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Sufficient vitamin D levels are reported to be a factor in reducing various chronic diseases and resulting mortality rates. Well-dried mushrooms and blue-backed fish are known to be rich in vitamin D. In this study, the association between mortality rates and the intake of vitamin D-rich foods was confirmed using data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiological Study (KoGES). Among the KoGES database, we followed up a total of 6844 adults who participated in the Ansung–Ansan cohort study recruited from 2001 to 2002 and continued for an average of 16.7 years until 2018. The main findings were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. During follow-up, 439 cases of all-cause mortality, 149 cases of cancer-related mortality, and 91 cases of cardiovascular mortality were confirmed. In the fully adjusted model, the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in quartile 3 of mushroom consumption was 0.709 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.525–0.958) compared with quartile 1. In addition, the HRs for cardiovascular mortality in quartile 3 of mushroom consumption were 0.348 (95% CI, 0.154–0.787) compared with those in quartile 1. The HRs of cardiovascular mortality for quartiles 3 and 4 of fish consumption were 0.442 (95% CI, 0.226–0.865) and 0.533 (95% CI, 0.285–0.998), respectively, compared with quartile 1. In conclusion, moderate consumption of mushrooms was related to decreased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, while heightened fish consumption was inversely related to cardiovascular mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southwest China is extremely rich in fungal resources, and a large number of new taxa have been discovered in recent years. In the present study, we examined 26 specimens of the genera Hydnum and Lentaria sensu lato, most of which were obtained in Yunnan Province. Through ITS-nrLSU-tef1 phylogenetic analysis, combined with morphological studies and geographic analyses, five new species were described, viz. H. cremeum (奶油齿菌), H. flavoquamosum (黄鳞齿菌), H. roseoalbum (粉白齿菌), H. roseotangerinum (粉橙齿菌), and L. subalpina (亚高山木瑚菌). Furthermore, we also supplied new information on some known species, including host plants and new distribution records. We re-examined the holotype sequences of two known taxa, H. flabellatum and H. pallidomarginatum, treating H. flabellatum as a synonym of H. pallidomarginatum. Additionally, a key to Lentaria s.l. in China was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Contemporary dining habits have spurred a shift in ready‐to‐eat (RTE) snack production, with mushrooms offering a nutritional boost due to their protein, carbohydrate, fibre and vitamin content. Proximate composition data aid in creating snacks with balanced nutrition. Mushrooms also contribute antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds, adding a health dimension. Extrusion cooking, known for adaptability and energy efficiency, improves texture, nutrition and shelf life. Though concerns exist about oil intake, frying remains popular for taste and consistency enhancement, requiring careful management. Baking extends shelf life and preserves flavour while enhancing nutrient availability. Various studies highlight the potential of these techniques to meet consumer preferences for convenient, appealing and health‐conscious snacks by incorporating ingredients like legume protein isolates, nuts and seeds, etc. The RTE snack industry evolves to provide healthier options driven by technological innovations and sustainability practices, with personalised and functional snacks on the horizon. The study aims to explore and highlight the nutritional benefits of incorporating mushrooms into RTE snacks and discusses the unique advantages of extrusion, frying and baking in snack production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible mushrooms have been part of the human diet for centuries. Traditionally, they have been used for culinary and medicinal purposes due to their chemical composition and nutritional value, including their high antioxidant activity attributed to key metabolites such as phenolic compounds and ergothioneine. P. ostreatus mushrooms, known for their potent antioxidant activity, are prone to spoilage shortly after harvest, making preservation methods necessary. Various drying methods were evaluated to determine their effects on physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant properties, and ergothioneine content. Mushrooms were subjected to freeze-drying (FD), hot-air-drying (HAD), and microwave-vacuum-drying (MVD). The rehydration rate, color, and microstructural characteristics of extracts from fresh and dried P. ostreatus mushrooms were evaluated. Additionally, the total soluble phenolic content and antioxidant activity were assessed using DPPH and ORAC assays, along with the determination of ergothioneine content. FD and HAD at 40 °C showed the best results regarding the physicochemical characteristics. In terms of total soluble phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and ergothioneine content, the mushrooms dried using HAD at 40 °C showed the best retention of bioactive compounds. Among the evaluated methods, HAD at 40 °C proved to be a suitable alternative for processing P. ostreatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyophyllum decastes is a commercially cultivated rare edible mushroom with high dietary and medicinal value. The mycelium physiological maturation was an important factor to the yield and quality of mushrooms obtained. However, it was impossible to obtain discriminative characteristics represented the maturity level of the mycelia from morphological features. In this article, we screened a candidate metabolite for evaluating the mycelium physiological maturation by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis during mycelial vegetative growth stages of L. decastes. The results showed that mycelial vegetative growth 55 d had reached to physiological maturation according to the yield and quality of L. decastes, which the single bottle yield (307 g/bottle), the contents of flavonoids (2.94 mg/g dry weight), and 5 flavor amino acids (glutamate 177.90 μg/g, aspartate 95.74 μg/g, phenylalanine 31.68 μg/g, tyrosine 13.79 μg/g, and alanine 10.99 μg/g) were the highest. In addition, the metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis results showed that biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and amino acid had significant different during mycelial vegetative growth stages, and glutamine may be a candidate indicator to evaluate the mycelial physiological maturation. These findings contribute to improve our knowledge of mycelium physiological maturation and it will be used to increase mushroom yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepista sordida is a valuable edible mushroom rich in natural bioactive compounds. In the present study, a high-quality whole-genome of a domesticated strain of L. sordida was sequenced, revealing a 40.67 Mb genome in 13 contigs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. sordida is evolutionarily closely related to edible mushroom Lyophyllum decastes and Hypsizygus marmoreus. Heat stress has a significant effect on the yield and quality of mushrooms, but the molecular basis for this is poorly understood in L. sordida. A label-free comparative proteomic analysis was performed under different heat stress conditions. The growth of L. sordida mycelia was inhibited, and nuclear apoptosis occurred under heat stress. Ca2+ and MAPK signaling pathways were found to be involved in heat stress signal transduction. It is hypothesized that the expression of various heat shock proteins plays a crucial role in the response to heat stress. In addition, the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the thioredoxin system were upregulated, preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins and possibly supporting the response to heat stress. In summary, these results provide a fundamental insight into the evolution and heat stress-responsive mechanisms in L. sordida and may facilitate the breeding of heat-tolerant strains for artificial cultivation.

Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis (Seok et al.) Yang, Qin & Takah 2014 is an edible mushroom distributed in several East or Southeast Asian countries. Herein, we report the mitochondrial genome of S. alboinfundibuliformis based on Illumina sequencing data. The overall length of the mitochondrial genome is 64,279 bp, with a GC content of 29.0%. It contains 14 typical protein-coding genes, 27 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and 13 intergenic ORFs. Most of these genes (39 out of 56) are transcribed at the forward strand, and few (17 out of 56) are transcribed at the reverse strand. Among these genes, only the rnl gene is invaded by an intron, and all other genes are intron-free. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial amino acid sequences supports the phylogenetic position of S. alboinfundibuliformis in Clitocybaceae, being close to Lepista sordida (Schumach.) Singer 1951. This study serves as a springboard for future investigation on fungal evolution in Clitocybaceae.

Sarcomyxa edulis is a characteristic low-temperature, edible mushroom in Northeast China. It has a delicious taste and rich nutritional and medicinal value. The artificial cultivation of S. edulis has been increasing in recent years. However, the number of S. edulis varieties is scarce, and strain degradation is a serious issue, affecting the yield and quality of S. edulis. Therefore, we collected 21 wild strains of S. edulis (Y1–21) in this study, aiming to develop strains of S. edulis. Five strains without antagonistic reaction were eliminated via the antagonism test, and the remaining sixteen strains were identified as S. edulis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker identification. The mycelial growth rate, mildew resistance, fruiting body yield, agronomic traits, and nutrient content of the 16 strains were determined. The results demonstrate that Y12, Y13, Y14, and Y15 exhibited a rapid mycelial growth rate (6.43–6.8 mm·day−1). Their colony density was moderate; their edges were neat; and their colonies were leathery and had obvious pigmentation. Moreover, they exhibited strong mildew resistance and a low Trichoderma contamination rate (<40%). Their fruiting body yield (281.15–342.03 g) and biological efficiency (56.23–68.40%) were high. Their fruiting body shape was good. Their polysaccharide and crude protein contents were higher, while their crude fiber, ash, and crude fat contents were lower. Overall, these four S. edulis strains exhibited high yield, excellent traits, and good quality for commercial production and food production with high nutrient contents. This study provides a foundation for the further cross-breeding and matrix improvement of S. edulis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis (Seok et al.) Yang, Qin & Takah 2014 is an edible mushroom distributed in several East or Southeast Asian countries. Herein, we report the mitochondrial genome of S. alboinfundibuliformis based on Illumina sequencing data. The overall length of the mitochondrial genome is 64,279 bp, with a GC content of 29.0%. It contains 14 typical protein-coding genes, 27 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and 13 intergenic ORFs. Most of these genes (39 out of 56) are transcribed at the forward strand, and few (17 out of 56) are transcribed at the reverse strand. Among these genes, only the rnl gene is invaded by an intron, and all other genes are intron-free. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial amino acid sequences supports the phylogenetic position of S. alboinfundibuliformis in Clitocybaceae, being close to Lepista sordida (Schumach.) Singer 1951. This study serves as a springboard for future investigation on fungal evolution in Clitocybaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Edible mushrooms have become an important global ingredient due to their rich nutrients and delicious taste. However, their high moisture content, abundant bioactive components and susceptibility to microbial contamination led to a relatively short shelf‐life. Therefore, extensive research on the active ingredients, bioactivity and preservation techniques of mushrooms is crucial for enhancing the rapid development and increasing acceptance of the mushroom industry. Furthermore, the comprehensive utilisation of by‐products from mushroom processing and the diversified development of mushroom products are important means to increase the added value of the mushroom industry. Therefore, through the aforementioned research, the sustainable and healthy development of the mushroom industry can be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of Burkholderia gladioli in commercially available mushroom products in Chengdu， analyze its pathogenic characteristics， and provide support for food safety risk monitoring.MethodsAccording to GB 4789.29—2020， the identification of suspected colony by microbial mass spectrometry was added. One hundred and twenty-one mushroom foods were detected， and the whole genome of the isolated strains was sequenced to analyze their genetic characteristics and the carrying status of bon genes related to the biosynthesis of Bongkrekic acid.ResultsThe positive rate of Burkholderia gladioli in 121 samples was 50.41% （61/121）， with a positive rate of 67.14% （47/70） for Tremella； 10 strains of Burkholderia gladioli isolated from 4 food samples carried bon genes clusters； There was a dominant clone group that could mainly contaminated Tremella， without carrying the bon gene clusters.ConclusionTremella could be easily contaminated by Burkholderia gladioli， so it is necessary to strengthen the risk monitoring for the detection of this pathogen in key foods， especially for the strains carrying the bon gene clusters.

