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The performance evaluation of local self-government entities is very difficult, as their primary goal is not to make a profit, but to provide services to their residents that will contribute to an increase in their quality of life. In this context, it is necessary to evaluate their activity from the point of view of several available criteria, for which it is possible to find relevant and recognized sources. The presented research works with five criteria, identified by the Institute for Economic and Social Reforms, and aims to quantify the agreement of the results of the assessment of the financial health of territorial self-government entities in 2020 using the TOPSIS technique with a gradually decreasing number of criteria. For this purpose, a total of 26 combinations of criteria are created, with the number of 5, 4, 3 and 2 used criteria, the importance of which is determined based on their absolute variability using the standard deviation method. The results obtained in this way are interpreted using a wide range of mathematical and statistical methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene test, Jaccard index and others. As a result, the multi-criteria evaluation of territorial self-government subjects (in our case, district cities) proved to be highly applicable. However, the result itself is largely determined by the structure and number of entry criteria. Based on the performed analyses, we can see that significant differences result from their reduction. Each such reduction has an impact on the overall results, but it is possible to find combinations that defy this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the veracity and reliability of existing approaches to conducting disparity studies by methodologically drawing on a 54-city, nine-firm analysis, with over 900 diverse businesses surveyed. Despite efforts to initiate systemic development opportunities for diverse businesses, disparity studies merely alert society to obstinate challenges that hinder access to government contracts for diverse businesses. The intended rationale for a disparity study is to provide a "strong basis on the evidence" to support race-conscious remedial tools in government procurement. They establish evidence of discrimination that affects businesses, however, the nature of their content and structural form limits their potential for economic reform. This inefficiency presents questions on methods used to procure these studies, implies criticism of the industry that produces these studies, and suggests questions on whether localities are remedying discriminatory practices. A large portion of disparity studies do not adequately address the historical context, challenges to inclusive procurement, or contextual understanding of the communities affected. While some studies have policy chapters that address these issues, this material is not standardized. The tendency towards isomorphism reaffirms past practices for these studies while ignoring the present, enervating challenges faced within these communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of economic policy development during the New Order era in Indonesia reflects the political and economic dynamics that shaped the nation's development trajectory. Initially, the New Order government adopted a centralized and authoritarian economic development model, emphasizing industrialization and modernization. While these programs spurred economic growth, they also led to social inequality and political tensions. The late 1990s currency crisis, particularly the 1997 Asian financial crisis, significantly destabilized Indonesia's economy. Economic policies of the New Order era, characterized by dependence on foreign debt and imprudent monetary practices, rendered Indonesia susceptible to global financial market fluctuations. The impact of the crisis was profound, manifesting in a sharp decline in economic growth, a currency crisis, and a banking crisis, which compelled the government to implement urgent economic reforms. These reforms included financial sector restructuring, economic deregulation, and enhanced transparency in public financial management. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the New Order's economic policies and the subsequent impact of the currency crisis on Indonesia's economy.

