31 results on '"Eigler, Siegfried"'
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2. Variations of vibronic states in densely-packed structures of molecules with intramolecular dipoles
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Trishin, Sergey, Lotze, Christian, Richter, Johanna, Reecht, Gael, Krane, Nils, Rietsch, Philipp, Eigler, Siegfried, and Franke, Katharina J.
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
Electrostatic potentials strongly affect molecular energy levels and charge states, providing the fascinating opportunity of molecular gating. Their influence on molecular vibrations remains less explored. Here, we investigate Ethyl-Diaminodicyanoquinone molecules on a monolayer of MoS$_2$ on Au(111) using scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy. These molecules exhibit a large dipole moment in gas phase, which we find to (partially) persist on the MoS$_2$ monolayer. The self-assembled structures consist of chains, where the dipoles of neighboring molecules are aligned anti-parallel. Thanks to the decoupling efficiency of the molecular states from the metal by the MoS$_2$ interlayer, we resolve vibronic states of the molecules, which vary in intensity depending on the molecular surrounding. We suggest that the vibrations are strongly damped by electrostatic interactions with the environment.
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- 2023
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3. Resolution of intramolecular dipoles and push-back effect of individual molecules on a metal surface
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Trishin, Sergey, Müller, Tobias, Rolf, Daniela, Lotze, Christian, Rietsch, Philipp, Eigler, Siegfried, Meyer, Bernd, and Franke, Katharina J.
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
Molecules consisting of a donor and an acceptor moiety can exhibit large intrinsic dipole moments. Upon deposition on a metal surface, the dipole may be effectively screened and the charge distribution altered due to hybridization with substrate electronic states. Here, we deposit Ethyl-Diaminodicyanoquinone molecules, which exhibit a large dipole moment in gas phase, on a Au(111) surface. Employing a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy, we find that a significant dipole moment persists in the flat-lying molecules. Density-functional theory calculations reveal that the dipole moment is even increased on the metal substrate as compared to the gas phase. We also show that the local contact potential across the molecular islands is decreased by several tens of meV with respect to the bare metal. We explain this by the induced charge-density redistribution due to the adsorbed molecules, which confine the substrate's wavefunction at the interface. Our local measurements provide direct evidence of this so-called push-back or cushion effect at the scale of individual molecules., Comment: This document is the unedited Author's version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in Journal of Physical Chemistry C
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- 2022
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4. In situ functionalization of graphene
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Greben, Kyrylo, Kovalchuk, Sviatoslav, Valencia, Ana M., Kirchhof, Jan N., Heeg, Sebastian, Rietsch, Philipp, Reich, Stephanie, Cocchi, Caterina, Eigler, Siegfried, and Bolotin, Kirill I.
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science - Abstract
While the basal plane of graphene is inert, defects in it are centers of chemical activity. An attractive application of such defects is towards controlled functionalization of graphene with foreign molecules. However, the interaction of the defects with reactive environment, such as ambient, decreases the efficiency of functionalization and makes it poorly controlled. Here, we report a novel approach to generate, monitor with time resolution, and functionalize the defects $\textit{in situ}$ without ever exposing them to the ambient. The defects are generated by an energetic Argon plasma and their properties are monitored using $\textit{in situ}$ Raman spectroscopy. We find that these defects are functional, very reactive, and strongly change their density from $\approx 1\cdot10^{13} cm^{-2}$ to $\approx 5\cdot10^{11} cm^{-2}$ upon exposure to air. We perform the proof of principle $\textit{in situ}$ functionalization by generating defects using the Argon plasma and functionalizing them $\textit{in situ}$ using Ammonia functional. The functionalization induces the n-doping with a carrier density up to $5\cdot10^{12} cm^{-2}$ in graphene and remains stable in ambient conditions., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, including Supplementary Information with 6 pages, 6 figures and 1 table
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- 2020
5. Statistical-Raman-Microscopy and Atomic-Force-Microscopy on Heterogeneous Graphene Obtained after Reduction of Graphene Oxide
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Eigler, Siegfried, Hof, Ferdinand, Enzelberger-Heim, Michael, Grimm, Stefan, Müller, Paul, and Hirsch, Andreas
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Physics - Chemical Physics ,Physics - Applied Physics - Abstract
Graphene oxide can be used as a precursor to graphene but the quality of graphene flakes is highly heterogeneous. Scanning-Raman-Microscopy (SRM) is used to characterize films of graphene derived from flakes of graphene oxide with an almost intact carbon framework (ai-GO). The defect density of these flakes is visualized in detail by analyzing the intensity and full-width at half-maximum of the most pronounced Raman peaks. In addition, we superimpose the SRM results with AFM images and correlate the spectroscopic results with the morphology. Furthermore, we use SRM technique to display the amount of defects in a film of graphene. Thus, an area of 250 x 250 {\my}m2 of graphene is probed with a step-size increment of 1 {\mu}m. We are able to visualize the position of graphene flakes, edges and the substrate. Finally, we alter parameters of measurement to analyze the quality of graphene fast and reliable. The described method can be used to probe and visualize the quality of graphene films.
