded digital disc. (8) Lateral fringes on fingers. (9) Ulnar tubercles small, subconical. (10) Subconical tubercles on heel and outer edge of tarsus, small inner tarsal fold. (11) Two oval inner metatarsal tubercles, representing six times the size of outer tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present. (12) Toes with lateral fringes; toe discs slightly narrower than those on fingers. (13) Dorsum brown, yellowish or copper, with golden tones, in some cases spotted yellow; laterally light brown; groin yellowish with dark spots; venter and legs yellow with dark spots. (14) Adults small, males 17.8–22.2 (x = 19.9 ± 1.2; n= 15) and females 22.0– 28.2 (x = 25.4 ± 1.6; n= 17). Comparisons. Pristimantis stictus differs from other species of the cloud forest from the northern of Cordillera Central (P. maculosus, P. parectatus, and P. scoloblepharus) by the absence of vomerine odontophores, low and thin dorsolateral folds extended from the posterior eyelid to beyond the sacrum, small tubercles on the eyelid, and by lacking nuptial pads (Figure 3). Pristimantis stictus differs from similar paramo species (P. lasalleorum, P. leptolophus and P. peraticus) by presenting tympanic annulus and cavum tympanicum, more enlarged discs, and broad lateral fringes on fingers (Figure 3). It can be easily distinguished from the sympatric species P. uranobates by the absence of vomerine teeth and nuptial pads, and yellow groin with black reticulations (Figure 4). Additional differences among species are summarized in Table 1. Description of the holotype (Figure 1). Head wider than body; snout rounded in dorsal view and in lateral profile. Snout short, canthus rostralis concave, loreal region is slightly concave, sloping abruptly to lips; lips not flared. Nostrils protruding, directed laterally. Upper eyelid bearing one small subconical tubercle. No cranial crests. Supratympanic fold thin, obscure on upper and posterior edges of tympanum. Tympanum superficial, round, separated from eye by a distance equal to its size, tympanic annulus prominent. Postrictal tubercles small, subconical. Choanae small, round, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary arch. Vomerine odontophores absent, represented by oblique keels posteromedial to choanae, not bearing teeth. Tongue longer than wide, posterior edge not notched, posterior one-half not adherent to floor of mouth. Skin of dorsum finely shagreen with small and low spicules. Dorsolateral folds extending from eye to sacral region, lacking thickening or distinctive coloration. Flanks granular, more distinctive than dorsum, with numerous low warts. Groin smooth. Tympanic folds with superposition of tubercles, especially posterior to tympanum. Ventral surface areolate and throat weakly areolate. Discoidal fold indistinct. Upper surface of limbs smooth, without ridges. No cloacal sheath. Two postcloacal warts. Forearm bearing a row of three subconical ulnar tubercles. A broad lateral fringe along outer edge of palm and continuing along outer edge on finger IV. Palmar tubercle bifid, wider than oval tenar tubercle. Six supernumerary tubercles. Subarticular tubercles rounded and nonconical. Fingers bearing broad lateral fringes, and round disks. Pad on thumb slightly wider than digit proximal to pad. The pads on fingers II–IV wider than digits, those of fingers III and IV have discs as large as tympanum or twice the width of digit; ventral pads, broader than long. First finger shorter than second. Subconical tubercle on heel, two small tubercles on outer edge of tarsus. Inner tarsal fold present, its length equals one third of tarsus. Inner metatarsal tubercule twice as long as wide, six times the size of the rounded subconical outer tubercle. Plantar surfaces bearing numerous low supernumerary tubercles. Subarticular tubercles rounded, nonconical. Toes bearing lateral fringes, narrower than fringes on the fingers; toes lack webbing. Discs on toes III, IV and V wider than digits; discs on toes IV and V wider than those of the inner toes; ventral pad as wide as long. Outer pads on toes narrower than the pads on outer fingers. Tip of toe V reaches proximal third of distal subarticular tubercle of toe IV, tip of toe III reaches the distal border of penultimate subarticular tubercle of toe IV. Heels broadly overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed perpendicular to the sagittal plane. Measurements of the holotype (in mm). Snout-vent length = 26.7, radio-ulna length= 6.3, hand length= 8.3, tibia length= 12.5, foot length= 12.7, head length= 10.1, head width= 8.9, upper eyelid width= 2.3, eye diameter= 3.2, eye to nostril distance= 2.2, internarial