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Teaching and learning Computational Thinking (CT) is at the forefront of educational interest. In the process of teaching and learning CT, learning strategies and tools play an important role. Efforts have been made to apply several learning strategies for teaching Computational Thinking. Among them, game-based learning and scaffolding are widely adopted. However, more research is needed on how the absence and presence of scaffolding strategies in programming games could affect students' cognitive CT learning gains. This study aims to investigate the effect of scaffolding programming games on the development of middle school students’ CT. In addition, herein we aim to explore the effect of students’ programming attitudes in their CT development. To this end, students were introduced to CT under two distinct experimental conditions: a scaffolding version of a programming game and a non-scaffolding version of the same game. Results report statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-intervention CT scores for all students and statistically significant improvement in learning outcomes in favor of the scaffolding group. In addition, the study hypothesized that attitudes towards programming would have an impact on students’ CT. Although this hypothesis has not been confirmed, the results suggest that students who have a less positive attitude towards programming could particularly benefit from scaffolding aspects in programming games.

With Open Data becoming more popular and more public bodies publishing their datasets, the need for educating prospective graduates on how they can use them has become prominent. This study examines the use of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) method and educational technologies to support the development of Open Data skills in university students. The study follows a Design Based Research approach and consists of three phases: a) examination of stakeholders' needs, b) design of an Open Data module, and c) re-design of the module based on the outcomes of its first run. The data collected throughout the three phases come from various sources, namely interviews with practitioners, focus groups with students, and tutors' reflection. The findings suggest that while the PBL method is suitable for Open Data education, special care should be taken to ensure that the potential of educational technologies is fully realised. The study concludes with design principles that aim to guide instructors on how they can incorporate the PBL method and digital tools into Open Data education effectively.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10639-022-10995-9.

ispartof: pages:538-540 ispartof: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (ICEGOV 2021) pages:538-540 ispartof: ICEGOV 2021 location:Athens date:6 Oct - 8 Oct 2021 status: published

The Flipped Classroom (FC) is a set of pedagogical approaches that move the information transmission out of class and exploit class time for active and/or peer learning activities. In this context, students are required to engage with pre- and/or post-class activities in order to prepare themselves for class work. The FC instruction method has already been used in conjunction with other learning strategies. This theoretical paper presents the first developmental steps of a research project, which aims at building the FC through a fully bespoke and personalized experience, by using data-driven adaptable games and problem-based learning elements to improve the learning experience. The project will develop a gaming platform that will support the whole FC in a cyclical perspective, and aims to use the resources of gamification in a more significant manner that could go beyond score tracking and badges. Moreover, the problem-based learning approach will be used to better frame the learning activities included in FCs, while learning analytics features will provide adaptable learning pathways. The potential of this approach is to build a better FC experience for all the stakeholders. Students will be given more agency to calibrate their learning experience, while educators can monitor the students’ progress more effectively and adjust their learning activities accordingly. Finally, researchers will get better insight into the FC learning process, and the mechanics, which contribute to optimize the learning experience.

Producing new generation of digital public services from open data is of major interest to policymakers, practitioners and academia in the digital government community. Recent efforts in the area of Linked Statistical Data suggest that the associated multidimensional data cubes are excellent resources that could underpin data-driven digital public services. We describe in this paper a set of tools and approach to exploiting linked statistical data produced from the integration of streams of open marine datasets for developing digital services to support Marine Rescue Operations. We also highlight the opportunities enabled through co-creation activities as well as the benefit and challenges for scaling and sustaining the initiative.

Linked Open Cube Analytics (LOCA) systems enable the performance of analytics on top of multiple open statistical data (OSD) that reside in disparate portals. We present OSD's potential and highlight the problems hampering its integration and reuse. To overcome these problems, we introduce an approach for OSD integration. The proposed approach capitalizes on the data cube model and linked data technologies to enable unified access to multiple OSD published in disparate portals. Finally, we present an online analytical processing (OLAP) browser for linked data cubes as a proof of concept of LOCA systems. Throughout this article, we also outline the challenges that need to be addressed for the wide adoption of LOCA systems.