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- 2018
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6. Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide - Challenges for Synthetic Chemists
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Eigler, Siegfried and Hirsch, Andreas
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Physics - Chemical Physics - Abstract
The chemical production of graphene as well as its controlled wet- chemical modification is a challenge for synthetic chemists and the characterization of reaction products requires sophisticated analytic methods. In this review we first describe the structure of graphene and graphene oxide. We then outline the most important synthetic methods which are used for the production of these carbon based nanomaterials. We summarize the state-of-the-art for their chemical functionalization by non-covalent and covalent approaches. We put special emphasis on the differentiation of the terms graphite, graphene, graphite oxide and graphene oxide. An improved fundamental knowledge about the structure and the chemical properties of graphene and graphene oxide is an important prerequisite for the development of practical applications.
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- 2018
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7. Investigation of the Thermal Stability of the Carbon Framework of Graphene Oxide
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Eigler, Siegfried, Grimm, Stefan, and Hirsch, Andreas
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Physics - Chemical Physics - Abstract
In this study, we use our recently prepared graphene oxide (GO) with an almost intact {\sigma}-framework of C-atoms (ai-GO) to probe the thermal stability of the carbon framework for the first time. Ai-GO exhibits few defects only by preventing CO2 formation during synthesis. Ai-GO was thermally treated before chemical reduction and subsequently the resulting defect density in graphene was determined by statistical Raman microscopy. Surprisingly, the carbon framework of ai-GO is stable in thin films up to 100 {\deg}C. Furthermore, we find evidence for an increasing quality of ai-GO upon annealing at 50 {\deg}C before reduction. The carbon framework of GO prepared according to the popular Hummers method (GO-c)appears to be less stable and decomposition starts at 50 {\deg}C what is qualitatively indicated by CO2-trapping experiments in {\mu}m-thin films. Information about the stability of GO is important for storing, processing and applying GO in applications.
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- 2018
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8. Molecule signatures in photoluminescence spectra of transition metal dichalcogenides
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Feierabend, Maja, Berghaeuser, Gunnar, Selig, Malte, Brem, Samuel, Shegai, Timur, Eigler, Siegfried, and Malic, Ermin
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science - Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) show an optimal surface-to-volume ratio and are thus promising candidates for novel molecule sensor devices. It was recently predicted that a certain class of molecules exhibiting a large dipole moment can be detected through the activation of optically inaccessible (dark) excitonic states in absorption spectra of tungsten-based TMDs. In this work, we investigate the molecule signatures in photoluminescence spectra in dependence of a number of different experimentally accessible quantities, such as excitation density, temperature as well as molecular characteristics including the dipole moment and its orientation, molecule-TMD distance, molecular coverage and distribution. We show that under certain optimal conditions, even room temperature detection of molecules can be achieved.
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- 2017
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9. Effect of friction on oxidative graphite intercalation and high-quality graphene formation
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Seiler, Steffen, Halbig, Christian E., Grote, Fabian, Rietsch, Philipp, Börrnert, Felix, Kaiser, Ute, Meyer, Bernd, and Eigler, Siegfried
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- 2018
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10. Synthesis of Wet-Chemically Prepared Porous-Graphene Single Layers on Si/SiO2 Substrate Increasing the Photoluminescence of MoS2 in Heterostructures
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Wang, Yiqing, Neumann, Christof, Hußmann, Marleen, Cao, Qing, Hu, Yalei, Garrity, Oisin, Kusch, Patryk, Turchanin, Andrey, and Eigler, Siegfried
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porous graphene ,membranes ,graphene ,graphene oxide ,photoluminescence ,500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::540 Chemie::540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften - Abstract
Wet-chemical generation of pores in graphene is a challenging synthetic task. Although graphene oxide is available in large quantities and chemically diverse, extended lattice defects already present from synthesis hamper the controlled growth of pores. However, membrane, energy, or nanoelectronic applications essentially require uniform pores in applications. Here, oxo-functionalized graphene (oxoG), a type of graphene oxide with a controlled density of vacancy defects, is used as starting material. Pores in graphene are generated from potassium permanganate treated oxoG and heating from room temperature to 400 °C. With etching time, the size of pores increases and pore-diameters of, for example, 100–200 nm in majority become accessible. The experiments are conducted on the single-layer level on Si/SiO2 wafers. Flakes remain stable on the µm scale and do not fold. The process leads to rims of pores, which are functionalized by carbonyl groups in addition to hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. In addition, it is found that heterostructures with intrinsically n-doped MoS2 can be fabricated and photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal a 10-fold increased PL. Thus, graphene with pores is a novel highly temperature-stable electron-accepting 2D material to be integrated into van der Waals heterostructures.