Lepista sordida is a valuable edible mushroom rich in natural bioactive compounds. In the present study, a high-quality whole-genome of a domesticated strain of L. sordida was sequenced, revealing a 40.67 Mb genome in 13 contigs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. sordida is evolutionarily closely related to edible mushroom Lyophyllum decastes and Hypsizygus marmoreus. Heat stress has a significant effect on the yield and quality of mushrooms, but the molecular basis for this is poorly understood in L. sordida. A label-free comparative proteomic analysis was performed under different heat stress conditions. The growth of L. sordida mycelia was inhibited, and nuclear apoptosis occurred under heat stress. Ca2+ and MAPK signaling pathways were found to be involved in heat stress signal transduction. It is hypothesized that the expression of various heat shock proteins plays a crucial role in the response to heat stress. In addition, the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the thioredoxin system were upregulated, preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins and possibly supporting the response to heat stress. In summary, these results provide a fundamental insight into the evolution and heat stress-responsive mechanisms in L. sordida and may facilitate the breeding of heat-tolerant strains for artificial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom cap is a key trait in the growth process and its phenotypic parameters are essential for automatic cultivation and smart breeding. However, the edible mushrooms are usually grown densely with mutual occlusion, which is difficult to obtain the phenotypic parameters non-destructively. Although deep learning methods achieve impressive performance with superior generalization capabilities, they require a large amount of ground truth label of the occluded target, which is a challenging task due to the substantial workload. To overcome this obstacle, a novel synthetic cap occlusion image method was proposed for rapidly generating edible mushroom occlusion datasets using raw images, in which the ground truth is obtained from the real world and the occlusion is randomly generated for simulating real scenes. Moreover, variants of amodal instance segmentation models with different backbone were trained and evaluated on our synthetic occlusion image datasets. Finally, an amodal mask-based size estimation method was presented to calculate the width and length of the cap. The experimental results showed that the amodal instance segmentation achieved an AP@[0.5:0.95] of 82%, 93% and 96% on Oudemansiella raphanipes, Agrocybe cylindraceas and Pholiota nameko synthetic cap datasets, respectively, with a size of 1024 × 1024 px, which indicates that our occlusion image synthesis method can effectively simulate the real cap occlusion situation. The size estimation method achieved an R 2 of 0.95 and 0.98 between predictive amodal caps and manually labeled caps for the length and width of Agrocybe cylindraceas cap, respectively, which can be applied to obtain the phenotypic parameters of each cap effectively and accurately. These methods not only meet the demand for automatic monitoring of edible mushroom morphology in factories but also provide technical support for intelligent breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sarcodon and Hydnellum are two ectomycorrhizal genera of important ecological and economic value in Southwest China, and they are common in the free markets in this region. It was estimated that more than 1,500 tonnes of them were sold as edible per year, but there was little information about the taxonomic placements of these edible mushrooms sold in the markets. Traditional concepts of the two genera have also been challenged recently, and circumscription of Sarcodon and the informally defined clade “Neosarcodon” remained unresolved. In the present study, specimens collected in the field and purchased from the markets in Southwest China were analyzed based on morphological characters and DNA sequences. Phylogeny of the traditional Sarcodon s. lat. and Hydnellum s. lat. was reconstructed from the combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nuclear large ribosomal subunit (nLSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) dataset based on expanded samples to reevaluate the taxonomic placements of the two genera. In the present molecular analyses, four distinct clades were recovered and strongly supported: Hydnellum, Neosarcodon, Phellodon and Sarcodon. Neosarcodon is formally introduced as a generic name to include nine species previously placed in Sarcodon, and the delimitation of Sarcodon is revised based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed an unexpected species diversity (17 phylogenetic species) of Sarcodon and Hydnellum in the markets; nine phylogenetic species of Sarcodon and eight of Hydnellum were uncovered from the samples collected in the markets. Eight species were resolved in the traditional S. imbricatus complex, with S. imbricatus s.str. being the most common edible stipitate hydnoid fungal species. Three of the edible Hydnellum species (H. edulium, H. subalpinum, and H. subscabrosellum), and five separated from the S. imbricatus complex (Sarcodon flavidus, S. giganteus, S. neosquamosus, S. nigrosquamosus, and S. pseudoimbricatus), are described as new. Three new Chinese records (H. illudens, H. martioflavum, and H. versipelle), and the notable S. imbricatus and S. leucopus are also reported.

Edible mushrooms have been part of the human diet for centuries. Traditionally, they have been used for culinary and medicinal purposes due to their chemical composition and nutritional value, including their high antioxidant activity attributed to key metabolites such as phenolic compounds and ergothioneine. P. ostreatus mushrooms, known for their potent antioxidant activity, are prone to spoilage shortly after harvest, making preservation methods necessary. Various drying methods were evaluated to determine their effects on physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant properties, and ergothioneine content. Mushrooms were subjected to freeze-drying (FD), hot-air-drying (HAD), and microwave-vacuum-drying (MVD). The rehydration rate, color, and microstructural characteristics of extracts from fresh and dried P. ostreatus mushrooms were evaluated. Additionally, the total soluble phenolic content and antioxidant activity were assessed using DPPH and ORAC assays, along with the determination of ergothioneine content. FD and HAD at 40 °C showed the best results regarding the physicochemical characteristics. In terms of total soluble phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and ergothioneine content, the mushrooms dried using HAD at 40 °C showed the best retention of bioactive compounds. Among the evaluated methods, HAD at 40 °C proved to be a suitable alternative for processing P. ostreatus.

Southwest China is extremely rich in fungal resources, and a large number of new taxa have been discovered in recent years. In the present study, we examined 26 specimens of the genera Hydnum and Lentaria sensu lato, most of which were obtained in Yunnan Province. Through ITS-nrLSU-tef1 phylogenetic analysis, combined with morphological studies and geographic analyses, five new species were described, viz. H. cremeum (奶油齿菌), H. flavoquamosum (黄鳞齿菌), H. roseoalbum (粉白齿菌), H. roseotangerinum (粉橙齿菌), and L. subalpina (亚高山木瑚菌). Furthermore, we also supplied new information on some known species, including host plants and new distribution records. We re-examined the holotype sequences of two known taxa, H. flabellatum and H. pallidomarginatum, treating H. flabellatum as a synonym of H. pallidomarginatum. Additionally, a key to Lentaria s.l. in China was provided.

As one of the most nutritious and delicious mushroom varieties, Volvariella volvacea has always been popular among people around the world. Different from other artificially cultivated mushrooms, Volvariella volvacea is mostly planted on non-sterile substrates. As the cultivation time increases, the yield of mushroom houses continues to decrease. In our experiment, we selected two groups of samples from the old and new mushroom houses, environmental samples and substrate samples. The results showed that the diversity and abundance of microorganisms in the culture environment of the old mushroom room were consistent with that of the new mushroom room, but the proportion of actinomycetes in the former was significantly higher than that of the new mushroom room. The metabolic activity of microorganisms in the old mushroom room was enhanced compared with the new mushroom room. The microbial diversity in the growth substrate was investigated, and it was found that the structure and diversity of the microbial community in the substrate had changed. In conclusion, the interplay between mushrooms, the culture environment, and the host bacterial community may be the cause of the changes in the yield of Volvariella volvacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new edible wild mushroom species, described herein as Panus sribuabanensis, was collected from local markets and natural forests located in northern Thailand. This species is characterized by its medium to large-sized basidiomata, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-shaped basidiospores, dimitic hyphal system, and the absence of hyphal pegs. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences supported the monophyly of P. sribuabanensis as a distinct lineage within the genus Panus. Full description, illustrations, color photographs, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of P. sribuabanensis are provided. The dried mushroom showed a nutritional composition within the range of 2.58%–2.67% for fat content, 27.10%–27.98% for protein, and 43.97%–44.10% for carbohydrates. The ethanolic extracts from this mushroom exhibited a total phenolic content ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.90–1.08 mg TE/g dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.93–1.08 mg TE/g dw) assays demonstrate higher activity compared to the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (0.44–0.51 mg TE/g dw). The outcomes of this study provide significant information on the nutritional value, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity potential of this new mushroom species discovered in northern Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 resulted a severe threat to public health globally. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine with durable immunity, the disease transited into the endemic phase, necessitating potent antiviral therapy including a scientific basis for current traditional herbal medicine. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a pharmacoinformatic analysis of selected chemical ingredients and in-vitro evaluation of Cordyceps militaris extract against SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: C. militaris, the widely used fungus in conventional herbal medicine, was subjected to computational investigation using molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and network pharmacology analysis followed by the in-vitro assay for evaluating its anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential. Results: The molecular docking analysis of C. militaris revealed the Cordycepin's highest affinity (−9.71 kcal/mol) than other molecules, i.e., Cicadapeptin-I, Cicadapeptin-II, Cordycerebroside-B, and N-Acetyl galactosamine to the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. C. militaris aqueous extract could reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral copy numbers by 50.24% using crude extract at 100 μg/mL concentration. Conclusion: These findings suggest that C. militaris has promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and may be explored as traditional medicine for managing the COVID-19 surge in the endemic phase.