Copyright of Journal of Economic Policy Researches / İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Economic Policy Researches / Iktisat Politikasi Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto is the property of Universidad de Deusto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shortly after the financial crisis of 2008, Wolfgang Streeck emerged as a highly influential and ambitious critical theorist of capitalism and crisis. Streeck's crisis theory of capitalism is built around an account of neoliberal policy reform as a family of responses to economic upheavals that first emerged during the 1970s. Based on an analysis of four major shocks all occurring in that decade, I argue that Streeck's crisis theory is excessively economistic in its understanding of the crisis tendencies that first propelled neoliberal reform and insufficiently attentive to the global context of their emergence. Theorising the significance of this pivotal historical moment requires more attention to the conflictual entanglements between societies of the Global South and North in the context of decolonisation, war and revolution, and a more nuanced appreciation of the political context of economic reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To talk about Africa's economic development without referring to infrastructure investments made by large Chinese corporations would be to deny the changes in international cooperation between the countries of the Global South. An economic and political project of the People's Republic of China, whose strength base has been a Big Government and Big Bank accompanied by economic and financial reforms and a long-term imperial vision, the central hypothesis in Hyman Minsky's work that underlines the importance of public companies and the exercise of a monetary and fiscal policy focused on employment creation with a significant expansion of capital exports. The Great International Financial Crisis (GIFC) strengthened under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) along with a social reproduction process of the State capital with a long-term global vision explains the great Chinese corporations. In this essay, we will demonstrate the positioning and growth of large Chinese corporations, interrelated with profound economic and financial reforms in China since the 1980s. Firstly, the focus will be the investments of China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC) globally; secondly, there will be a brief account of the investment projects on the African continent; lastly, we will pay particular attention to the institutional investors participating in the CRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economica: Revistă Ştiinţifico-Didactică is the property of Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM) / Academia de Studii Economice din Moldova (AESM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the significance of combined feed production within Kazakhstan's agro-industrial sector, highlighting the need for efficient equipment and innovative practices to improve competitiveness and food security. Topics discussed include the challenges of balancing feed production with raw material availability, the impact of outdated machinery, and the importance of organizational and economic reforms in the feed industry.

The article discusses the issue of bureaucratic leadership and economic reforms in the USSR during the administration of Yu. V. Andropov, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The article analyzes Andropov's consistent policy in the Soviet bureaucratic system and his uncompromising position in the fight against corruption. In this regard, the article emphasizes the years of his leadership, in which the reforms of the Soviet economy occupied a significant place, trying to inspire confidence in the Soviet society and citizens. However, the totalitarian regime of the USSR and the bureaucratic system simply blocked the package of measures proposed by the General Secretary. An analysis of the works examining the personality and party and state activities of Yu. V. Andropov allows us to conditionally distinguish two periods of the formation and development of the historiography of the problem. The first, personifying the Soviet era, ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The second covers the 1990s, as well as the beginning of this century. Within the framework of the first period, the activities of Yu. V. Andropov were covered in various works devoted to the problems of modern Soviet history. Against this background, the position of Western researchers turned out to be preferable. In the West, the steady growth of interest in Yu. V. Andropov on the part of Sovietologists was mainly due to his activities as Chairman of the KGB. At the same time, it cannot be denied that, as a rule, the noted works were distinguished by their tendentiousness and bore the imprint of the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enterprise's ownership structure is crucial for factor allocation efficiency. We used Chinese firm-level data to investigate whether changes in state-owned enterprise ownership structure contribute to resource misallocation, leading to high-quality economic development. We found a U-shaped relationship between non-state shareholding and state-owned enterprises' resource allocation efficiency. An optimal range exists for non-state shareholding. When the shareholding of non-state shareholders reaches 10%–20%, the efficiency of resource allocation is at its highest. Additional research has revealed that mixed shareholding has varying impacts on resource allocation, displaying substantial heterogeneity. These insights offer valuable guidance for future mixed-ownership reforms and serve as a practical reference for economic reforms in other nations, particularly developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the growing trend of remilitarization in Asia, specifically in South, Southeast, and Northeast Asia. It raises concerns about the increasing influence of the military in politics, society, and the economy, which could potentially impact liberal democracy, socio-economic development, and regional stability. The article also highlights the material militarization in the region, with rising military budgets and large armies. It suggests that European actors should raise awareness of these trends and work towards strengthening civilian control over the military. Additionally, the article discusses the high proportion of the population serving as military personnel in Asia, particularly in Southeast Asian countries, and the implications of this militarization for political development, regional stability, and peace. It concludes by recommending that local and international actors prioritize civilian supremacy over the armed forces and ensure transparent and constitutional deployment of the military. [Extracted from the article]