The number of Open Statistical Data available for reuse is rapidly increasing. Linked open data technology enables easy reuse and linking of data residing in different locations in a simple and straightforward manner. Yet, many people are not familiar with the technology standards and tools for making use of open statistical data. In this tutorial, we will introduce Linked Open Statistical Data (LOSD) and demonstrate the use of LOSD technologies and tools to visualize open data obtained from various European Countries. We will also give the participants the opportunity to use these tools thus obtaining a personal experience on their capabilities.

A large number of public authorities worldwide publish descriptions of their administrative procedures (public services) in public service catalogues. These public services descriptions are often based on a national or an ad hoc description template (also referred to as model). Moreover, usually they are not provided in a machine-readable format. At the end of 2016, the European Commission released CPSV-AP 2.0 (Core Public Sector Vocabulary-Application Profile) which is a Core Vocabulary for public service modeling and publishing, incorporating Linked Data technologies. In this paper, we present an approach for using CPSV-AP 2.0 to model and publish, as Linked Data, public services descriptions of a regional public service catalogue. Concequently, we discuss the challenges that we encountered during the modeling and publishing procedure.

The report presents preparatory work carried out for the implementation of the university pilots. More specifically, the report provides analytical descriptions of the process, including information such as the methodology followed, the learning methods and materials used, the duration of the pilots, practical applications, engagement learning methods etc.The report also describes events that took place where stakeholders participated to learn about Open Data and Open Data education This report elaborates on the preparatory work carried out for the implementation of the university pilots. Moreover, the report provides analytical descriptions of the process, including information such as the methodology followed, the learning methods and materials used, the duration of the pilots, practical applications, engagement learning methods etc. The report also elaborates on events that took place and where academic stakeholders participated. Such events include dathatons, workshops for the public sector and a MOOC for Open Data open forany interested stakeholders. Other such events were also carried out by the VET partners and University partners targeting business and public sector employees, as described in D4.2. The following Table provides an overview of the pilots and events that have been completed, are currently running or are scheduled to start after the project’s end.

Part 1: E-Government Foundations; International audience; A large part of open data concerns statistics, such as demographic, economic and social data (henceforth referred to as Open Statistical Data, OSD). In this paper we start by introducing open data fragmentation as a major obstacle for OSD reuse. We proceed by outlining data cube as a logical model for structuring OSD. We then introduce Open Statistics as a new area aiming to systematically study OSD. Open Statistics reuse and extends methods from diverse fields like Open Data, Statistics, Data Warehouses and the Semantic Web. In this paper, we focus on benefits and challenges of Open Statistics. The results suggest that Open Statistics provide benefits not present in any of these fields alone. We conclude that in certain cases OSD can realise the potential of open data.

The work carried out resulted in the description of the LA field and in the presentation of a total of 18 LA tools that can analyse educational data that can be utilized in the project to support multiple PBL aspects, such as feedback, reflection, self-drivenlearning, collaboration, application etc. The report also presents the OD-PBL design pathway, which is a further development of the OD-PBL methodological recommendations presented in the D2.1. This design pathway aims to guide educators when designing learning processes that aim to teach OD by utilizing the PBL learning strategy. The pathway consists of 6 main steps, i.e. Analysis, Gathering of inputs, Design, Development, Implementation and Reflection. Each step provides guidelines on how to plan an OD course and learning processes, and combines all previous project results from D1.1, D1.2, D1.3 and D2.1. Finally, the report presents the re-design of an OD course that is currently taught traditionally by using the OD-PBL designpathway.