distance= 2.4, snout to eye distance= 4.3, interorbital distance= 3.5, eye to tympanum distance= 0.8, tympanum diameter= 1.5, finger I length= 2.2, finger II length=3.0. Coloration of the holotype. In life, copper-colored or brown dorsally; laterally and dorsal surfaces of limbs have a lighter brown color. The groin presentes a yellowish color with elongated black spots. The belly is bright yellow with small black dots. The throat is copper. The undersides of thighs have small black dots, while the spots are elongated on the posterodorsal surface. Cloacal triangle absent. Dorsolateral folds lacking a distinctive color. Iris yellow with a reddish transversal band. Rostral markings inconspicuous. In ethanol, the patterns remain, but the dorsum turns gray and ventral surfaces turn cream. Adult cranial osteology (Figure 5). The maximum width of the skull is at the posterior level of the maxillae. Bones of the skull are well ossified. Both centers of ossification of the sphenethmoid are fused dorso and ventromedially; dorsally, it slightly overlaps the anterior part of frontoparietals and a small portion of the posterolateral border of the nasals. The nasals are medially separated; the maxillary process does not reach the preorbital process of the maxilla. Nasals do not articulate with the frontoparietals. The frontoparietal fenestra is absent. No cranial crest. Posterolaterally frontoparietals extend to the level of the epiotic eminence of the prootic. The frontoparietals are not fused with the prootic. The sphenethmoid ventrally subtends the dentigerous processes of vomers, and the cultriform process of parasphenoid. The cultriform process reaches anterior to the level of palatines. Dorsally, the otoccipital bears a cartilaginous parotic crista that connects with the otic ramus of the squamosal. Stapes present. The vomers distinctly medially separated, prechoanal process indistinct; the postchoanal process is directed laterally and narrow. Dentigerous processes of vomers are elongated and narrow, directed posteromedially, extending anteriorly to palatines; externally, it is represented by oblique keel of vomer (Figure 5 C–D). Vomerine teeth are absent. Variation. Measurements and ratios of males and females are shown in Table 2. The head is wider than the body in males and narrower or equal in females. The snout is round in lateral profile in females and in some it may be slightly protruded (ICN-55701, 55707-08). Males and some females (ICN-55691, 55693-95, 55697, 55701, 55703, 55707 -709, 55711, 55714 - 16) have a tubercle on the tip of the snout. The supratympanic stripe is not evident in some females, but it is present in all males and some females (ICN-55690, 55693, 55695, 55697, 55702, 55713). All females lack vomerine odontophores, however, some (ICN- 55692 -93, 55696-97, 55699, 55701 -02, 55704, 55712) possess the oblique keel that lies posterior to the choanae. Some males (ICN-55705, 55708-09, 55711) do not present the oblique keel while others (ICN-55698, 55707) may have a tooth in the posterior end of the oblique keel. The dorsal skin color varies from dark brown to yellowish or copper. The groin may be yellow in females, with small dark dots or elongated spots (ICN-55690, 55692, 55696, 55713). Males usually possess spots on groin (ICN-55694, 55709, 55711, 55714). The belly is yellowish with black spots in females, while males do not present such pattern (ICN-55694, 55705, 55708 -09, 55711). The gular region of males is dark grey. Females present small black dots on the ventral part of thighs and elongated spots on posterodorsal areas. Dorsolateral folds have no distinctive color. The iris varies from reddish to yellow. Distribution and natural history. The new species is found at altitudes above 3500 m, reaching a maximum altitude of 3700 meters. At altitudes of 3500 to 3600 m, P. stictus is parapatric with P. uranobates. So far, P. stictus is endemic to the department of Caldas, in the northern region of Páramo Los Nevados (Figure 6), being very abundant throughout its distribution range. It inhabits high altitude vegetation of the high Andean forest, and Subparamo (Rodríguez et al. 2006). Pristimantis stictus was found actively at night mainly associated with terrestrial bromeliads. Males called at heights lower than 70 cm. Amplectant pairs and gravid females were found on January 2010 and April 2014. Juveniles were found on January 2009 and November 2012. Morphometry between similar species. Discriminant analysis allowed to differentiate species. Variables that showed significant differences between means are listed in Table 3. The variables indicating a higher proportion of variance