Vietnam has transitioned from one of the poorest countries globally into a middle-income nation in three decades since the 1986 Economic Renovation (Doi Moi). However, this economic reform miracle has been widely supported by extensive urbanization and industrialization, leading to severe deterioration in environmental quality. While the effect of economic growth on environmental degradation has been extensively investigated, previous studies on Vietnam have largely ignored the role of urbanization and industrialization, the two key pillars in supporting economic growth in Vietnam. As such, this study focuses on the effect of urbanization and industrialization on environmental quality from 1985 to 2021 using the ARDL estimation. Our overall finding confirms that urbanization in Vietnam leads to further environmental degradation in the short run. However, this negative effect disappears in the long run. However, industrialization deteriorates environmental quality in both the short- and long-run. Our empirical results confirm the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in the presence of urbanization and industrialization in the Vietnamese context in the long run, implying that Vietnam's environmental quality may be improved in the long run when a certain income level is met. These findings imply that the Vietnamese government should reconsider the priority of its industrialization strategy to ensure that sustainable economic growth is not at the expense of environmental quality in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's urban agglomeration is not only crucial to tackle with the more and more contradiction between population, resources and environment, but also an important spatial actor to increase the global competitiveness and promote the transformation of China's economic development mode. In the national "14th Five-Year Plan" in 2021, it is proposed to "promote the coordinated and development of large, medium-sized and small cities and towns based on urban agglomeration and metropolitan area". Generally, 19 urban agglomerations designated in this Plan are heterogeneous in development level and national functions. To this end, from the nature of urban agglomerations, especially on agglomeration economy and functional urban region hypothesis, the research focuses on the spatial pattern and changes of these 19 areas mainly based on the 6th and 7th national census. The findings show that, China's UAs are unique in driving forces, and spatial patterns as well. China's UAs are more state-led, though now the marketing forces more and more crucial. The UAs have been evolved from the early planned economy period to the reform and opening up period, and then to the further development of the Socialist market economy until now. Unlike other typical UAs abroad, most of the developed UAs are more specialized in manufacture, not in producer services, though these regions show a remarkable high-end services oriented shift in 2010–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the role of popular theater in the dissemination of economic theorems during the Spanish Enlightenment. The author argues that economic-sentimental theater acculturates economic behavior by mediating it with traditional Christian ethical values. The study is based on discourse and power analysis, complemented by gender studies. Specific works that reflect the relationship between the home and political economy, as well as the valuation of work and gender inequality, are analyzed. The study highlights the influence of the Bourbon reform on the representation of economic activity and hegemonic masculinity. [Extracted from the article]

This article introduces the development process and main characteristics of China’s Hainan Free Trade Port (Hainan FTP) and analyses the risks and challenges China Customs may encounter in matching the high-standard international economic and trade rules in promoting its construction. A comparative analysis is used to demonstrate the comparative advantages of Hainan FTP with other free trade zones (FTZs) around the world. This research shows that, as an important measure of China’s high-level economic reform, even though China Customs has to some extent reformed the tariff collection and supervision models towards Hainan FTP, it is still necessary to improve trade facilitation and continuously optimise the business-enabling environment to achieve high-quality development of Hainan FTP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses frequency and quantile-varying linkage between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and green bond index (GBI) using wavelet multiscale decomposition and quantile-on-quantile regression approaches. We construct nine different time frequency combinations of short-term EPU and long-term GBI and find that dynamic coefficients exist for their relationship across different quantiles. For the same cases, the corresponding coefficients even change from positive to negative or conversely, further proving the unstable linkage related to different quantiles and frequencies. The major contribution of this study is that time frequencies and quantile-varying analysis are used simultaneously. In addition, China's economic reform and complex external economic shocks make it a case worthy of study. Furthermore, this work indicates a nonlinear link, which adds to the theoretical foundation of EPU and GBI. Thus, authorities should stabilize their economic policy, avoid drastic policy changes