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- 2021
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11. Fluorescence Quenching in J-Aggregates through the Formation of Unusual Metastable Dimers
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Witte, Felix, primary, Rietsch, Philipp, additional, Sinha, Shreya, additional, Krappe, Alexander, additional, Joswig, Jan-O., additional, Götze, Jan P., additional, Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya, additional, Resch-Genger, Ute, additional, Eigler, Siegfried, additional, and Paulus, Beate, additional
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- 2021
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12. Potentiality of Graphene Oxide and Polyoxometalate as Radionuclides Adsorbent to Restore the Environment after Fukushima Disaster: A Mini Review
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Nugroho, Bangun Satrio, primary, Wihadi, Muh Nur Khoiru, additional, Grote, Fabian, additional, Eigler, Siegfried, additional, and Nakashima, Satoru, additional
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- 2021
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13. Substitution Pattern-Controlled Fluorescence Lifetimes of Fluoranthene Dyes
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Rietsch, Philipp, primary, Zeyat, Mohammad, additional, Hübner, Oskar, additional, Hoffmann, Katrin, additional, Kutter, Maximilian, additional, Paskin, Alice, additional, Uhlig, Julian, additional, Lentz, Dieter, additional, Resch-Genger, Ute, additional, and Eigler, Siegfried, additional
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- 2021
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14. Emerging field of few-layered intercalated 2D materials
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Cao, Qing, primary, Grote, Fabian, additional, Huβmann, Marleen, additional, and Eigler, Siegfried, additional
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- 2021
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15. Controlled assembly of artificial 2D materials based on the transfer of oxo-functionalized graphene
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Hußmann, Marleen, primary, Weintrub, Benjamin, additional, Feicht, Patrick, additional, Germer, Gregor, additional, Kirchhof, Jan N., additional, Bolotin, Kirill I., additional, and Eigler, Siegfried, additional
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- 2020
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16. A multiwavelength emission detector for analytical ultracentrifugation
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Wawra, Simon E., primary, Onishchukov, Georgy, additional, Maranska, Maria, additional, Eigler, Siegfried, additional, Walter, Johannes, additional, and Peukert, Wolfgang, additional
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- 2019
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17. Influence of SiO2 or h-BN substrate on the room-temperature electronic transport in chemically derived single layer graphene
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Wang, Zhenping, primary, Yao, Qirong, additional, Hu, Yalei, additional, Li, Chuan, additional, Hußmann, Marleen, additional, Weintrub, Ben, additional, Kirchhof, Jan N., additional, Bolotin, Kirill, additional, Taniguchi, Takashi, additional, Watanabe, Kenji, additional, and Eigler, Siegfried, additional
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- 2019
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18. Emerging field of few-layered intercalated 2D materials.
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Qing Cao, Grote, Fabian, Hubmann, Marleen, and Eigler, Siegfried
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- 2021
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19. Degree of functionalisation dependence of individual Raman intensities in covalent graphene derivatives
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Vecera, Philipp, Eigler, Siegfried, Koleśnik-Gray, Maria, Krstić, Vojislav, Vierck, Asmus, Maultzsch, Janina, Schäfer, Ricarda A., Hauke, Frank, and Hirsch, Andreas
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ddc:530 ,Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät ,Article - Abstract
Covalent functionalisation of graphene is a continuously progressing field of research. The optical properties of such derivatives attract particular attention. In virtually all optical responses, however, an enhancement in peak intensity with increase of sp3 carbon content, and a vanishing of the peak position shift in monolayer compared to few-layer systems, is observed. The understanding of these seemingly connected phenomena is lacking. Here we demonstrate, using Raman spectroscopy and in situ electrostatic doping techniques, that the intensity is directly modulated by an additional contribution from photoluminescent π-conjugated domains surrounded by sp3 carbon regions in graphene monolayers. The findings are further underpinned by a model which correlates the individual Raman mode intensities to the degree of functionalisation. We also show that the position shift in the spectra of solvent-based and powdered functionalised graphene derivatives originates predominantly from the presence of edge-to-edge and edge-to-basal plane interactions and is by large functionalisation independent.