Part 5: Big and Open Linked Data; International audience; Governments are creating and maintaining increasing amounts of data, and, recently, releasing data as open government data. As the amount of data available increases, so too should the exploitation of this data. However, this potential currently seems to be unexploited. Since exploiting open government data has the potential to create new public value, the absence of this exploitation is something that should be explored. It is therefore timely to investigate how the potential of existing datasets could be unleashed to provide services that create public value. For this purpose, we conducted a literature study and an empirical survey of the relevant drivers, barriers and gaps. Based on the results, we propose a framework that addresses some of the key challenges and puts forward an agile co-production process to support effective data-driven service creation. The proposed framework incorporates elements from agile development, lean startups, co-creation, and open government data literature and aims to increase our understanding on how open government data may be able to drive public service co-creation.

Open data have tremendous potential which however remains unexploited. A large part of open data is numerical and highly structured. We concentrate on those data and capitalize on linked open data (LOD) as the underlying technology. In this paper, we present a number of tools to facilitate publishing and reusing of linked open statistical data. We propose an architecture and implementation that allows developing custom visualization and analysis tools without knowledge of LOD technologies. We further present work towards deploying relevant tools in six different countries to improve decision-making and transparency and thus support public administration.

The paper provides a case study of the implementation of “Once-Only” principle in Europe,where a related large-scale initiative began in 2017 for the first time. The project aims toexplore and demonstrate the “Once-Only” principle in practice through multiple sustainablepilots using federated architecture on a cross-border European scale, connecting 60 systems across countries involved. Drivers and barriers (such as data protection and data-sharing requirements, implementation costs, public sector silo issues, legal barriers and/or gaps) are identified as well as the benefits and impacts, both tangible and intangible. The generic approach developed brings along a significant reduction in the cost of future “Once-Only”based e-services globally.

An increasing number of governments, organisations and enterprises publish huge amounts of data as open data. The major part of this data concern statistics, e.g. data in the Open Data Portal of the European Commission (open-data.europa.eu). This data has the potential for innovative uses including performing advanced data analytics and visualizations on top of combined data that were previously isolated. From a technological point of view, statistical data can be combined by employing linked open data technologies and, specifically, the W3C RDF Data Cube vocabulary [1]. This has the potential to realise the vision of performing data analytics on top of integrated but previously isolated statistical data across the Web [2] [3]. Although several practical solutions have been developed during the last years for creating and exploiting Linked Open Statistical Data (e.g. [4] [5]), these solutions are mainly technology-driven and are not able to address the complexity and dynamics of public sector organisations and public-private collaboration with regards to (a) opening up statistical data and (b) co-producing data-driven public service. The aim of this paper is to present the Linked Open Statistical Data (LOSD) Innovation Ecosystem that enables exploiting the full potential of LOSD. This ecosystem comprises of a framework, which includes processes, roadmaps, best practices etc., and a number of open specifications and software tools for publishing and reusing LOSD. REFERENCES [1] R. Cyganiak and D. Reynolds, The RDF data cube vocabulary: W3C recommendation, W3C, Tech. Rep., January 2014. [2] A. Abello, J. Darmont, L. Etcheverry, J.-N. Mazon,F. Naumann, T. Pedersen, S. B. Rizzi, J. Trujillo, P. Vassiliadis, and G. Vossen, Fusion cubes: Towards self- service business intelligence, 9, 2, (2013), 66–88. [3] J. Perez, R. Berlanga, M. Aramburu and T. Pedersen, Integrating data warehouses with web data: A survey, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 20, 7, (2008) 940–955. [4] E. Kalampokis, E. Tambouris and K. Tarabanis, Linked Open Cube Analytics Systems: Potential and Challenges, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 31, 5, (2016) 89-92. [5] P. E. R. Salas, F. M. Da Mota, K. K. Breitman, M. A. Casanova, M. Martin and S. Auer, Publishing statistical data on the web, International Journal of Semantic Computing, 6, 4, (2012), 373–388.

The Once-Once Principle (OOP) suggests that citizens and businesses should have the right to supply information only once to a public administration. It would then be the respon- sibility of public administration offices to take all necessary actions in order to internally share this data by respecting the relevant data protection rules. The overall aim is to reduce administrative burden. The implementation of the OOP is high on the political agenda of many countries including the Member States of the European Union. The aim of this panel is to enable an open discussion between the panelists and the audience in order to exchange good practices and also identify and prioritize benefits and barriers as well as possible next steps towards widely imple-menting the once only principle in public service provisioning.