were toe III length, snout-eye distance, snout-vent length, Toe IV length, and eye-to-nostril distance (Table 3). The Chi-square Test with successive roots removal showed significant association between the species and canonical functions for the first (R= 0.95; X 2 = 170.09; df= 44 p Eig 10.1724 2.4713 Cp 0.8045 1 Pristimantis stictus differs from P. leptolophus in a higher snout-vent length, tibia length, eye-diameter, eye-tonostril distance, Toe III length, and Toe IV length (Table 4). The average eye-diameter, tympanum diameter, Toe III length, Toe IV length was significantly higher in P. stictus in comparison with P. uranobates, but eye-to-nostril distance was significantly lower in P. stictus compared to P. uranobates (Table 4). Variables P. P. Mean SD P Mean SD P Snout vent length 24.9 1.9 0.65 23.4 1.4 0.00 Tibia length 12.5 0.8 0.26 11.3 0.5 0.00 Eye diameter 2.9 0.2 0.00 2.7 0.1 0.00 Eye to nostril distance 2.5 0.2 0.00 2.1 0.1 0.00 Snout eye distance 4.0 0.3 0.99 4.0 0.2 0.95 Tympanum diameter 1.2 0.1 0.03 1.3 0.2 0.50 Toe III length 3.9 0.3 0.00 3.8 0.3 0.00 Toe IV length 6.5 0.5 0.00 6.3 0.4 0.00uranobates leptolophus Remarks. Variation in vomerine odontophores has received some attention in the literature (e.g., Lynch, 1980; Lynch and Duellman, 1997; Lynch, 2001; Duellman and Lehr, 2009). Lynch and Duellman (1997) compared the vomerine odontophores among several genera of Brachycephaloidea and discussed the loss of this character in some taxa, as in Atopophrynus, Geobatrachus, Noblella, Bryophryne, and a few species in the genus of Phrynopus, Psychrophrynella, Eleutherodactylus and Craugastor (Figure 8 A–C) (Lynch, 1975; Lynch, 2001; Hedges et al. 2008; Trueb and Lehr, 2008; Lehr and Catenazzi, 2008 and 2009; Padial et al. 2014 a; Catenazzi et al. 2015). Lynch and Duellman (1997) also noted that species of Pristimantis from western Ecuador possess small odontophores, which are concealed beneath the palate tissue—a very distinctive condition for the genus. But despite the variation and potential importance of these features in the taxonomy of brachycephaloids (and in other taxa as well), differences in terminology have obscured the interpretation of observed variation. For example, Lynch (e.g., Lynch, 1979, Lynch, 1980; Lynch, 1981) equates the term dentigerous process of the vomers with vomerine odontophores in many of the descriptions of brachycephaloids frogs. Lynch and Duellman (1997) also treated vomerine odontophores as a synonym of the dentigerous process of the vomer, although, they recognized that when poorly discernible, the odontophore could be present but concealed beneath the mucosa. Lynch (2001) makes some distinctions between odontophore and dentigerous process. Nevertheless, none of them provided accurate definitions. Only Savage (2002) defined the odontophore as tooth-bearing processes of the vomer. Duellman et al. (2006) and Duellman & Lehr (2009) reviewed the terminology and proposed using dentigerous process to replace vomerine odontophores. As a result of the inconsistence in the use of terminology, some species have been described as lacking dentigerous process when the process was in fact concealed underneath the mucosa (Figure 8 A–C) (see also Duellman and Hedges, 2007; Lehr, 2007). Another important osteological feature in the taxonomy of brachycephaloid frogs are the oblique keels. Lynch (1980) first mentioned oblique keels but did not define this character. I define the oblique keels as a ridge concealed or not by the buccal mucosa, and formed by the anterior elongated portion of the posterior process of vomers (Figure 5). It is important to note that the oblique keels and the vomerine odontophores are not homologous. Oblique keels are exposed anteriorly to the odontophores in the posterior process of vomers, while odontophores and teeth may be present or not. The vomerine odontophore is the ossified and exposed part of the posterior vomer processes. It may bear teeth and its structure is variable. In brachycephaloids, the dentigerous process can be either absent (Figure 8 A—some Eleutherodactylus and Noblella), short and mainly formed by the odontophores (Figure 8 D), elongated and of different size, shape, and position, but bearing the odontophore at the posterior end (Figure 8 E–H), or lacking the odontophore (Figure B–C) (e.g., Bryophryne cophites, Craugastor pygmaeus, Eleutherodactylus marnockii, E. rufescens, E. longipes, E. dixoni, E. leprus). Pristimantis of the P. leptolophus group of the paramos, such as P. stictus, P. leptolophus, and