AbstractA new edible wild mushroom species, described herein as Panus sribuabanensis, was collected from local markets and natural forests located in northern Thailand. This species is characterized by its medium to large-sized basidiomata, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid-shaped basidiospores, dimitic hyphal system, and the absence of hyphal pegs. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of combined the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences supported the monophyly of P. sribuabanensis as a distinct lineage within the genus Panus. Full description, illustrations, color photographs, and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of P. sribuabanensis are provided. The dried mushroom showed a nutritional composition within the range of 2.58%–2.67% for fat content, 27.10%–27.98% for protein, and 43.97%–44.10% for carbohydrates. The ethanolic extracts from this mushroom exhibited a total phenolic content ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw). Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.90–1.08 mg TE/g dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.93–1.08 mg TE/g dw) assays demonstrate higher activity compared to the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (0.44–0.51 mg TE/g dw). The outcomes of this study provide significant information on the nutritional value, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity potential of this new mushroom species discovered in northern Thailand.

Edible mushroom sexual spores have been gaining more interest due to their bioactive components and functions. Spore discharge (SD) is an important factor affecting the quality of edible mushrooms.In this review, the bioactive nutrients of sexual spores of edible mushrooms were summarized, the SD mechanism was described, and the relationship between postharvest SD and the quality of edible mushrooms was analyzed.Spores contain various bioactive nutrients that are beneficial to the human body. Mature mushrooms can actively discharge spores in a process affected by light, relative humidity, and temperature. During storage, the physiological metabolism of spore-bearing gill tissue is vigorous, promoting the release of postharvest spores and changing the nutritional value of fruiting bodies. The flavor of the fruiting bodies also varied significantly during SD. Edible mushroom sexual spores have the potential to become new raw materials for functional food and medical resources. Research on the effect of the mechanism of SD on the quality of edible mushrooms and the development of SD regulation technology may be a new trend in the quality control of edible mushrooms, which will promote the development of the edible mushroom industry.

Lyophyllum decastes is a commercially cultivated rare edible mushroom with high dietary and medicinal value. The mycelium physiological maturation was an important factor to the yield and quality of mushrooms obtained. However, it was impossible to obtain discriminative characteristics represented the maturity level of the mycelia from morphological features. In this article, we screened a candidate metabolite for evaluating the mycelium physiological maturation by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis during mycelial vegetative growth stages of L. decastes. The results showed that mycelial vegetative growth 55 d had reached to physiological maturation according to the yield and quality of L. decastes, which the single bottle yield (307 g/bottle), the contents of flavonoids (2.94 mg/g dry weight), and 5 flavor amino acids (glutamate 177.90 μg/g, aspartate 95.74 μg/g, phenylalanine 31.68 μg/g, tyrosine 13.79 μg/g, and alanine 10.99 μg/g) were the highest. In addition, the metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis results showed that biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and amino acid had significant different during mycelial vegetative growth stages, and glutamine may be a candidate indicator to evaluate the mycelial physiological maturation. These findings contribute to improve our knowledge of mycelium physiological maturation and it will be used to increase mushroom yield and quality.

Sarcomyxa edulis is a characteristic low-temperature, edible mushroom in Northeast China. It has a delicious taste and rich nutritional and medicinal value. The artificial cultivation of S. edulis has been increasing in recent years. However, the number of S. edulis varieties is scarce, and strain degradation is a serious issue, affecting the yield and quality of S. edulis. Therefore, we collected 21 wild strains of S. edulis (Y1–21) in this study, aiming to develop strains of S. edulis. Five strains without antagonistic reaction were eliminated via the antagonism test, and the remaining sixteen strains were identified as S. edulis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker identification. The mycelial growth rate, mildew resistance, fruiting body yield, agronomic traits, and nutrient content of the 16 strains were determined. The results demonstrate that Y12, Y13, Y14, and Y15 exhibited a rapid mycelial growth rate (6.43–6.8 mm·day−1). Their colony density was moderate; their edges were neat; and their colonies were leathery and had obvious pigmentation. Moreover, they exhibited strong mildew resistance and a low Trichoderma contamination rate (S. edulis strains exhibited high yield, excellent traits, and good quality for commercial production and food production with high nutrient contents. This study provides a foundation for the further cross-breeding and matrix improvement of S. edulis.

Auricularia delicata (Mont.) Henn. 1893 is an edible and medicinal jelly mushroom popular in China. Here, we report the assembly and annotation of a complete A. delicata mitochondrial genome based on data sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The length of the complete circular A. delicata mitochondrial genome is 189,696 bp, with a GC content of 34.1%. The A. delicata mitochondrial genome contains 60 genes, including 32 protein-coding genes, 26 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. delicata clustered with the Auricularia group, alongside A. auricula-judae and A. heimuer. Additionally, A. delicata was found to be genetically distant from other species of Polyporales, Russulales, and Agaricales. This genome will provide an invaluable reference for the continued study and utilization of A. delicata and other Auricularia species.

Edible mushrooms are a group of large fungi for culinary and medicinal use. Edible mushrooms are rich in nutrients such as polysaccharides, proteins, and vitamins. Research has proven that edible mushroom polysaccharides have multiple biological activities including anticancer, hyperglycemic, and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, they can regulate the performance of starch in raw materials due to their structure characteristics as biomacromolecules. Currently, edible mushroom powders or purified polysaccharides from edible mushrooms have been introduced as ingredients to starch-based foods, which not only has a great impact on the sensory, textural, and nutritional qualities, but also endows products with new functionality. In this paper, recent progress in the application of edible mushroom polysaccharides for the improvement of starch properties and starchy food quality is reviewed. The effects of edible mushroom polysaccharides on starch solubility and swelling capacity, thermal properties, gelatinization properties, gelling properties and digestion characteristics are summarized. The application of edible mushroom polysaccharides in endowing new functionalities to starchy foods is outlined. We hope that this review could provide a reference for research on the enhancing effect of edible mushroom polysaccharides on starch functionality, and provide a new idea for the innovative development of functional starchy foods.