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- 2017
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20. Systematic evaluation of different types of graphene oxide in respect to variations in their in-plane modulus
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Feicht, Patrick, Siegel, Renee, Thurn, Herbert, Neubauer, Jens W., Seuss, Maximilian, Szabo, Tamas, Talyzin, Alexandr V., Halbig, Christian E., Eigler, Siegfried, Kunz, Daniel A., Fery, Andreas, Papastavrou, Georg, Senker, Jurgen, Breu, Josef, Feicht, Patrick, Siegel, Renee, Thurn, Herbert, Neubauer, Jens W., Seuss, Maximilian, Szabo, Tamas, Talyzin, Alexandr V., Halbig, Christian E., Eigler, Siegfried, Kunz, Daniel A., Fery, Andreas, Papastavrou, Georg, Senker, Jurgen, and Breu, Josef
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Graphene oxide samples prepared in various laboratories following a diversity of synthesis protocols based on Brodie's (BGO) and Hummers/Offeman's (HGO) methods were compared in respect of their in plane moduli. A simple wrinkling method allowed for a spatial resolution <1.5 pm by converting the wrinkling frequency. Quite surprisingly, a drastic variation of the in-plane moduli was found spanning the range from 600 GPa for the best BGO types, which is in the region of chemically derived graphene, all the way down to less than 200 GPa for HGO types. This would suggest that there are no two equal GO samples and GO should not be regarded a compound but rather a class of materials with very variable physical properties. While large differences between Brodie's and Hummers/Offeman's types might have been expected, even within the group of Hummers/Offeman's types pronounced differences are observed that, based on C-13 solid-state NMR, were related to over-functionalization versus over-oxidation.
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- 2017
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21. Graphene oxide: fundamentals and applications
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Dimiev, Ayrat M., editor, Eigler, Siegfried, editor, Dimiev, Ayrat M., editor, and Eigler, Siegfried, editor
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- 2017
22. High quality reduced graphene oxide flakes by fast kinetically controlled and clean indirect UV-induced radical reduction
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Flyunt, Roman, Knolle, Wolfgang, Kahnt, Axel, Halbig, Christian E., Lotnyk, Andriy, Häupl, Tilmann, Prager, Andrea, Eigler, Siegfried, and Abel, Bernd
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ddc:540 ,Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät - Abstract
This work highlights a surprisingly simple and kinetically controlled highly efficient indirect method for the production of high quality reduced graphene oxide (rGO) flakes via UV irradiation of aqueous dispersions of graphene oxide (GO), in which the GO is not excited directly. While the direct photoexcitation of aqueous GO (when GO is the only light-absorbing component) takes several hours of reaction time at ambient temperature (4 h) leading only to a partial GO reduction, the addition of small amounts of isopropanol and acetone (2% and 1%) leads to a dramatically shortened reaction time by more than two orders of magnitude (2 min) and a very efficient and soft reduction of graphene oxide. This method avoids the formation of non-volatile species and in turn contamination of the produced rGO and it is based on the highly efficient generation of reducing carbon centered isopropanol radicals via the reaction of triplet acetone with isopropanol. While the direct photolysis of GO dispersions easily leads to degradation of the carbon lattice of GO and thus to a relatively low electric conductivity of the films of flakes, our indirect photoreduction of GO instead largely avoids the formation of defects, keeping the carbon lattice intact. Mechanisms of the direct and indirect photoreduction of GO have been elucidated and compared. Raman spectroscopy, XPS and conductivity measurements prove the efficiency of the indirect photoreduction in comparison with the state-of-the-art reduction method for GO (hydriodic acid/trifluoroacetic acid). The rapid reduction times and water solvent containing only small amounts of isopropanol and acetone may allow easy process up-scaling for technical applications and low-energy consumption.
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- 2016
23. Hidden Defects and Unexpected Properties of Graphene — How Advanced TEM Contributes to Materials Development
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Butz, Benjamin, primary, Dolle, Christian, additional, Niekiel, Florian, additional, Spiecker, Erdmann, additional, Weber, Konstantin, additional, Meyer, Bernd, additional, Waldmann, Daniel, additional, Kisslinger, Ferdinand, additional, Weber, Heiko B., additional, Shallcross, Sam, additional, Halbig, Christian, additional, Eigler, Siegfried, additional, and Ophus, Colin, additional
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- 2017
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24. Towards the Synthesis of Graphene Azide from Graphene Oxide
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Halbig, Christian E., Rietsch, Philipp, and Eigler, Siegfried
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Department Chemie und Pharmazie ,Azides ,Cycloaddition Reaction ,Water ,Oxides ,Article ,lcsh:QD241-441 ,lcsh:Organic chemistry ,graphene azide ,ddc:540 ,graphene oxide ,Click Chemistry ,Graphite ,Adsorption ,Hydrochloric Acid ,TGA-MS ,Raman - Abstract
In the last decades, organic azides haven proven to be very useful precursors in organic chemistry, for example in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions (click-chemistry). Likewise, azides can be introduced into graphene oxide with an almost intact carbon framework, namely oxo-functionalized graphene (oxo-G1), which is a highly oxidized graphene derivative and a powerful precursor for graphene that is suitable for electronic devices. The synthesis of a graphene derivative with exclusively azide groups (graphene azide) is however still a challenge. In comparison also hydrogenated graphene, called graphene or halogenated graphene remain challenging to synthesize. A route to graphene azide would be the desoxygenation of azide functionalized oxo-G1. Here we show how treatment of azide functionalized oxo-G1 with HCl enlarges the π-system and removes strongly adsorbed water and some oxo-functional groups. This development reflects one step towards graphene azide.