En este artículo abordamos el debate sobre el vínculo entre cambios en la estratificación social y los procesos de gentrificación, el cual ha sido intenso en el mundo anglosajón a fin de interpretar la gentrificación como reflejo de la evolución "natural" de la estructura socio-ocupacional en las sociedades post-industriales del Norte Global o bien como un revanchismo de clase para colonizar las centralidades obreras de las ciudades. No parece casual que el auge de los estudios sobre gentrificación durante la última década en América Latina haya ido de la mano de una ampliación de la clase media en la región. Teniendo en cuenta la diferente configuración histórica de las clases sociales en América Latina, asumimos la tesis que es principalmente la aparición de nuevos grupos sociales atraídos por la centralidad urbana lo que explica la disputa y el desplazamiento de otros grupos de bajos ingresos. Sin embargo, nuestro análisis de la ciudad de Quito muestra que en el periodo analizado (2000-2010) no se detecta, por ahora, una "vuelta al centro", sino fundamentalmente procesos de colonización de nuevas áreas periféricas, complejizando los procesos de segregación iniciados décadas atrás así como posibles procesos de reemplazamiento en los bordes de la ciudad consolidada. This paper addresses the debate on the relationship between social stratification and gentrification processes -which has prevailed in the English-speaking world. The objective of this approach is to interpret gentrification either as the result of the "natural" evolution of socio-occupational structures in post-industrial societies of the Global North or as a revanchist mechanism for the colonization of central working-class areas. The relationship between the increase in research on gentrification and the expansion of the Latin American middle class over the last 10 years is not coincidental. Bearing in mind the different historic configuration of social classes in Latin America, this paper argues that the emergence of new social segments in urban central areas is the reason behind the dispute and displacement of lower-income groups. However, the analysis of the situation of Quito (2000-2010) shows that people are not "returning to central areas" but colonizing new peri-urban zones, thus adding depth to segregation and replacement processes in the periphery of the consolidated city.

En la familia Craugatoridae, el género Pristimantis es el más diverso de vertebrados (488 especies), lo que ha dificultado la realización de estudios morfológicos a gran escala, y ha sido una de las razones por las cuales se ha dividido en grupos fenéticos. Las propuestas más recientes para uno de estos grupos (Pristimantis leptolophus) anotan que está compuesto por ocho especies en la Cordillera Central y la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia, sin embargo no se conocen sinapomorfía que los agrupen como en la mayoría de las propuestas de grupos fenéticos para el género. En esta investigación, se planteó evaluar la monofilia y la evolución de los caracteres osteológicos y miológicos en el grupo P. leptolophus. Se utilizó el método de transparentación y doble tinción de huesos y cartílagos. Se secuenciaron 4 genes de 19 terminales y se evalúa la monofilia y las relaciones filogenéticas del grupo Pristimantis leptolophus, se realiza el análisis también para caracteres morfológicos. El grupo P. leptolophus aparece parafilético en la filogenia molecular, mientras en el análisis morfológico y de evidencia total aparece como monofilético. Las especies del grupo se reagrupan (se incluyen P. acatallelus y P. capitonis) y se compone por diez especies descritas y 5 indescritas. El grupo es soportado en el análisis de evidencia total por dos sinapomorfías morfológicas. Adicionalmente se encuentra que el clado hermano está compuesto por algunas especies del grupo P. lacrimosus (que aparece como parafilético), en base a las topologías encontradas y el hallazgo de seis sinapomorfías para este clado se nombra como grupo Pristimantis boulengeri. Se proveen sinapomorfías para algunos clados del género. Se muestran los eventos de transformación de caracteres miológicos y osteológicos en el grupo P. leptolophus y grupos afines. Se provee descripción de la morfología externa, osteología y caracteres miológicos para el grupo P. leptolophus y se compara la morfología en grupos de especies relacionados. Para el grupo de especies de P. boulengeri, compuesto por siete especies, se realiza la diagnosis. Abstract: In Craugatoridae, the genus Pristimantis is the most diverse group of vertebrates (488 species), which has hampered the realization of large-scale morphological studies, and has been one of the reasons it has been divided into phenetic groups. The latest