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International audience; Gender, class, ethnicity and generation played a determining role in exposure to the COVID-19 virus and in access to care. This translated into differences in communicability, morbidity and mortality. Migrants and ethnic minorities have been over-represented among serious cases, just as they are often also disproportionately affected during natural disasters and crises. We focus on a segment of vulnerable population defined by the French term ‘inconfinables’. Related to the term ‘confinement’, used in France to mean lockdown, the ‘inconfinables’ are those individuals that, due to personal, socio-economic and administrative factors, may not respect the governmental measures proposed to contain the spread of the pandemic. The article presents an comparative analysis of different approaches implemented at the domestic level (in France and Italy) to gain original insights into the practice of lockdown regimes. These insights are used to explore the nexus between ethnic social inequalities, governmental capacity to ensure effective protection of the whole population and human rights.

Sebbene le istanze per la limitazione delle migrazioni internazionali fossero già da tempo pressanti, gli attentati dell’11 settembre 2001 sono assurti a momento emblematico di svolta della politica dei confini. Il nuovo secolo si è aperto sotto il segno della riaffermazione della volontà dei governi nazionali, e di riflesso delle istituzioni europee, di ripristinare un più stretto controllo sulla mobilità transfrontaliera, anche a costo di sottrarsi agli obblighi sanciti dalle convenzioni internazionali e di compromettere il proprio impegno per la tutela dei diritti umani. Il tema dei confini interroga anche il mondo accademico e il dibattito scientifico. Intorno ai nessi tra confini, migrazioni e diritti umani, varie discipline scientifiche si confrontano ed entrano in dialogo con la società. In questa chiave, il presente volume, frutto dell’iniziativa del CRC “Migrazioni e diritti umani” dell’università degli studi di Milano, intende proporre una riflessione a più voci, da diverse prospettive disciplinari, intorno a una questione così cruciale per il nostro tempo.

This chapter sheds light on the role of regional migration regimes in addressing the following questions: What is the role of regional frameworks in migration governance and how far have regional frameworks taken up the issue of environmentally induced migration? What is the relationship between regional, national and international governance? These questions are answred from a political scientist and legal perspective. The paper argues that the effects of climate change and environmental disaster on cross-border displacement are already felt, and they will affect predominantly countries of the same region in the coming years. Individual states are not full-equipped to protect persons affected by environmental changes and to deal with these phenomena a significant dynamism is developing at the regional level with the elaboration of specific instruments and policies. In the first part, the chapter will introduce such regional initiatives to identify domestic and international drivers behind their emergence and then it will zoom on the current development in Central America. In particular, by analyzing the current discussion of the RCM Guide to effective Practices for RCM Member Countries to understand the potential of this emerging approach in particular, the role of humanitarian temporary mechanisms, implemented at domestic level.

L’article vise a developper une etude sur l’evolution de l’acces aux droits sociaux des travailleurs migrants et leur portabilite dans un cadre juridique multi-niveaux. L’article fournira une introduction historique aux regles et aux modalites d’acces a la protection sociale dans le contexte des accords existants, avec une attention particuliere portee sur les niveaux bilateral et regional. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre l’origine des regimes de securite sociale et d’identifier les principales caracteristiques de ces modeles. La presentation de pratiques concernant les mecanismes de portabilite des prestations de securite sociale contribuera a l’identification des elements requis afin de promouvoir un systeme transnational de droits de securite sociale.

The international community has devoted a substantial effort to understanding the concrete impact of environmental degradation (defined as slow-onset environmental degradation, such as rising sea levels, increased salinization, desertification, and soil or coastal erosion) on human mobility and to fostering research to identify migration, in particular labour mobility, as a positive adaptation strategy.

The interaction between environmental change and human mobility is attracting global attention, both in policy circles and in the contemporary literature. This introductory essay proposes using the concept of pluralism to explore the multi-dimensional relationship between climate change and migration and to advance new perspectives and concepts to interpret the emerging theory of adaptive migration. The papers included in this themed section cover diverse issues in this area of research by focusing on the contemporary debate about the ‘migration-as-adaptation strategy’. The papers address six key areas: the role of law in dealing with climate-induced migration, the category of place related to the community of origin and destination, the theme of climate justice and rights, the contribution of international organisations in framing the migration-as-adaptation strategy, adaptive measures developed in the Maldives, and seasonal nomadism in the East Sudan. All are quite different, but all converge in their emphasis on the role of the individual, the migrant, and on whether and how state responses are adequate in the progressive concordance between adaptation and individual capability. This introduction raises a set of salient questions that might catalyse multiple new research trajectories over the coming years.