Electronic participation (eParticipation) refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies to enhance political participation and citizen engagement. During the last few years, eParticipation researchers have focused on analysing the field, investigating the main challenges, studying different initiatives, and proposing relevant evaluation criteria. However, current literature lacks comprehensive studies for understanding the factors influencing success when designing eParticipation initiatives. The main aim of this paper is to determine a concrete set of success factors to be considered when designing an eParticipation initiative. For this purpose, we review the literature on eGovernment success and on eParticipation success and evaluation, and we conduct a European-wide survey and desktop research amongst eParticipation practitioners. By comparing findings from the literature and the practitioners' research, we thereafter construct a proposed model of eParticipation success factors. The model includes 23 success factors and specific activities associated with each factor. We anticipate that our model will be useful to both eParticipation researchers and practitioners interested in the design of eParticipation initiatives.

The integration of medical data coming from multiple sources is important in clinical research. Amongst others, it enables the discovery of appropriate subjects in patient-oriented research and the identification of innovative results in epidemiological studies. At the same time, the integration of medical data faces significant ethical and legal challenges that impose access constraints. Some of these issues can be addressed by making available aggregated instead of raw record-level data. In many cases however, there is still a need for controlling access even to the resulting aggregated data, e.g., due to data provider’s policies. In this paper we present the Linked Medical Data Access Control (LiMDAC) framework that capitalizes on Linked Data technologies to enable controlling access to medical data across distributed sources with diverse access constraints. The LiMDAC framework consists of three Linked Data models, namely the LiMDAC metadata model, the LiMDAC user profile model, and the LiMDAC access policy model. It also includes an architecture that exploits these models. Based on the framework, a proof-of-concept platform is developed and its performance and functionality are evaluated by employing two usage scenarios.

Part 2: Open and Smart Government; International audience; A significant part of open data provided by governments and international organizations concerns statistics such as demographics and economic indicators. The real value, however, of open statistical data will unveil from performing analytics on top of combined datasets from disparate sources. Linked data provide the most promising technological paradigm to enable such analytics across the Web. Currently, however, relevant processes and tools do not fully exploit the distinctive characteristics of statistical data. The aim of this paper is to present a process that enables publishing statistical raw data as linked data, combining statistics from multiple sources, and exploiting them in data analytics and visualizations. Moreover, the capability of existing software tools to support the vision of linked statistical data analytics is evaluated. We anticipate that the proposed process will contribute to the development of a roadmap for future research and development in the area.

Opening up data is a political priority worldwide. Linked open data is considered as the most mature technology for publishing and reusing open data. A large number of open data is numerical and actually concerns statistics. In the literature, statistical data have been heavily studied using the data cube model. Recently, ICT tools have emerged aiming to exploit linked open data technologies for providing advanced visualizations and analytics of open statistical data residing in geographically dispersed open data portals. The aim of this panel is to discuss the potential and challenges of open statistical data.

A major transformation is underway with regards to how public communications in political election campaigns are conducted in modern democratic societies [22], [27]. The Internet has created a popular milieu for the discussion of political and social issues [20], [28]. A wide range of scholars have studied the role of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in political discussion [5], [12], [20]. More recently, a new type of web technology, popularly referred to as social media, have opened up possibilities for enhanced online human-to-human interaction [23]. The use of social media has embraced a wide range of everyday life aspect, from organizing events to sharing information, and from forming groups to running entire political campaigns.

Part 1: Research Directions; International audience; Current economic conditions press governments worldwide to develop more efficient policies with significantly lower budgets. A possible way to achieve this is by exploiting online social networks. The tremendous impact of social networks in everyday life (e.g. obesity, financial situation, smoking etc.) is now well established in the literature. However, up to now, the impact of online social networks in policy making has not been thoroughly investigated. We claim that policies, in addition to their traditional aims, should also aim to improve the online connections of target population as this will enable more targeted thus more efficient and effective policy making. In this paper, we present this idea, relate it to traditional policy making lifecycles, and investigate relevant technological aspects. We anticipate this work will contribute to the on-going discussion on the pros and cons of exploiting online social networks in policy making.