Laetiporus is a cosmopolitan genus of the "Antrodia clade" in the order Polyporales that causes brown rot in many hardwood trees and some conifers. In the current study, we examined specimens of Laetiporus zonatus collected from Quercus semecarpifolia (Fagaceae) at three different localities in the district Swat, KP, Pakistan. The specimen’s identity was determined through extensive morphoanatomical examination and molecular characterization. For reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships of the species, the study applied three methods: maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian analyses to the concatenated dataset (ITS + nrLSU + rpb2). The mean character difference approach was utilized to create a phenetic cladogram through morphometric analysis. Our sample sequence grouped together with Laetiporus zonatus showing significant support values of 87% for MP, 98% for ML and 1.0 for Bayesian analyses. The morphological data matrix showed a high degree of similarity (Bray-curtis similarity = 0.925, Euclidean distance = 3.81) between our specimen and L. zonatus. Our study also provides habitat characteristics and in vitro cultural characteristics of the isolates. Laetiporus zonatus is characterized by yellow pileal surface, become pale buff to creamy when dry and whitish cream pore surface, distinctly zonate, radially furrowed upper surface and undulating white margin, 2-3 pores mm-1, ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores (5.6–8.7 × 4.2–5.9 μm) with Q value of 1.16-1.55 and is found exclusively on Quercus spp. in temperate forests.

Due to the length of the time required for protein hydrolysis, ultrasound, as a cheap technology, can be used as a pre-treatment in protein hydrolysis to shorten the time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrolysis time and ultrasonic pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of edible mushroom proteins by pancreatin enzyme to produce short chain peptides with high antioxidant capacity. In this research first edible mushrooms were turned into powder then hydrolysed during 30-210 min with enzyme to substrate ratio of 1% and at temperature of 40 °C without pretreatment, and with pretreatment by 80 and 40% ultrasound power. Increasing the power of ultrasonic treatment increased the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity at shorter hydrolysis time. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity in untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power were 39.96, 42.91 and 47.76, respectively. The highest total antioxidant capacity for untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power was 1.64, 1.73 and 1.98 (absorption at 695 nm), respectively. The results showed that the highest reducing power of Fe3+ in untreated and treated samples with 40 and 80% ultrasound power were 2.61, 2.84 and 2.90 (absorption at 700 nm), respectively. These results showed that pre-treated samples with 80% ultrasound compared to samples without pretreatment and pre-treated with 40% ultrasound had the highest antioxidant properties. Therefore, the use of high power ultrasonic pretreatment shortens the hydrolysis time to achieve peptides with higher antioxidant capacity.

ABSTRACTFruit bodies (sporocarps) of wild mushrooms growing in natural environments play a substantial role in the preservation of microbial communities, for example, clinical and food-poisoning bacteria. However, the role of wild mushrooms as natural reservoirs of plant pathogenic bacteria remains almost entirely unknown. Furthermore, bacterial transmission from a mushroom species to agricultural plants has rarely been recorded in the literature. In September 2021, a creamy-white Gram-negative bacterial strain was isolated from the sporocarp of Suillus luteus (slippery jack) growing in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) lawn in Southern Iran. A similar strain was isolated from the same fungus in the same area in September 2022. Both strains were identified as Burkholderia gladioli based on phenotypic features as well as phylogeny of 16S rRNA and three housekeeping genes. The strains were not only pathogenic on white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) but also induced hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco and common bean leaves and caused soft rot on a set of diverse plant species, that is, chili pepper, common bean pod, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, gladiolus, narcissus, onion, potato, spring onion, okra, kohlrabi, mango, and watermelon. Isolation of plant pathogenic B. gladioli strains from sporocarp of S. luteus in two consecutive years in the same area could be indicative of the role of this fungus in the preservation of the bacterium in the natural environment. B. gladioli associated with naturally growing S. luteus could potentially invade neighboring agricultural crops, for example, vegetables and ornamentals. The potential role of wild mushrooms as natural reservoirs of phytopathogenic bacteria is further discussed.IMPORTANCEThe bacterial genus Burkholderia contains biologically heterogeneous strains that can be isolated from diverse habitats, that is, soil, water, diseased plant material, and clinical specimens. In this study, two Gram-negative pectinolytic bacterial strains were isolated from the sporocarps of Suillus luteus in September 2021 and 2022. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that both strains belonged to the complex species Burkholderia gladioli, while the pathovar status of the strains remained undetermined. Biological investigations accomplished with pathogenicity and host range assays showed that B. gladioli strains isolated from S. luteus in two consecutive years were pathogenic on a set of diverse plant species ranging from ornamentals to both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous vegetables. Thus, B. gladioli could be considered an infectious pathogen capable of being transmitted from wild mushrooms to annual crops. Our results raise a hypothesis that wild mushrooms could be considered as potential reservoirs for phytopathogenic B. gladioli.

Gossypol is a terpene-polyphenolic compound specific to cotton plants. Considered as an anti-nutritional factor, monogastric livestock show greater sensitivity to this metabolite than ruminants. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological effects of gossypol-containing and biodetoxified cottonseed-cake on hepatic function in rats. Biodetoxification of cottonseed cake was performed by the macrofungi Fistulina hepatica BRM 047114 and Pleurotus ostreatus BRM 055505 in a solid-state cultivation process. A toxicological study was performed using albino Wistar rat males (Rattus norvergicus). A feed assay was conducted using the macrofungi cultivated on cottonseed cake (5%, 15%, and 25%). Animal growth, feed conversion, hemogram, serum biochemical analyses and histopathology were evaluated. For biodetoxified cottonseed cake treatments with both macrofungi, concentrations of feed up to 15% resulted in animal development similar to that of the untreated group. Histopathological analysis after feeding with biodetoxified cottonseed cake presented an unaltered cordonal arrangement. Nevertheless, the group fed with cottonseed cake biodetoxified using F. hepatica BRM 047114 showed discrete inflammatory infiltrate, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei in hepatocytes. P. ostreatus BRM 055505 resulted in efficient reduction in toxic effects of free gossypol, with regular animal growth, maintenance of normal liver activities, and a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. In conclusion, P. ostreatus and F. hepatica were able to minimize the toxic effects of free gossypol in rat diets, representing an important contribution for feed-formulation development for non-ruminants.