and increase policy transparency, which can strengthen investors' confidence in the green bond market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to shed light on the problem of Confucianism’s role in strengthening the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party. After 40 years of economic reform, contemporary China is by and large functioning as a quasi-capitalist state, however, due to the lack of protection of the labour class, the conflicts between the workers and their employers have created a legitimacy crisis for China’s authoritarian regime and forced it to seek alternative means to strengthening its legitimacy apart from its orthodox communism ideology and the coercive measures. In this article, the researchers try to answer the abovementioned question by examining the correlation between the coverage of Confucianism (the frequency of messages related to Confucian ideas) in the Chinese Communist Party’s biggest state-owned newspaper People’s Daily and how Chinese people acknowledge the regime as rightful, which is expressed via Chinese labour protest levels. The vector autoregressive (VAR) modelling results revealed that in the period between 2011 and 2019, the Chinese Communist Party used Confucianism as one of the instruments to build and strengthen the regime’s legitimacy whereby it can pacify the dissatisfaction of the labour class. Further, considering that many authoritarian regimes shared a similar approach of using the dominant religion or culture to enhance their legitimacy during crises, the findings of this research could also open a new avenue for further comparative studies on these authoritarian regimes’ discrepancies using the same approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viet Nam has deeply experienced internal migration during its development history, typically movements from rural to urban and across regions since the launch of economic reform policy in 1986. This article adopts the cost-minimization approach to calculate the push and pull forces of the internal migrations across geographic distances of provinces and then explains those forces along with socio-economic factors within 63 provinces and cities in Viet Nam based on the census data during the period 2010-2019. The empirical findings from the solution to cost-migration equations between the number of migrants and the inverse distance across 63 provinces reported that the push and pull forces are quite heteroskedastic, mostly due to differences in geographic, social, and economic development. Not surprisingly, the Mekong River Delta (MRD) is still the most repulsive region for migrants, accounting for 30% of the total number migrants of the country and notable 98% of migrants who moved to the Southeastern (SE) region as the most attractive destination. It is obviously proven that the push and pull forces of migrations in a province correlate strongly and significantly with economic factors including relative incomes and poverty rate rather than human factors such as urbanization, population, and labor forces. Finally, discussions about policy implications of equitable investments across regions in Viet Nam are really necessary and could be a potential for creating job opportunities and improving standards of livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the phenomena of the so-called "Special Period in Time of Peace" of the 1990s and the influence that these have had on the economic, social, and political crisis of the Cuban Revolution after the outbreak of Covid-19 and the implementation of economic reforms on the island. Likewise, the optics emerged in publications by the Cuban system are presented, as well as the cultural products that reactively explain the Cuban reality. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the historical discipline to analyzes the Cuban present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role and importance of agriculture in the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and demonstrates the need to improve the competitiveness of fruit and vegetable products in future economic reforms and the need for implementing a network management system. The SWOT method also shows the prospects and ways to increase the competitiveness of fruits and vegetables in the global agrarian and food markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1991 India embarked on far-reaching economic, financial and regulatory reforms, which led to not only a surge in economic growth, but also spurred scholarly interest in Indian firms, their strategies, and their business environment. As it has been almost three decades since the reforms were initiated, we believe that it is an appropriate time to take stock of the research on strategic management in the Indian setting. Our scoping review finds three dominant themes in extant research: impact of environment (specifically liberalization) on firms, strategies of firms, and the different ownership structures of firms. We discuss the key findings within these domains and identify the theories and methods that scholars have used to address their research questions. We assert that the unique Indian context — a mix of public and private economy operating within a democratic system — provides a rich environment for not only testing existing theories in strategic management but also generating new theories. We conclude by identifying several important areas of research and urging strategy scholars to engage with the opportunities offered by the evolving Indian business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesham Sallam's book, "Classless Politics: Islamist Movements, the Left, and Authoritarian Legacies in Egypt," explores the rise and fall of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) in Egypt following the Arab uprisings of 2010-11. Sallam argues that the sidelining of class-informed politics and egalitarian redistribution of wealth can be attributed to the rise of identity politics and culture wars, which were empowered by the ruling elite. The book also examines the relationship between neoliberal economic policies and the rise of political Islam in Egypt, highlighting the legacies of previous regimes and the tactics of authoritarian "divide and rule" strategies. Sallam suggests that the dominance of Islamist currents in opposition politics and the marginalization of the left can be traced back to these legacies. However, it is important to note that the rise of Islamism in Egypt was not solely due to authoritarian incorporation policies, but also the failure of nationalist and socialist experiments and broader dynamics of identity politics. Overall, Sallam's thesis raises questions about the relationship between economic liberalism and identity politics, and the impact of globalization and liberal economic reforms on developing countries. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability and disrepair of international food supply chains. Food insecurity, especially among the poor, has worsened because of rising prices brought on by transportation bottlenecks and supply chain breakdowns. Because both sides in the Ukraine conflict are major exporters of food, fuel, and fertilizer, the situation has worsened. A crisis is often signalled by a shift in economic variables, as a bad economy makes it harder for businesses to produce goods and services and for consumers to spend their money. The global financial crisis is the primary focus of our investigation because of the continued relevance of its causes, effects, responses, and lessons to the modern financial system. The aim of our research is to pay special attention to the global financial crisis because its causes, effects, response, and lessons are most applicable to the current financial system. The research method used is the documentary analysis doubled by an in-depth investigation of the specialized literature. The main findings were that long-term economic reforms, with a focus on employment, should be at the top of the government's priority list. So, this measure could be a measure to prevent economic disasters, such as food insecurity. The core of any strategy to combat or adapt to climate change must be a more resilient, sustainable, and equitable food system. However, the difficulty of establishing such a system should not be understated, especially in developing nations and regions with poor soil, where arable land is scarce or degrading and natural resources like water are scarce or in decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The priorities for Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction in preparation for its membership in the European Union are to ensure integration, efficient use of resources, socio-economic growth, and sustainable development. Finding ways to effectively develop the economic and other sectors, adapt to European norms and create a sustainable framework for integration into the European space was the purpose of this study. The methodology is based on the empirical research method. The reform priority coefficient was calculated using a formula for determining the priority areas for improving the economic, demographic, and political sectors of Ukraine. The study identified priority areas for Ukraine’s post-war development, including mechanisms such as ensuring sustainable economic growth, modernising infrastructure, developing trade relations with EU countries, supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, improving the quality of education and healthcare, which can be used by scientists and the state to ensure the country’s effective development and obtaining the status of a full EU member. The importance of ensuring social protection of the population, including raising living standards and ensuring access to basic social services, was identified. The study found that effective economic diplomacy and the expansion of international relations with EU member states are crucial factors for Ukraine’s successful preparation for EU membership. The focus is on ensuring strategic orientation, efficient use of resources and achieving the country’s socio-economic development in line with European standards and values. In practice, these results can become the basis for developing strategic decisions and programmes in line with EU criteria

Preserving the environment and promoting sustainable development are essential objectives for a state aimed at improving the standard of living for present and future generations. The depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation are serious concerns for policymakers worldwide. However, to fulfill its role effectively, a state must have strong institutional capacity. Studies have shown that inadequate governance and weak institutional quality are associated with environmental degradation, lower economic growth, unfavorable development outcomes, and increased inequality. Economic and political reforms are necessary to overcome these issues, while the concept of institutional reforms to save the environment is novel and hardly discussed in the earlier literature, especially in the context of BRI countries. So, this study explores the impact of economic and political reforms on the environment by applying a difference-in-differences approach to the data of 45 BRI economies from 2000 to 2022. The empirical findings reveal a negative relationship between economic and political reforms on ecological footprints, emphasizing the need for institutional reform to preserve the environment in the BRI region. Institutional reforms have a significant contribution to environmental sustainability by fostering better governance, political stability, and an environment conducive to reforms-driven decision-making. These reforms can help address the environmental challenges associated with large-scale infrastructure and economic development projects like the BRI, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, Vietnam has experienced significant economic growth, with millions lifted out of extreme poverty through economic reforms and global economic integration. However, assumptions within this dominant discourse have largely gone unchallenged. This study aims to use a neoliberalism lens and critical theory approach to develop an alternative view of the current developmental trend in Vietnam. The analysis consists of three interconnected themes: political economy, higher education, and subjectivity. I argue that