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- 2015
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25. How fast is the reaction of hydrated electrons with graphene oxide in aqueous dispersions?
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Kahnt, Axel, Flyunt, Roman, Laube, Christian, Knolle, Wolfgang, Eigler, Siegfried, Hermann, Ralf, Naumov, Sergej, and Abel, Bernd
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ddc:540 ,Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät - Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) is a key-question in graphene related materials science. Here, we investigate the kinetics of the reaction of radiolytically generated hydrated electrons with GO in water. The electron transfer proceeds on the ns time scale and not on the ps time scale, as recently reported by Gengler et al. (Nat. Commun., 2013, 4, 2560).
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- 2015
26. Influence of SiO2 or h-BN substrate on the room-temperature electronic transport in chemically derived single layer graphene.
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Wang, Zhenping, Yao, Qirong, Hu, Yalei, Li, Chuan, Hußmann, Marleen, Weintrub, Ben, Kirchhof, Jan N., Bolotin, Kirill, Taniguchi, Takashi, Watanabe, Kenji, and Eigler, Siegfried
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- 2019
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27. Graphene oxide:a one- versus two-component material
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Naumov, Anton, Grote, Fabian, Overgaard, Marc, Roth, Alexandra, Halbig, Christian E., Nørgaard, Kasper, Guldi, Dirk M., Eigler, Siegfried, Naumov, Anton, Grote, Fabian, Overgaard, Marc, Roth, Alexandra, Halbig, Christian E., Nørgaard, Kasper, Guldi, Dirk M., and Eigler, Siegfried
- Published
- 2016
28. Transparent and Electrically Conductive Films from Chemically Derived Graphene
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Eigler, Siegfried
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Science / Physics / Condensed Matter - Abstract
Transparent and Electrically Conductive Films from Chemically Derived Graphene
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- 2011
29. Iron porphyrins as model compounds for heme-type enzymes
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Eigler, Siegfried
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Porphyrin ,Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät -ohne weitere Spezifikation ,ddc:540 ,Cytochrom P-450 ,Modellverbindung - Abstract
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Synthese und Charakterisierung neuartiger wasserlös-licher Porphyrinliganden und deren Eisen-Komplexe, die unter anderem als Modell-substanzen für hämhaltige Enzyme dienen können. Es gelang, die Eisenporphyrine 29 und 33 mit acht bzw. 16 Carboxylatgruppen her-zustellen. Bei der Synthese der Vorstufen konnte die Seitenkettenbromierung, die zu Verbindung 21 führt, entscheidend optimiert werden, so dass das Dipyrrylmethan 24 in großen Mengen zugänglich wurde. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem AK VAN ELDIK (Universität Erlangen) war es möglich, die wasserlöslichen Eisenporphyrine 29 und 33 eingehend zu studieren. Es konnten nicht nur der pKs-Wert für die Carboxylatgruppen, sondern auch der pKs-Wert für das an das FeIII-Zentrum koordinierte Wasser bestimmt werden. Er liegt für die Carboxy-latgruppen erwartungsgemäß bei etwa 4. Für das koordinierte Wasser hingegen wird beim achtfach negativ geladenen Eisenporphyrin ein pKs-Wert von 9.3 bzw. für das 16-fach negativ geladene sogar ein pKs-Wert von 9.8 gemessen. Bei diesen pks-Werten handelt es sich um die höchsten bisher gemessenen. Der Grund dafür liegt zum einen in einer erhöhten Elektronendichte am Metallzentrum aufgrund des polya-nionischen Charakters, zum anderen in den beispiellosen Wechselwirkungen der Carboxylatgruppen, die sich in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zum koordinierten Was-ser befinden. Es gelang, den Vorläufer-Komplex mit Malonsäurediethyl¬estergruppen 26 zu kristallisieren, wodurch die Stellung der Estergruppen belegt wurde. Durch die räumliche Anordnung der o-Substituenten wird somit eine bei wasserlöslichen Porphyrinen häufig beobachtete Bildung von µ-oxo-Dimeren unterbunden. Außerdem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass bei neutralem pH-Wert ein Bisaqua-Komplex mit einem gemischten intermediate-spin-Zustand (S = 5/2, 3/2) vorliegt. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Spinzustand und der Substitutions¬geschwindigkeit nachgewiesen. Mit zunehmendem S = 3/2 Spinanteil verlaufen Sub-stitutions¬reaktionen am Metallzentrum somit schneller ab. Weiter wurde erkannt, dass im Basischen die Verbindungen 29 und 33 als Monohydroxo-Komplexe vorlie-gen, da kein Wasseraustausch beobachtet werden konnte. Für die Reaktion der Verbindungen 29 und 33 mit NO wurde gezeigt, dass die Bil-dung der entsprechenden Nitrosylkomplexe reversibel ist. Für diesen Prozess wur-den die Aktivierungsparameter bestimmt, wodurch die Erstellung von Volumen¬profilen möglich wurde. Dabei stellt man einen Wechsel im Reaktionsmechanismus beim Übergang von den Bisaqua-Komplexen zu den Monohydroxo-Komplexen fest. Bei ersteren liegt ein dissoziativ aktivierter, bei letzterem ein assoziativ aktivierter Mechanismus vor. Dieser wird auch für Cytochrom P450cam gefunden. Daraufhin wurden die Eisenporphyrine 46 und 51 hergestellt, die einen kovalent angebundenen Cysteamin-Donor besitzen bzw. an die zusätzlich Malonsäurediethyl¬estergruppen angebunden sind. An diesen Systemen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Phenolate mit Brommethylporphyrinen zur Reaktion gebracht werden können und dass die gebildeten Phenolether bei Eisenporphyrinen in der Reaktion mit Natrium-borhydrid instabil sind, was ihre Verwendung als Modellsystemkomponenten aus-schließt. Das führte zur Synthese neuer Porphyringrundsysteme mit unterschiedlichen funktio¬nellen Gruppen. So konnten das Porphyrin 52 mit o-ständiger Carbonsäure, sowie das Porphyrin 56 mit vier zusätzlichen o-ständigen Methoxymethylgruppen syntheti-siert werden. Darüber hinaus wurden die anti- und syn-Verbindung 57 und 58 mit zwei Carbonsäuremethylestergruppen und vier Methoxymethylgruppen hergestellt. Somit war es möglich, axiale Donoren selektiv anzubinden. Als Nächstes wurde das monofunktionalisierte Eisenporphyrin 64 mit kovalent ange-bundenem N-Donor (Imidazol) hergestellt: ein FeIII-Komplex, der vermutlich im inter-mediate-spin-Zustand vorliegt. Außerdem wurde das entsprechende wasserlösliche Eisenporphyrin 69 synthetisiert, das acht Carboxylatgruppen und einen kovalent angebundenen N-Donor besitzt. Diese beiden Komplexe können beispielsweise als Modellverbindungen für Myoglobin dienen. Die größte Herausforderung bestand darin, wasserlösliche Modellsysteme für die Cytochrom P450 Überfamilie herzustellen. Es ist erstmals gelungen, die für diese Enzyme charakteristische Absorptionsbande im UV/Vis-Spektrum im wässrigen Me-dium bei etwa 450 nm zu erhalten. Dazu wurde der Cystein-S-Donor als Peptid 62 kovalent an das Grundsystem 56 angebunden. Es gelang anschließend, die vier Methoxymethylgruppen mit Malonsäuredimethylester, 4-t-Butylpyridin und dem Ma-lonamid 34 zu funktionalisieren. Somit konnten schließlich die wasserlöslichen Ei-senporphyrine 83, 86 und 90 synthetisiert werden. Zuvor wurden synthetisch wertvol-le Protokolle am monofunktionalisierten Eisenporphyrin 76 entwickelt. An der entsprechenden Zinkverbindung mit geschütztem Thiol 73 wurde die Koordination des Disulfids an das Metallzentrum durch den Chiralitätstransfer des Peptids auf das Porphyrin mittels CD-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen. Schließlich war es möglich, an den Modellsystemen 83, 86 und 90 den Einfluss der Substituenten auf das Koordinationsverhalten eines Thiolatdonors an das Eisenzen¬trum zu studieren. Es konnte durch UV/Vis-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an den FeIII-, der FeII- und FeII-CO-Derivaten von 83 gezeigt werden, dass die Carbon-säuregruppen des Modellsystems dazu beitragen, dass die Erzeugung eines Thiolat-donors verhindert wird. Stattdessen wird das Eisenzentrum durch einen Thioldonor koordiniert. Die spektroskopischen Befunde wurden mit dem Strukturanalogon ohne S-Donor 29 verglichen. Anhand der Eisenverbindung 86, die vier Pyridiniumgruppen in der Nähe des Metall-zentrums besitzt, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die positiven Ladungen die Bildung eines FeII-CO-Komplexes mit Thiolatdonor erlauben. Dies gelang bei pH = 11 und konnte anhand einer sich ausbildenden Schulter bei 448 nm nachgewiesen werden. Auch diese spektroskopischen Befunde wurden mit einem Referenzsystem ohne S-Donor (Verbindung 91) verglichen, das ebenfalls über vier kationische Ladungen verfügt. Schließlich gelang es, aus der Verbindung 90, die einen hydrophoben inneren und einen hydrophilen (acht Carboxylatgruppen) äußeren Bereich besitzt, den FeII-CO-Komplex mit Thiolatdonor bei pH = 9 herzustellen, was an der Absorption bei 444 nm in Form einer ausgeprägten Schulter erkannt wird. Bei pH = 11 wurden für den FeII-CO-Komplex zwei Absorptionsmaxima gleicher Intensität bei 423 und 445 nm gefun-den, die der Thiol- bzw. Thiolat-Spezies zugeordnet wurden. Auch dieses System wurde mit dem analogen Eisenporphyrin 39 verglichen, bei dem trotz gleichartiger Synthesebedingungen keine charakteristische Absorptionsbanden im üblichen Be-reich des UV/Vis-Spektrums gefunden wurden. Es wurde somit erstmals experimentell gezeigt, dass hydrophobe Bedingungen im Bereich des Thiolatdonors, bzw. Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen von Amid¬protonen zum Thiolatdonor, wie bei Verbindung 90, für dessen Stabilisierung und Schutz vor Protonierung sorgen. Außerdem wurde dieser Effekt auch durch eine elektrostatische Interaktion positiver Ladungen mit dem Thiolatdonor, wie bei Verbindung 86, erzeugt. Somit konnten zwei neue Konzepte experimentell bestätigt werden, die zu Modell-verbindungen für die Cytochrom P450 Überfamilie im wässrigen Medium führen. The aim of this work was the synthesis and characterization of novel water-soluble porphyrin ligands and their iron-complexes. Among other things they can play an important role as model compounds for heme containing enzymes. It was possible to synthesize the iron-porphyrins 29 and 33 bearing eight and 16 carboxylate groups, respectively. The bromation of side chains that leads to com-pound 21 could be optimized decisively to obtain the dipyrrylmethane 24 in great amounts, which made the precursor compounds much more readily available. In collaboration with the group of VAN ELDIK (Universität Erlangen) the water-soluble iron-porphyrins 29 and 33 were studied thoroughly. Not only the pKa-value of the carboxylic groups but also the pKa-value of coordinated water to the FeIII-center could be determined. For the carboxylic groups it is about four, as expected. But for coordi-nated water the pKa-value was found to be 9.3 for the eight times negatively charged compound and 9.8 for the sixteen times negatively charged iron-porphyrin, respec-tively. These pKa-values are the highest ever measured for iron-porphyrins. The reasons for this are the high electron density on the metal-center because of the polyanionic character as well as the unprecedented interactions of the carboxylic groups that are very close to coordinated water molecules. The closeness of these groups could be demonstrated by the precursor-complex 26 whose malonic di-ethylester groups are arranged in the same way as the carboxylic groups. The spatial arrangement of the o-substituents effectively prevents the common appearance of µ-oxo dimers for water-soluble porphyrins. Besides, it could be proved that an admixed intermediate spin bisaqua-complex (S = 5/2, 3/2) is formed at a neutral pH-value. Furthermore, a correlation was found between the spin-state and the rate of substitu-tion. The higher the contribution of S = 3/2 to the spin-state the faster are the rates for substitution-reactions on the metal-center. It was further recognized that the com-pounds 29 and 33 exist as monohydroxo-complexes at high pH-values because no water-exchange takes place. The reaction of the compounds 29 and 33 with NO showed a reversible creation of nitrosyl-complexes. The parameters of activation for this reaction could be deter-mined. Thus volume profiles could be derived. These profiles show a change in mechanism for the transition from the bisaqua-complex to the monohydroxo-complex. The first reacts in a dissociatively activated and the last in an associatively activated mechanism that is also found for the relation of cytochrome P450cam. Hereupon the iron-porphyrins 46 and 51 were synthesized that offer a covalently bound cysteamin-donor and malonic diethylester groups, respectively. It could be demonstrated that phenolate groups react with bromomethylporphyrins and that these phenolether groups do not tolerate sodium borohydride in iron-porphyrins, which excludes the use of these groups in model compounds. That led to the synthesis of new porphyrin systems bearing different functional groups. Thus the porphyrin 52 with a carboxylic in o-position and the porphyrin 56 with four additional methoxymethyl groups in o-position could be synthesized. In addition, the anti- und syn-compounds 57 and 58 with two carboxylic dimethylester groups and four methoxymethyl groups were developed. Thus it was possible to tether axial donors selectively. Next the monofunctionalized iron-porphyrin 64 with covalently attached N-donor (imidazole) was synthesized. It is an a FeIII-complex that exists probably in an inter-mediate-spin state. Besides, the corresponding water-soluble iron-porphyrin was prepared, which bears eight carboxylic groups and the tethered