Laetiporus sulphureus is a well-known edible mushroom with a high medicinal value. It is reported from different places in Nepal, particularly from mid-hill areas. However, the ecology and ethnomycology of L. sulphureus were poorly known in Nepal. We aimed to study the ecology, ethnomycology, and present status of L. sulphureus from the mid-hills of Dolakha district, central Nepal. The habitat of L. sulphureus in the six different sites of the study area was surveyed to find out the dominant tree species and microclimatic conditions. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted to document ethnic knowledge and the status of L. sulphureus. We found dominance of tree species such as Tsuga dumosa, Quercus semicarpifolia, and Rhododendron arboreum in the habitat of L. sulphureus. Dead and decayed logs/trunk of these tree species were found to support L. sulphureus growth. Regarding microclimatic conditions, an average temperature of 20 °C, a light intensity of 1000–2000 lux, and relative humidity of 65–80% were recorded under the canopy where L. sulphureus was growing. Fruitbodies of L. sulphureus were found to be collected by local people for food and medicinal purposes. Local people were found to use dried L. sulphureus powder for the treatment of aliments such as diarrhea and hematochezia. The availability of L. sulphureus was found to be declining due to overharvesting, logging of the host tree, and the removal of coarse wood debris. Collection of L. sulphureus fruitbodies and logging of host tree should be regulated for its conservation in wild habitat. This study provides valuable information about the possible substrate types and environmental conditions that could be used for the successful domestication of L. sulphureus at the study sites and similar locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was cultivated on diverse substrates, encompassing wheat straw (T1), paddy straw (T2), groundnut leaves and straw (T3), sugarcane bagasses (T4), cotton stalk (T5), coconut husk (T6), pigeon pea straw (T7), and banana pseudostem (T8). The study comprised of the estimation of proximate composition, antioxidants, and mineral content of the sun-dried mushrooms during the initial two harvests. The average values of nutritional parameters were as follows: moisture (90.93 to 85.18 %), ash (7.62 to 4.86%), carbohydrates (37.57 to 20.10%), crude protein (45.45 to 23.10%), crude fiber (29.08 to 19.29%), crude fat (2.68 to 1.63%), total phenol (14.23 to 9.12 mg/g) and ascorbic acid (11.58 to 8.72 mg/100g). The average mineral content exhibited the trend K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn>Fe>Cu. Upon consideration of average values from both harvests, the groundnut leaves and straw had the highest crude protein (45.45 %), total phenol (14.23 mg/g), ascorbic acid (11.58 mg/100g), phosphorous (0.43 %), iron (7.12 mg/100g) and zinc (12.43 mg/100g). The paddy straw resulted in the highest crude fiber (29.08 %) and crude fat (2.68 %), while the wheat straw resulted in the highest potassium (1.52 %) and calcium (179.65 mg/100g). The various substrates had an impact on nutritional parameters as seen by either an increase or decrease in various parameters which can be reflected in turn by the composition of the substrates itself. In conclusion, groundnut leaves and straw (T3) along with paddy straw (T2) and wheat straw (T1) resulted in significant improvement of nutritional composition compared to other treatments. This study underscores the environmentally friendly utilization of nutrients from agricultural waste for mushroom production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to test the effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis (BAL) on the HCT-116 cell line viability and to compare its effect with co-treatment BAL/Laetiporus sulphureus (EALS). The trypan blue staining method was used to estimate HCT-116 viability. The levels of NO2− were determined using 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, as well as 1% sulfanilic acid. The determination of H2O2 was based on the oxidation of phenol red. Our results showed the significant cytotoxicity of the BAL on the HCT-116 cells in a co-culture system, while the BAL/EALS co-treatment further enhanced the cytotoxicity on the HCT-116 cells. We detected higher H2O2 and NO2− values in treatments with BAL, especially in the BAL/EALS co-treatment. The death of the HCT-116 cells may be due to elevated levels of H2O2 and NO2− and their products (peroxynitrites). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the results of research on the content of edible mushrooms as milkfish feed to be implied as a digital module, a learning source for biotechnology concepts for high school students. The study was carried out through stages: identifying the problems in biotechnology concepts learning activities in four state senior high schools in Banten Province, identifying research methods and products through experiments, choosing and adapting research findings as the learning source content, and applying and developing research findings as learning. An interview grid and questionnaire were used to collect the data, and a qualitative analysis was used to interpret the questionnaires' results. The research results were in the form of a digital-based module in biotechnology concepts for high school students. The module contains activities that create student interest and motivation and help students master the concepts. In addition, the module's content was a research finding on the milkfish feed development from the edible mushrooms in the form of process and product. It can be concluded that a digital module on biotechnology concepts has been developed and can be used as a learning source for high school student.

Mushroom cap is a key trait in the growth process and its phenotypic parameters are essential for automatic cultivation and smart breeding. However, the edible mushrooms are usually grown densely with mutual occlusion, which is difficult to obtain the phenotypic parameters non-destructively. Although deep learning methods achieve impressive performance with superior generalization capabilities, they require a large amount of ground truth label of the occluded target, which is a challenging task due to the substantial workload. To overcome this obstacle, a novel synthetic cap occlusion image method was proposed for rapidly generating edible mushroom occlusion datasets using raw images, in which the ground truth is obtained from the real world and the occlusion is randomly generated for simulating real scenes. Moreover, variants of amodal instance segmentation models with different backbone were trained and evaluated on our synthetic occlusion image datasets. Finally, an amodal mask-based size estimation method was presented to calculate the width and length of the cap. The experimental results showed that the amodal instance segmentation achieved an AP@[0.5:0.95] of 82%, 93% and 96% on Oudemansiella raphanipes, Agrocybe cylindraceas and Pholiota nameko synthetic cap datasets, respectively, with a size of 1024 × 1024 px, which indicates that our occlusion image synthesis method can effectively simulate the real cap occlusion situation. The size estimation method achieved an R2 of 0.95 and 0.98 between predictive amodal caps and manually labeled caps for the length and width of Agrocybe cylindraceas cap, respectively, which can be applied to obtain the phenotypic parameters of each cap effectively and accurately. These methods not only meet the demand for automatic monitoring of edible mushroom morphology in factories but also provide technical support for intelligent breeding.

Morchella sextelata is a highly prized edible mushroom and is widely consumed for its distinctive taste and texture. The stipe of M. sextelata is significantly lower in priced compared to the pileus. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the nutritional and biological properties between the pileus and stipe of M. sextelata. The results revealed that the stipe exhibited comparable levels of various nutrients and bioactive compounds to those found in the pileus. The stipe showed significantly higher levels of crude dietary fiber, various mineral elements, vitamins, amino acids, 5′-nucleotides, fatty acids, and specific sugars. Additionally, it also demonstrated significant abundance in bioactive compounds such as total flavonoids and ergothioneine. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into unlocking further knowledge about M. sextelata’s nutritional composition while highlighting its potential health benefits associated with different parts of this highly esteemed edible mushroom.