neoliberalism - as an economic paradigm - leads to the emergence of rent-seekers and a crony capitalist economy despite being under a socialist state. The dual impact of the rent-seeking economy and neoliberal globalization has promoted higher education neoliberalization, featuring financial autonomy, privatization, marketization, and Englishization. This transition also creates certain vulnerabilities that manifest through education commodification, ideological domination, and hegemony. Under such a system, educated youths exhibit characteristics of neoliberal subjectivity and experience a range of mental illnesses, disproportionately more than the general population. The study ends with a discussion on the tensions (or lack thereof) between socialism and neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock pledged loans have become prevalent among large shareholders of listed firms in China. The largest shareholder pledges a greater fraction of her holdings as collateral for credit when the firm is in growth industries, less profitable, not state owned, and has higher leverage. Stock performance of highly pledged firms is indistinguishable from that of firms with low pledge ratios in 2017. During 2018, however, highly pledged firms have worse stock returns and operating performance, and experienced 'contagion' - the crash risk of one highly pledged stock spreading to others. Using a regulatory reform in 2013 that allowed securities companies to provide stock pledged loans, we find that obtaining these personal loans had no adverse effects on the firms when the pledge ratio was low. Overall, forced sales of pledged stocks and worsened agency conflict are responsible for the poor performance of highly pledged firms during the 2018 bear market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, Vietnam has undergone economic reforms and achieved rapid economic growth. However, the country is still facing numerous challenges linked to a relatively high share of employment in an informal economic sector, which could prevent Vietnam from escaping from the middle-income trap and becoming a high-income country. This research explores the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on job creation in the formal economic sector of Vietnam. A subnational dataset of 63 cities/provinces from 2006 to 2020 was analyzed using an instrumental variable two-stage least-squares fixed-effect model. The results show that FDI is an employment growth-enhancing factor in the formal economic sector. Specifically, FDI enterprises are found to be more capable than domestic enterprises in creating employment, and there is a positive employment spillover from the foreign to the domestic sector, although the magnitude of the effect remains small. Apart from FDI, firm agglomeration, capital resource productivity, and government support for sector development spur employment growth. Labor quality, profitability and foreign industrial agglomeration are identified to be determinants of FDI. Furthermore, the impact mechanism of FDI on the formal sector's employment is further discussed using mindspongeconomics, the SM3D knowledge management system, and the culture tower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article seeks to investigate the working-class background of the failure of the economic reform of the 1960s in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The reform attempted to bring more incentives and market-like elements into labour organisation and management practices. However, there was an essential discrepancy between loyal party work and strong ideological commitment, and the 'capitalist' managerial practices. Despite the fact that the SED (the Communist Party of the GDR) invested a lot in the training of socialist technocrats, the regime's rigid ideology and its political constraints severely curtailed the extent to which technocrats could deploy their expertise. Egalitarianism and the 'workerist' ideology of the Party were effective obstacles in the implementation of the 'scientific-technical revolution', thus making a case for an aborted Fordism or a failed socialist modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] To analyse the existing trends in the turnover of electronic money, and their relationship with the conventional cash turnover on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), in particular, in the legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). [Methodology/Approach/Design] Deduction, content analysis, comparative analysis, and other general and special research methods were used. [Findings] As a result, the existing problems in the functioning of the type of money considered in this study were analysed. The study includes recommended measures to introduce amendments to legislation aimed at removing barriers to the functioning and circulation of electronic money, which will benefit the economic system of the given state. [Practical Implications] The information presented in this article can be useful material for representatives of public authorities in the implementation of reforms to modernise the economic system, for a wide range of readers interested in the development of digital technologies and their impact on the commercial activities of subjects of the economic life of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ownership and control of defense industrial firms affords the military power, auton- omy, and a claim to economic rents. Why do some countries succeed at shifting some or all such firms from military to civilian ownership and control, while others do not? I argue that differing configurations of relative civilian and military coali- tional and institutional strength contribute to outcomes. Civilian and military must find party and executive-branch allies who can compete for them to craft or defeat legislation affecting their interests, but coalition building alone is insufficient. Actors must also cultivate executive bureaucratic institutions able to design and implement policies promoting their interests. How coalitions and institutions form, ossify, or fail to develop is assessed through a comparative study of Chile, Argentina (1983– 1989), and Argentina (1989–1997).