Part 2: Deliberation and Consultation; International audience; A number of governments worldwide employ web-based e-consultation platforms to enable stakeholders commenting on draft legislation. Stakeholders’ input includes arguing in favour or against the proposed legislation as well as proposing alternative ideas. In this paper, we empirically investigate the relationship between the volume of contributions in these platforms and the amount of new ideas that are generated. This enables us to determine whether participants in such platforms keep generating new ideas or just recycle a finite number of ideas. We capitalised on argumentation models to code and analyse a large number of draft law consultations published in opengov.gr, the official e-consultation platform for draft legislation in Greece. Our results suggest that as the number of posts grows, the number of new ideas continues to increase. The results of this study improve our understanding of the dynamics of these consultations and enable us to design better platforms.

Part 3: Policy Consultations; International audience; Argument visualisation (AV) tools facilitate structured debates utilising elements such as issues, positions and arguments. In this way, AV tools seem promising for improving eParticipation e.g. by avoiding repetition and enhancing clarity in debates. In this paper we present and discuss citizens’ opinion on utilising an AV platform for eParticipation, specifically for discussing the emerging topic of environment and climate change. Results have been interesting; most users found the platform and topic interesting and understandable stating that they would use the platform again in the future and recommend it to other people. However, negative feedback has also been received, mostly in relation to things that frustrated users (e.g. the logic behind AV) and suggestions for improvement. As our evaluation is based on a mature AV tool and focuses on general aspects of such tools, we believe that results may be applicable to other AV platforms as well.

Part 2: Visualising Arguments; International audience; Argument visualisation (AV) tools enable structured debates around issues, positions and arguments. These tools have the potential to substantially improve transparency e.g. by enabling understanding complex legislation and debating. In this paper we present the results of the evaluation of an AV platform by experts and policy makers. The results suggest the potential of such tools is large particularly for understanding complex legislation and debates. The results indicate an AV tool can be also potentially used for massive deliberations when however usability is further improved. They further suggest an AV tool seems particularly relevant to the analysis and policy formation stages of policy making, where identification, elaboration and presentation of complex topics are needed. In this paper we employed a mature AV tool and concentrate on evaluating general aspects of such platforms hence we believe the results can also apply to other AV platforms.

International audience; The main objective of this paper is to investigate the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and derive the success factors of eParticipation initiatives according to the practitioners' view. For this purpose, a European survey took place using questionnaires. The results suggest that the tools and technologies currently employed are mainly general purpose and not specifically designed for eParticipation. The results further suggest that success factors can be grouped together in seven categories, namely commitment by the government; usability; combining online with offline channels; a thorough communication and promotion plan; security and privacy; organisational issues; and topics' complexity and quality of participation. A comparison with published success factors of eGovernment initiatives suggests there are similarities but also significant differences. We anticipate that the results will be of interest to practitioners as they distil others experience in a usable form. We further anticipate that this work will be of interest to researchers as it will enable validating eParticipation evaluation models.

Part 3: Governance, Openess and Institutions; International audience; Public sector information constitutes a valuable primary material for added-value services and products, which however remains unexploited. Recently, Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives emerged worldwide aiming to make public data freely available to everyone, without limiting restrictions. Despite its potential however there is currently a lack of roadmaps, guidelines and benchmarking frameworks to drive and measure OGD progress. This is particularly true as proposed stage models for measuring eGovernment progress focus on services and do not sufficiently consider data. In this paper, we capitalize on literature on eGovernment stage models and OGD initiatives to propose a stage model for OGD. The proposed model has two main dimensions, namely organizational & technological complexity and added value for data consumers. We anticipate the proposed model will open up a scientific discussion on OGD stage models and will be used by practitioners for constructing roadmaps and for benchmarking just like the European Union stage model is currently used for measuring public service online sophistication.