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was cultivated on diverse substrates, encompassing wheat straw (T1), paddy straw (T2), groundnut leaves and straw (T3), sugarcane bagasses (T4), cotton stalk (T5), coconut husk (T6), pigeon pea straw (T7), and banana pseudostem (T8). The study comprised of the estimation of proximate composition, antioxidants, and mineral content of the sun-dried mushrooms during the initial two harvests. The average values of nutritional parameters were as follows: moisture (90.93 to 85.18 %), ash (7.62 to 4.86%), carbohydrates (37.57 to 20.10%), crude protein (45.45 to 23.10%), crude fiber (29.08 to 19.29%), crude fat (2.68 to 1.63%), total phenol (14.23 to 9.12 mg/g) and ascorbic acid (11.58 to 8.72 mg/100g). The average mineral content exhibited the trend K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn>Fe>Cu. Upon consideration of average values from both harvests, the groundnut leaves and straw had the highest crude protein (45.45 %), total phenol (14.23 mg/g), ascorbic acid (11.58 mg/100g), phosphorous (0.43 %), iron (7.12 mg/100g) and zinc (12.43 mg/100g). The paddy straw resulted in the highest crude fiber (29.08 %) and crude fat (2.68 %), while the wheat straw resulted in the highest potassium (1.52 %) and calcium (179.65 mg/100g). The various substrates had an impact on nutritional parameters as seen by either an increase or decrease in various parameters which can be reflected in turn by the composition of the substrates itself. In conclusion, groundnut leaves and straw (T3) along with paddy straw (T2) and wheat straw (T1) resulted in significant improvement of nutritional composition compared to other treatments. This study underscores the environmentally friendly utilization of nutrients from agricultural waste for mushroom production.

The excessive use of chemical pesticides in agricultural fields for controlling plant pathogenic microorganisms harms human health, the environment, and other beneficial microorganisms in the soil and plants. To address this challenge, it is essential to isolate and discover bioactive compounds from biological resources that could inhibit plant pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the culture filtrate of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus was subjected to bioassay-guided isolation, and two phthalide derivatives--4,6-dimethoxyphthalide (1) and 5,7-dimethoxyphthalide (2)--were identified, along with an oxindole compound--3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (3). The inhibitory activities of the three compounds were evaluated against four fungal and five bacterial pathogens. Remarkably, 1 and 2 exhibited the lowest IC50 values against the conidial germination and germ tube elongation of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. However, their effectiveness against bacterial pathogens was relatively low. The (S) and (R)-enantiomers of 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole showed different activities against plant fungal pathogens and bacterial plant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hericium rajendrae is an emerging species in the genus Hericium with few members. Despite being highly regarded due to its rarity, knowledge about H. rajendrae remains limited. In this study, we sequenced, de novo assembled, and annotated the complete genome of H. rajendrae NPCB A08, isolated from the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi, China, using the Illumina NovaSeq and Nanopore PromethION technologies. Comparative genomic analysis revealed similarities and differences among the genomes of H. rajendrae, H. erinaceus, and H. coralloides. Phylogenomic analysis revealed the divergence time of the Hericium genus, while transposon analysis revealed evolutionary characteristics of the genus. Gene family variation reflected the expansion and contraction of orthologous genes among Hericium species. Based on genomic bioinformation, we identified the candidate genes associated with the mating system, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Furthermore, metabolite profiling and comparative gene clusters analysis provided strong evidence for the biosynthetic pathway of erinacines in H. rajendrae. This work provides the genome of H. rajendrae for the first time, and enriches the genomic content of the genus Hericium. These findings also facilitate the application of H. rajendrae in complementary drug research and functional food manufacturing, advancing the field of pharmaceutical and functional food production involving H. rajendrae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Auricularia delicata (Mont.) Henn. 1893 is an edible and medicinal jelly mushroom popular in China. Here, we report the assembly and annotation of a complete A. delicata mitochondrial genome based on data sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The length of the complete circular A. delicata mitochondrial genome is 189,696 bp, with a GC content of 34.1%. The A. delicata mitochondrial genome contains 60 genes, including 32 protein-coding genes, 26 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. delicata clustered with the Auricularia group, alongside A. auricula-judae and A. heimuer. Additionally, A. delicata was found to be genetically distant from other species of Polyporales, Russulales, and Agaricales. This genome will provide an invaluable reference for the continued study and utilization of A. delicata and other Auricularia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive peptides are actually specific protein parts that, in addition to nutritional value, have positive effects on body function and conditions that lead to health effects. The combined use of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of hydrolyzed proteins. Microwave pretreatment is a well-known strategy to increase the accessibility of hydrolysis-sensitive bonds, facilitating enzyme cleavage sites and exposure to proteases. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of hydrolysis time and also the effect of microwave pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) protein by trypsin enzyme to produce antioxidant peptides. To conduct this research, first, edible mushrooms were turned into powder after purchase from the market and conducting related processes. In this research, hydrolyzed edible mushroom was produced using trypsin enzyme without pretreatment and with microwave pretreatment at different powers of 120, 200, and 280W and time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 minutes. The antioxidant properties of the hydrolysed samples (DPPH radical scavenging activity, iron chelating power, iron ion reduction power and total antioxidant activity) were evaluated and compared. The results showed that in most of the experiments, pretreatment with microwaves decreased the time of obtaining and increased the antioxidant capacity of the samples, so that the samples pretreated with microwave power of 120W showed higher antioxidant power compared to the other treated samples. In all antioxidant tests, the sample pre-treated with microwave with power 120W and hydrolysed at 90minutes showed higher antioxidant performance, and therefore it is considered as suitable treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparassis crispa, known as the "Cauliflower mushroom", is an edible medicinal fungus found in Asia, Europe, and North America. Its fruiting bodies contain active biological and pharmacological ingredients with antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of various Sparassis crispa extract against glutamate-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in hippocampal HT22 cells. Cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses served to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Sparassis crispa ethanol extract (SCE) and their fractions partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc; SCE-E) and water (SCE-W) in HT22 cells. SCE and SCE-E treatment reduced glutamate-induced cell death and ROS generation. SCE-E reduced apoptosis and ROS levels by regulating anti-apoptotic proteins. Under glutamate treatment, SCE-E activated nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT signals at late stages. SCE-E increased the protein expression of cAMP response element binding (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and decreased the Nrf2 protein expression. Moreover, co-treatment of SCE-E and wortmannin did not activate Nrf2 expression. Thus, the neuroprotective effect of SCE-E is likely due to Nrf2 and CREB activation through AKT and ERK phosphorylation, which effectively suppress glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. Accordingly, a daily supplement of SCE-E could become a potential treatment for oxidative-stress-related neurological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research & Innovation in Food Science & Technology is the property of Research Institute of Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractTermitomyces sp. that grow in symbiosis with fungus-farming Termites have medicinal properties. However, they are rare in nature, and their artificial culture is challenging. The expression of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint molecules favor the growth of cancer cells. The study evaluated the optimal conditions for the artificial culture of Termitomyces and their inhibitory activity on AXL and immune checkpoint molecules in lung adenocarcinoma and melanoma cell lines. The culture of 45 strains of Termitomyces was compared. Five strains with marked growth rates were selected. Four of the selected strains form a single cluster by sequence analysis. The mycelium of 4 selected strains produces more fungal mass in potato dextrose broth than in a mixed media. The bark was the most appropriate solid substrate for Termitomyces mycelia culture. The mycelium of all five selected strains showed a higher growth rate under normal CO2 conditions. The culture broth, methanol, and ethyl acetate of one selected strain (T-120) inhibited the mRNA relative expression of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint molecules in cancer cell lines. Overall, these results suggest the potential usefulness of Termitomyces extracts as a co-adjuvant therapy in malignant diseases.