N-donor. These two complexes can act as model compounds for myoglobin. The biggest challenge was the design of a water soluble model compound for the enzyme cytochrome P450. For the first time it was possible to succeed in preparing the characteristic absorption at about 450 nm in aqueous solution in the UV/Vis-spectrum. Therefore a cystein-S donor was covalently attached as a peptide 62 to the porphyrin system 56. Subsequently, the four methoxymethyl groups were suc-cessfully functionalized with malonic dimethylester, 4-t-butylpyridine and the malonamide 34. Thus the water-soluble iron-porphyrins 83, 86 und 90 could be syn-thesized. At the corresponding zinc-compound with protected mercaptan 73 the co-ordination of the disulfide to the metal center was demonstrated by the transfer of chirality of the peptide to the porphyrin by CD spectroscopy. Therefore it was possible to study the influence of substituents on the coordination behavior of the cysteinate donor to the iron center by analyzing the model com-pounds 83, 86 and 90. It could be demonstrated by UV/Vis-spectroscopy on the FeIII , FeII- and the FeII-CO derivatives of 83 that the carboxylic acids of the model system help to prevent the creation of a cysteinate donor. Instead, the iron center is being coordinated by a mercaptan ligand. The spectroscopic findings were compared with the related porphyrin 29 without S-donor. With the iron compound 86 that exhibits four pyridinium groups next to the metal center the formation of a cysteinate ligated FeII-CO complex becomes possible due to the positive charges. The formation succeeded at a pH-value of eleven, which could be prooved because of a shoulder at 448 nm. These spectroscopic findings were also compared to a corresponding model without S-donor (compound 91) that possesses also four cationic charges. Finally the FeII-CO complex of compound 90 was prepared at a pH value of 9. Be-cause of the hydrophobic core and the hydrophilic periphery (eight carboxylate groups) the coordination of the cysteinate ligand expressed itself by the small ab-sorption at 444 nm in the UV/Vis-spectrum. At a pH = 11 two absorption maxima were found of the same intensity for the FeII-CO-complex at 423 und 445 nm that could be assigned to the mercaptan and the cysteinate ligated species respectively. This system was also compared to the corresponding iron-porphyrin 39 that shows no characteristic absorptions in the common range of the UV/Vis-spectrum despite the same synthetic procedure. Thus it could be experimentally shown for the first time that a hydrophobic region near to the cysteinate ligand and H-bonds of amide protons to the cysteinate donor (as in compound 90), respectively, are of crucial importance in stabilizing and pro-tecting the cysteinate from protonation. This effect was also achieved by an electro-static interaction of positive charges next to the cysteinate ligand as in compound 86. Therefore two new concepts were experimentally approved that lead to water-soluble model compounds for cytochromes P450.
- Published
- 2006
30. Influence of SiO 2 or h-BN substrate on the room-temperature electronic transport in chemically derived single layer graphene.
- Author
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Wang Z, Yao Q, Hu Y, Li C, Hußmann M, Weintrub B, Kirchhof JN, Bolotin K, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, and Eigler S
- Abstract
The substrate effect on the electronic transport of graphene with a density of defects of about 0.5% (
0.5% G) is studied. Devices composed of monolayer0.5% G, partially deposited on SiO2 and h-BN were used for transport measurements. We find that the0.5% G on h-BN exhibits ambipolar transfer behaviours under ambient conditions, in comparison to unipolar p-type characters on SiO2 for the same flake. While intrinsic defects in graphene cause scattering, the use of h-BN as a substrate reduces p-doping., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Controlled assembly of artificial 2D materials based on the transfer of oxo-functionalized graphene.
- Author
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Hußmann M, Weintrub B, Feicht P, Germer G, Kirchhof JN, Bolotin KI, and Eigler S
- Abstract
Functionalized 2D materials have unique properties, but are currently not used for the assembly of van der Waals heterostructures. Here, we present the controlled transfer of artificially synthesized, polar and highly transparent oxo-functionalized graphene, which can decouple graphene layers., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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