group proposals note that Pristimantis leptolophus is composed of eight species in the Cordillera Central and the Western Cordillera of Colombia, however no known synapomorphy as in most of the phenetic groups for the genus is known. In this research, I proposed to evaluate the monophyly and evolution of osteological and characters in the P. leptolophus group. Cleared and double staining of bone and cartilage method was used. Five genes were sequenced in 19 terminals, the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships Pristimantis leptolophus species group is evaluated and the analysis is performed also for morphological characters. P. leptolophus consists of ten species described and five undescribed. The group is supported both by analysis and two morphological synapomorphies. Additionally, it is the sister clade group of some species P. lacrimosus (which appears as paraphyletic), based on the topologies found and finding six synapomorphies for this clade which is named as the Pristimantis boulengeri species group. P. boulengeri species group are composed of seven species, and a diagnosis is made. In addition, synapomorphies for some clades of the genus are provided. Myological and osteological characters transformation events in P. leptolophus group and related groups are shown. Descriptive characters of the external morphology, osteology and myology for P. leptolophus group are provided and morphology is compared in groups of related species. Maestría

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Herein, we describe the distribution, call, diet, and niche model of Osornophryne percrassa. This species has been recorded at 23 locations of Colombia, 14 of which are reported in this work. In addition, we reported the first record for the Department of Valle del Cauca, southern Colombia. Based on the points of occurrence, we estimated the potential geographic distribution of this species through the maximum entropy algorithm, and the model prediction showed a good performance. The model shows that The Cordillera Central provides the higher habitat availability for the species occurrence, with no geographical barriers that hinder the spread of the species. We analyzed the stomach contents of 14 females. We identified 73 Arthropoda prey and nine Nematoda prey. Coleopterans and isopods were numerically and volumetrically the more important prey, respectively. We found a positive and significant correlation between snout-vent length (SVL) and head width (HW). Our data indicate that the species is a generalist/opportunistic feeder with a sit-and-wait strategy for obtaining prey. We described the vocal repertoire (advertisement and courtship calls) based on 23 advertisement calls and 11 courtship calls from a male. The advertisement call consists of 8–10 Peep notes whereas the courtship call consists of 6–9 Peep notes. The advertisement calls of O. guacamayo were similar in temporal and structural characteristics to those of O. percrassa. This is the first description of the courtship calls not only for O. percrassa but also for the genus. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica. Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre

Los objetivos del artículo son por una parte, presentar las percepciones que sobre el clima y la construcción social del potencial de la llanura semidesértica, elaboraron actores sociales a través del tiempo. Por la otra, analizar el proceso de apertura de canales de riego, como la expresión de la alteración de la naturaleza y la construcción de un paisaje agrícola. The goals of this article are, by one side, to show the perceptions about the climate and the social building of capacity in the semi desertic plain, elaborated by the social actors through time. On the other side, to analize the irrigation channels constructive process, as an expression of environment alteration and the creation of an agricultural landscape. Os objetivos deste artigo são, por um lado, mostrar as percepções sobre o clima e a construção social da capacidade na planície semi desértica, elaboradas pelos atores sociais através do tempo. Por outro lado, analisar o processo construtivo dos canais de irrigação, como uma expressão das alterações ao ambiente e a criação de uma paisagem agrícola. Les objectifs de cet article sont, d'un côté, montrer les perceptions sur le climat et la construction sociale de la capacité dans la plaine demi désertique, élaboré par les acteurs sociaux à travers le temps. De l'autre côté, analize les processus de construction de canaux d'irrigation, comme une expression de l'altération environnement et la création d'un paysage agricole.