As one of the most nutritious and delicious mushroom varieties, Volvariella volvacea has always been popular among people around the world. Different from other artificially cultivated mushrooms, Volvariella volvacea is mostly planted on non-sterile substrates. As the cultivation time increases, the yield of mushroom houses continues to decrease. In our experiment, we selected two groups of samples from the old and new mushroom houses, environmental samples and substrate samples. The results showed that the diversity and abundance of microorganisms in the culture environment of the old mushroom room were consistent with that of the new mushroom room, but the proportion of actinomycetes in the former was significantly higher than that of the new mushroom room. The metabolic activity of microorganisms in the old mushroom room was enhanced compared with the new mushroom room. The microbial diversity in the growth substrate was investigated, and it was found that the structure and diversity of the microbial community in the substrate had changed. In conclusion, the interplay between mushrooms, the culture environment, and the host bacterial community may be the cause of the changes in the yield of Volvariella volvacea.

Pleurotus giganteus is a commercially cultivated high-temperature mushroom. Investigating the molecular mechanism of fruiting body development will help us to better understand the regulation of substrates and energy in this process. However, little information has been reported on the development and nutrients of the P. giganteus fruiting body. In the present study, P. giganteus is cultivated in a climate chamber, and comparative transcriptome, proteome, and nutritional analysis of P. giganteus fruiting bodies were performed. Our results revealed that Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and hydrophobin proteins play important roles during the differentiation in the elongation stage. Later, carbon metabolism dominate the fruiting body metabolism and genes related to the carbohydrate metabolic process, glycolytic process, and gluconeogenesis were up-regulated in the mature fruiting bodies. The up-regulation of carbohydrate substrates utilization CAZymes genes and inconsistent protein expression in pileus indicated a reverse transportation of mRNA from the fruiting body to vegetative mycelia. In addition, protein concentration in the pileus is higher than that in the stem, while the stem is the major nitrogen metabolic and amino acid synthetic location. The integrated transcriptomic, proteomic, and nutritional analysis indicated a two-way transportation of substrates and mRNAs in P. giganteus. Stem synthesizes amino acids and transported them to pileus with reducing sugars, while pileus induces the expression of substrate degradation mRNA according to the needs of growth and development and transports them in the other direction.

Lyophyllum decastes, also known as Luronggu in China, is a culinary edible and medicinal mushroom that was widely cultivated in China in recent years. In the present study, the complete high-quality genome of two mating compatible L. decastes strain was sequenced. The L. decastes LRG-d1-1 genome consists of 47.7 Mb in 15 contigs with a contig N90 of 2.08 Mb and 14,499 predicted gene models. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. decastes exhibits a close evolutionary relationship to the Termitomyces and Hypsizygus genus and was diverged from H. marmoreus  ~ 45.53 Mya ago. Mating A loci of L. decastes compose of five and four HD genes in two monokaryotic strains, respectively. Mating B loci compose of five STE genes in both two monokaryotic strains. To accelerate the cross-breeding process, we designed four pairs of specific primers and successfully detected both mating types in L. decastes. As a wood-rotting mushroom, a total of 541 genes accounting for 577 CAZymes were identified in the genome of L. decastes. Proteomic analysis revealed that 1,071 proteins including 182 CAZymes and 258 secreted enzymes were identified from four groups (PDB, PDB + bran, PDB + cotton hull, and PDB + sawdust). Two laccases and a quinone reductase were strongly overproduced in lignin-rich cultures, and the laccases were among the top-3 secreted proteins, suggesting an important role in the synergistic decomposition of lignin. These results revealed the robustness of the lignocellulose degradation capacity of L. decastes. This is the first study to provide insights into the evolution and lignocellulose degradation of L. decastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agaricus bitorquis, an emerging wild mushroom with remarkable biological activities and a distinctive oversized mushroom shape, has gained increasing attention in recent years. Despite its status as an important resource of wild edible fungi, knowledge about this mushroom is still limited. In this study, we used the Illumina NovaSeq and Nanopore PromethION platforms to sequence, de novo assemble, and annotate the whole genome and mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the A. bitorquis strain BH01 isolated from Bosten Lake, Xinjiang Province, China. Using the genome-based biological information, we identified candidate genes associated with mating type and carbohydrate-active enzymes in A. bitorquis. Cluster analysis based on P450 of basidiomycetes revealed the types of P450 members of A. bitorquis. Comparative genomic, mitogenomic, and phylogenetic analyses were also performed, revealing interspecific differences and evolutionary features of A. bitorquis and A. bisporus. In addition, the molecular network of metabolites was investigated, highlighting differences in the chemical composition and content of the fruiting bodies of A. bitorquis and A. bisporus. The genome sequencing provides a comprehensive understanding and knowledge of A. bitorquis and the genus Agaricus mushrooms. This work provides valuable insights into the potential for artificial cultivation and molecular breeding of A. bitorquis, which will facilitate the development of A. bitorquis in the field of edible mushrooms and functional food manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]