Online one-stop government refers to the integration of public services from a customer of public services’ point of view. It allows citizens, businesses and other authorities to have 24 hours access to public services from their home, their offices or even on the move using different access media and devices. The concept requires that all public authorities are interconnected and that the citizen is able to access public services by a single point even if these services are actually provided by different departments or authorities. One-stop government requires the reengineering of the public sector’s processes towards online public services. It calls for a holistic framework that supports integrated modelling of electronic public services and synchronisation with the technical developments.

BACKGROUND: Internet technology is transforming the general approach to communication and dissemination of information in the field of healthcare. However, it is also creating problems in terms of finding information, and knowing what credibility to place on the information found. The chaotic nature of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the simplistic approach adopted by search engines can make the task of finding relevant information difficult, and the user can waste considerable amounts of time on the process. Even when information is found, there is no general quality assurance process that can guarantee the credibility of the resulting information. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to develop an approach for establishing co-operative health information networks (CHINs) with different focuses, which can be used in different parts of Europe. The resulting CHINs would provide organised healthcare information and support comprehensive and integrated sets of healthcare telematic services for a broad range of users. Such developments would reduce the difficulties of finding information and knowing what credibility to ascribe to it. METHODS: A common approach has been developed based on drawing together contributions from the major healthcare service providers in the region. Standard structures are recommended so that information is presented in a uniform way. Appropriate mechanisms ensure adequate security and a level of quality assurance for the end user. RESULTS: Since 1996, CHINs have been developed in six European countries as part of a European Union (EU) project. This paper presents the overall approach adopted, and the achievements in two different regions of Europe (Greece and Scotland). Although the circumstances in these two regions are very different, in both cases the resulting CHIN has proved successful. CONCLUSIONS: CHINs offer a solution to the difficulty of finding relevant health information on the Internet and guaranteeing its credibility. They can be used in different ways in different regions, and have major benefits for both information providers and end users. [J Med Internet Res 2000;2(2):e11]

Part 3: Reference Architectures and Patterns; International audience; The Once-Only Principle states that citizens and businesses provide data only once in contact with public administrations. So far, many European countries have started to implement the Once-Only Principle at national level, but its cross-border implementation is still fragmented and limited. This paper presents the development of a Reference Architecture for the Once-Only Principle in Europe. The case study, stemming from the EU-funded Once-Only Principle project (TOOP) highlights the challenges faced by the architecture team when developing the Reference Architecture that tackles the Once-Only Principle across different countries and policy domains. The architecture is not built from scratch, but re-uses and enhances already available building blocks in order to seamlessly preserve interoperability and to comply with regulations and existing technical standards, leaving at the same time enough space for vendors and open source developers to propose their compliant solutions, whatever is their business model.

For electronic government initiatives to succeed, in addition to modernising the front office, attention should be also paid in order to streamline, re-organise and support the back-office processes of public administrations that provide public services to citizens. Furthermore, actions should be taken to limit the loss of critical knowledge assets during the life cycle of electronic government services. In this paper, the OntoGov project is outlined aiming to develop, test and validate a semantically-enriched (ontology-enabled) platform that will facilitate the consistent composition, re-configuration and evolution of electronic government services.

The number of open data available for reuse is rapidly increasing. A large number of these data are numerical thus can be easily visualized. Linked open data technology enables easy reuse and linking of data residing in different locations. In this workshop, we will present a number of technologies and tools that are currently under development for visualizing linked open statistical data. We will demonstrate the use of these technologies and tools to visualize open data obtained from various European Union Member States ministries and other organizations. We will also give the workshop participants the opportunity to use these tools thus obtaining a personal experience on their capabilities.