The article titled "India Is Broken: A People Betrayed, Independence to Today" discusses the economic growth and modernization of India, while also highlighting the darker aspects of the country's development. It emphasizes that although poverty has decreased, many workers still have insecure and low-paid jobs, with limited social security and health and safety provisions. The book argues that India's political classes have consistently underperformed and failed to create enough jobs, resulting in frustration, insecurity, and violence. The author, Ashoka Mody, provides a chronological account of India's leadership and economic reforms, criticizing economists and highlighting neglected areas such as mass education and the environment. Overall, the book presents a stark message about India's broken system and its impact on the working-age population. [Extracted from the article]

Scholarly writings on the politics of economic reforms in India have neglected the exponential spike in private wealth and plutonomic tendencies in the post-reform period. This article maps the political economy of the staggering rise and growth of superrich in India. It traces the roots of the state-capital relationship in the colonial period and provides the main contrast between the political economy of the pre-reform and post-reform periods. It does so by analyzing key variables that have facilitated, or continue to facilitate, the flow of private wealth in India. It also examines three major drivers of superrich wealth in India–rent-seeking, entrepreneurship, and inheritance. The article makes two arguments. Firstly, the state's dramatic turn in support of private capital/wealth accumulation began quite earlier but assumed formal and dynamic forms only after the implementation of economic reforms in 1991. Secondly, the rise of India's superrich has not simply been a function of merit and entrepreneurial skills as is popularly believed. It is a peculiar combination of other factors that are leading to enormous resources and capacity concentrated in the hands of the superrich and their ability to exert considerable influence on India's domestic and global policies. Above all, the indispensability of the state's support has been one of the key factors explaining why some people become and continue to grow rich in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology innovation improves efficiency, gives society new and enhanced goods and services through economic reform, and raises their living conditions. This study examined the impact of economic reform on technological innovation using the system generalised method of moments and panel quantile regressions to account for simultaneity and reverse causality. The empirical findings conclude that economic reform significantly impacted technological innovation in 79 nations from 1995 to 2017. More importantly, we verify the positive effect of economic reform on technological innovation by addressing endogenous and robustness checks via various methods and sub-samples. Furthermore, the mechanism of this relationship was explored. Therefore, the research findings offer an alternative method for national "gove'nments to promote innovation output by reinforcing government effectiveness, financia" sec'or development, and the degree of democracy transparency. Finally, economic proposals are discussed based on the findings and estimation strategies. The study examines the impacts of economic reforms on technological innovation in a panel of 79 economies over 1995–2017. Using GMM and panel quantile regressions, empirical findings indicate that economic reforms promote technological innovations. The positive effect of economic reforms on innovation operates through government effectiveness, financial development, and democracy. Intellectual Patent Protection Act controls inadequate competitiveness and preserves a fair market climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the initiation of economic reforms and opening up, China has witnessed an unprecedented rate of development across all sectors. However, the country has also experienced severe ecological damage, surpassing that of many other nations. The rapid economic growth has come at the expense of the environment, revealing a significant lack of coordination between urbanization and eco-environmental protection in China. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive and continuous historical dataset of China's eco-environmental quality (EEQ) based on remote sensing, allowing for the analysis of spatial and temporal changes. Such data would provide objective, scientific, and reliable support for China's eco-environmental protection and pollution prevention policies, while addressing potential ecological risks resulting from urbanization. To achieve this, the entropy value method is employed to integrate multi-source remote sensing data and construct an evaluation system for China's EEQ. Historical data from 2000 to 2017 is plotted to illustrate China's EEQ over time. The findings of this study are as follows: (1) The entropy method effectively facilitates the construction of China's eco-environmental quality assessment system. (2) From 2000 to 2017, approximately 39.7% of China's regions witnessed a decrease in EEQ, while 60.3% exhibited improvement, indicating an overall enhancement in EEQ over the past eighteen years. (3) The Yangtze and Yellow River basins experienced improved EEQ due to China's ecological restoration projects. (4) The future EEQ in China demonstrates a subtle positive trend across diverse contexts. This study departs from conventional approaches to EEQ evaluation by leveraging the advantages of multivariate remote sensing big data, including objectivity, timeliness, and accessibility. It provides a novel perspective for future eco-environmental quality evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic reforms and their implementation process boost the growth of the economy and trade in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, economies in which an average growth in GDP that exceeds 5 percent, likewise the flows of foreign direct investment and trade present an increase, showing the four countries an orientation of opening to the external market. Thus, the objective of the research is to analyze the economic reforms and their importance in the dynamics of the economy and trade in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam from 1990 to 2021, there is also the hypothesis that the reforms in the four countries they contributed to the growth of the economy and trade, for this we worked through a documentary analysis that allowed the recovery of selective information to explain the growth of GDP and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reflection on the life and work of Colombian comedian Jaime Garzón, highlighting his importance as a social critic and his ability to address difficult topics through humor. It mentions René Girard's mimetic theory and highlights Garzón's influence on Colombian culture. It also discusses the importance of humor and laughter in society, as well as the need for social and economic reforms to build peace in the country. The article narrates Garzón's life and personality, highlighting his childhood, education, and experience as the mayor of Sumapaz. His bravery and desire to intervene in the country's violence are emphasized. Additionally, it is mentioned that his murder was the result of threats and paranoia generated by his popularity. Garzón was known for his fight against violence and his desire to promote peace in Colombia. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the relationship between the giant of Asia, China, and the giant of Africa, Nigeria, and the ways these two countries interact with each other in a multi-polar World. Beijing only imports a small amount of oil from Nigeria, and its total exports to Nigeria, which have been expanding primarily in the consumer goods sector, make up only one-eighth of China's total imports from Nigeria. Also worth mentioning is the sizeable Nigerian immigrant population in China, which is mainly concentrated in Guangzhou. As a result, both nations value their relationship. The Beijing Consensus's efforts to build infrastructure across Africa open up new opportunities for Chinese investment in Nigeria. However, this paper shows that the relationship between China and Nigeria is much more complex than the oversimplified concept of resource diplomacy in a multi-polar World by using descriptive qualitative research as a method and by examining public opinion surveys, popular media, newspaper accounts, and editorials. In actuality, China is only interested in Nigeria's natural resources, particularly its energy, and is unconcerned with the rest of Nigeria. It also makes some important conclusions about what Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African nations can learn from China in terms of how to go about implementing economic reforms and gaining development experience. The theory of complex interdependence is the theoretical foundation and an effective analytical tool for this paper. The paper came to the conclusion that, in a multipolar world, the bilateral relations between China and Nigeria are unbalanced and asymmetrical, making it difficult for the Nigerian government to address both the country's problems and its national debt to China without taking appropriate action. The paper suggests, among other things, that Nigeria's government overhaul its trade policy toward China, which will not only advance the country's technological capabilities but also strengthen its negotiating position to achieve greater benefits in its economic relations with China. The Nigerian government must, above all, uphold her foreign trade policy in all future interactions with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]