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Throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the communes of Florence and Bologna opened participation in government to large portions of their adult male populations. As these efforts to broaden political power unfolded, popular régimes sought to protect their monopolies on political power by targeting specific groups for exclusion from a variety of civic offices and membership in popular associations. Foreigners and urban knights known as magnates were frequent targets in Florence and Bologna. In this dissertation, I draw on the rich archives of Bologna and Florence to explore how magnates and foreigners encountered and reacted to their imposed statuses. Magnates tended to respond to their status by either reconciling with the commune and becoming rehabilitated or attempting to reassert their power through opportunistic violence. The financial strain that magnates and foreigners lived under could be made significantly more difficult if they were heavily indebted. While magnates tended to have more access to wealth, it is less clear how foreigners created systems of support in societies that were increasingly becoming more closed off to them. To counter this, foreigners sought out support by becoming parts of economic networks through their involvement in transactions. Foreigners also turned to systems of mutual aid and support that were not limited to any single occupation group or administrative division to build and reinforce community networks.

Drawing on the expertise of 26 distinguished scholars, this important volume covers the major issues in the study of medieval Europe, highlighting the significant impact the time period had on cultural forms and institutions central to European identity. Examines changing approaches to the study of medieval Europe, its periodization, and central themes Includes coverage of important questions such as identity and the self, sexuality and gender, emotionality and ethnicity, as well as more traditional topics such as economic and demographic expansion; kingship; and the rise of the West Explores Europe’s understanding of the wider world to place the study of the medieval society in a global context

Electronic access restricted; authentication may be required, 0910956944, 0910956952, American Council of Learned Societies History E-Book Project, (heb) heb31354.0001.001, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31354, Permission must be received for any subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact info@hebook.org for more information.

In an effort to explain how the military can better engage the media, this paper provides insights to the question, “How can the U.S. military proactively engage the domestic media in the planning and execution of military operations?” By proactively engaging the media, the military can better leverage the media and take advantage of its tremendous capability to influence public opinion. This paper investigates the importance of an effective military-media relationship, considers current Joint doctrine, and conducts a historic review (using the criteria of access, logistical support, operational security and context) of the relationship between the military and the media, focusing on how the military engaged the media in those operations and how the military can leverage the media to benefit future operations. The historical record shows that while the military is willing to address symptoms of its strained relationship with the media, it tends not to address the long-term underlying reasons for that tension—one of the reasons different conflicts have brought about different media policies. Knowing the tensions that exist between the two institutions will never completely evaporate, the military must consider what it can do to minimize the effects of those tensions. A complete plan to leverage the media is the key to a successful military-media relationship. It must be a continual process and those engaged in the dialogue must be truthful and forthright. By increasing recognition of the importance of media engagement in doctrine, the military can better take advantage of the force multiplier effects the media can provide the military. To that end, and centered on the idea that public affairs is not just a PAO’s issue, the military should make improvements in the following areas: (1) Establishment of media effects as an information age principle of war; (2) Continued use of embedded reporters, expanding on the current program to ensure coverage to include the post-ho