The Governmental Markup Language (GovML) has been proposed by the IST eGOV project to define structures (or vocabularies) for governmental data and metadata. In this paper, the GovML data vocabularies for describing public services and life events are presented. Technically, GovML is a proposed format for XML documents. Its adoption by public authorities will allow users (citizens, businesses) of public services to exploit the potential of XML technology. For example, users will be able to access governmental information in a unified presentation style through multiple communication channels (web browsers, mobile phones, handheld devices etc).

International audience; Various technical bodies have devised methodologies to guide testers to the selection, design, and implementation of the most appropriate security testing procedures for various contexts. Their general applicability is obviously regarded as a necessary and positive feature, but its consequence is the need for a complex adaptation phase to the specific systems under test. In this work, we aim to devise a simplified, yet effective methodology tailored to suit the peculiar needs related to the security testing of e-voting systems. We pursue our goal by selecting, for each peculiar aspect of these systems, the best-fitting procedures found in the most widely adopted security testing methodologies, at the same time taking into account the specific constraints stemming from the e-voting context to prune the excess of generality that comes with them.

Part 2: Digital Transformation; International audience; Countries are struggling to develop data exchange infrastructures needed to reap the benefits of e-government. Understanding the development of infrastructures can only be achieved by combining insights from institutional, technical and process perspectives. This paper contributes by analysing data exchange infrastructures in the Netherlands and Estonia from an integral perspective. The institutional design framework of Koppenjan and Groenewegen is used to analyse the developments in both countries. The analysis shows that the starting points, cultures, path dependencies and institutional structure result in different governance models for data exchange infrastructures. Estonia has a single – centrally governed – data-exchange infrastructure that is used by public and private parties for all kinds of data exchanges (including citizen-to-business and business-to-business). In contrast, the institutional structure in the Netherlands demands a strict demarcation between public and private infrastructures, resulting in several data exchange infrastructures. While there are examples of sharing infrastructure components across various levels of the Dutch government, public infrastructures cannot be used for business-to-business or citizen-to-business data exchange due to the potential for market distortion by government. Both the centrally governed Estonian model and the decentrally governed Dutch model have pros and cons on multiple levels.

Part 2: E-Government Services and Open Government; International audience; Job absenteeism and health problems are frequently caused by elevated exposure to work-related stress. The public sector is particularly affected by this development. Nevertheless, public sector organizations seem to have issues to reliably detect stress or to discuss about this topic in an objective and factual manner. Data visualizations have been found to be a powerful boundary object for sense-making and for unraveling issues that lie under the surface. Based on a pilot study at a medium-sized municipality in Switzerland, we thus developed, tested, and discussed various alternative visual representations for creating awareness about occupational stress. The results of this study showcase the hidden potential and perils of analyzing physiolytics data on aggregate level.

Part 3: Open Data: Social and Technical Aspects; International audience; According to Open Government Data, governments should co-operate with citizens in order to co-create Open Data (OD). When large groups are involved, there is the need to orchestrate the work by clearly defining and distributing roles. Our Regional Administration - the Council of the Campania Region in Italy - claimed a motivating use case which inspired the proposed roles involved in the OD production process. We consider validator, creator, and filler as roles. To each role tasks and responsibilities are attached. Roles and related activities are integrated into SPOD (a Social Platform for Open Data) to guide users in producing high-quality OD by proactive quality assurance techniques.

Part 4: AI, Data Analytics and Automated Decision Making; International audience; Over the past years, a number of new technologies have emerged with a potential to disrupt many spheres of the society. While public sector traditionally lacks behind business in innovation, significant changes are anticipated with the use of disruptive technologies. The implementation of the new technologies for the government service provision, along with possible benefits, need to be well thought through and challenges need to be carefully discussed, analysed and evaluated. This paper uses scenario-technique to identify research and training needs for the implementation of disruptive technologies in government services. Using the input of 58 experts from three workshops, research and training needs for the internet of things, artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, as well as big data technologies have been identified. The identified needs can serve as a starting point for a broader and more informed discussion about the knowledge and skills that the researchers and practitioners of digital government need to obtain for the broad use of such new (disruptive) technologies.

Part 3: Open Data: Social and Technical Aspects; International audience; The European Data Portal (EDP) is a central access point for metadata of Open Data published by public authorities in Europe and acquires data from more than 70 national data providers. The platform is a starting point in adopting the Linked Data specification DCAT-AP, aiming to increase interoperability and accessibility of Open Data. In this paper, we present the design of the central data management components of the platform, responsible for metadata storage, data harvesting and quality assessment. The core component is based on CKAN, which is extended by the support for native Linked Data replication to a triplestore to ensure legacy compatibility and the support for DCAT-AP. Regular data harvesting and the creation of detailed quality reports are performed by custom components adressing the requirements of DCAT-AP. The EDP is well on track to become the core platform for European Open Data and fostered the acceptance of DCAT-AP. Our platform is available here: https://www.europeandataportal.eu.

Part 3: Open Data: Social and Technical Aspects; International audience; An important part of Open Data is of statistical nature and describes economic and social indicators monitoring population size, inflation, trade, and employment. Combining and analysing Open Data from multiple datasets and sources enable the performance of advanced data analytics scenarios that could result in valuable services and data products. However, it is still difficult to discover and combine open statistical data that reside in different data portals. Although Linked Open Statistical Data (LOSD) provide standards and approaches to facilitate combining statistics on the Web, various interoperability challenges still exist. In this paper, we define interoperability conflicts that hamper combining and analysing LOSD from different portals. Towards this end, we start from a thorough literature review on databases and data warehouses interoperability conflicts. Based on this review, we define interoperability conflicts that may appear in LOSD. We defined two types of schema-level conflicts namely, naming conflicts and structural conflicts. Naming conflicts include homonyms and synonyms and result from the different URIs used in the data cubes. Structural conflicts result from different practices of modelling the structure of data cubes.

Part 1: E-Government Foundations; International audience; Governments across the world are intensifying their use of digital technology. One way to generate an understanding of the effects of technology in the public sector is to study values. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how values in the Swedish national e-Government have developed over time. This research studies Swedish government documents between 1961 and 2018 during three periods of computerization: Automatic Data Processing, Information Technology, and Digitalization. A theoretical framework that consists of four value positions (i.e. professionalism, efficiency, service, and engagement) is utilized. The findings suggest that technological paradigms tend to generate value congruence in policy documents, followed by value divergence in evaluations. Currently, digitalization is perceived as the enabler of several values. While both IT and digitalization are referred to as tools or means, the development towards an information, knowledge, or data-driven society is also described as inevitable. The service ideal became dominant through the use of internet-based technology, while efficiency is often prioritized in large-scale projects. Engagement values are associated with a futuristic form of democracy in government documents, but rarely converted into practice. The role of professionalism is two-fold: it acts both as an enabler and as a constraint to the other values. The paper concludes with suggesting that the current development of adapting laws and regulations to enable digitalization might lead to an eroded bureaucracy, with uncertain value.

Part 4: AI, Data Analytics and Automated Decision Making; International audience; Big data and analytics have received a lot of attention in e-government research over the last decade and practitioners and researchers are looking into the transformative power of this technology to create for example competitive advantage, and increase transparency. Recent research points out that while parties are aware of the transformative power of this technology, understanding the value that this technology can bring for their specific organizations still remains a challenge. Data analytics is in particular interesting to support supervision tasks of governments. Here we take the customs supervision as a typical example where data analytics is used to support government in its supervision role. The main question addressed in this paper is: How to understand the value of big data analytics for government supervision? To address this question this research builds upon a case study where big data analytics solutions are developed and piloted as part of the PROFILE EU-funded research project. We adapt and utilize a recently published integrated model of big data value realization of Günther et al. [5] as a conceptual lens to structure the case findings. As a result we develop a more detailed model for analyzing value of big data specifically in the context of customs as an example of a specific domain of government supervision. This research contributes to the eGovernment literature on articulating value from big data analytics, particularly focusing on the role of government supervision.