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In late 2019, an outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus started in China (Graham and Baric, 2020; Hu et al., 2020; Maxmen, 2021). A global pandemic was declared in March 2020, as COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus (World Health Organization, 2020b), escalated outside China (World Health Organization, 2020a). In mid-2021, when vaccination campaigns began to show positive effects on the control of the disease in several countries (Kaur and Gupta, 2020), the COVID-19 pandemic caused millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of infections (Dong et al., 2020). To fight the pandemic, governments reacted with measures designed to contain the spread of the virus, especially through measures aimed to reduce social interactions, including lockdowns (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020), travel restrictions (Chinazzi et al., 2020), and limiting people’s access to non-essential activities (Storr et al., 2021). Humanity suffered a notable impact as a result of the pandemic, including losses of jobs and an abrupt disruption in global demand of goods and services (Barua, 2020; McKibbin and Fernando, 2020; Nicola et al., 2020). The pandemic further degraded the quality of life of the most vulnerable people, particularly those with mental health problems (Brooks et al., 2020), victims of domestic violence (Usher et al., 2020), children (Singh et al., 2020), or indigenous populations (Lane, 2020). As a result, an increase in economic inequality and worldwide poverty is expected, especially in developing countries (World Bank, 2020), and a peak in the suicide rate (Kawohl and Nordt, 2020). On the other hand, global reduction of human activities has had some positive effects on the global environment, especially for air and water quality (Rutz et al., 2020), and noise reduction (Zambrano-Monserrate et al., 2020). Marine ecosystems for example experienced less impacts derived from commercial fishing due to disruptions in large markets such as the United States (White et al., 2021a) or the European Union (Prellezo and Carvahlo, 2020; Coll et al., 2021). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The feeding habits of two major species of sole, the common sole Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 and the Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 were studied in the lower estuary of the Guadiana River (Algarve, southern Portugal). An evaluation of the number, weight, and feeding coefficient of prey types showed that S. vulgaris feed on a limited variety of prey (only Polychaeta and Tanaidacea) and present low-intensity feeding activity, with small differences in diet between seasons. S. senegalensis also have a low-diversity diet (with only one more taxa, Amphipoda), but exhibit more intense feeding activity which varies seasonally, although with little seasonal variation in the relative importance of the main preys. The diet composition of these two species suggests feeding specialization. Se han examinado los hábitos alimentarios de dos especies importantes de lenguado, Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 y Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858, en el bajo estuario del río Guadiana (en el Algarve, sur de Portugal). La actividad depredadora de S. vulgaris es escasa y la variedad de sus presas limitada (únicamente poliquetos y tanaidaceos), con una ligera variación estacional de la dieta. S. senegalensis también se alimenta de una variedad reducida de presas, aunque con un taxón más (anfípodos), y tiene una actividad depredadora mayor, que varía estacionalmente, aunque no hay variaciones en la importancia relativa de la presa con la estación del año. La composición de la dieta de estas dos especies sugiere la especialización de su alimentación. Instituto Español de Oceanografía

Three long-line methods have been studied in the Algarve: 1) small-hook long-line for inshore (less than 30 m) ‘white' sea breams (Sparidae); 2) small-hook long-line for deeper water (40-60 m) ‘red' sea breams; and 3) deep water (500-700 m) semi-pelagic long-line for hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758). Selectivity studies were carried out with three hook sizes in the first two cases: Mustad round-bent Quality 2369 hooks, numbers 15, 13, and 11, baited with a standardsized razor-shell Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758). Four hook sizes (numbers 10, 9, 7, and 5) of Stell round-bent, eyed hooks were used in the semi-pelagic long-line selectivity study, baited with a half of a standard-sized sardine. Some factors affecting catch composition and catch rates of the small hook long-lines were also evaluated: bait, gangion length, setting time, fishing ground, and depth. Species diversity was relatively high, with 40, 36 and 27 species, respectively, in the three studies. However, the catches were dominated by a limited number of species. Catch rates (number of fish per 100 hooks) were variable ( 5 %; 20 %), with a general decrease in catch rate with increasing hook size in all the studies. In general, the catch size distributions for the different hook sizes for each species were highly overlapping, with little or no evidence of differences in size selectivity. Hooks caught a wide size-range for each species, with few or no illegal-sized fish, in most cases. Some implications of these results for the management of multi-species, multi-gear fisheries are discussed. Tres artes de palangre han sido estudiados en Algarve: 1) palangre de anzuelo pequeño para espáridos de aguas costeras (menos de 30 m); 2) palangre de anzuelo pequeño para espáridos rojos de aguas mas profundas (40-60 m); y 3) palangre semipelágico de profundidad para merluza Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758). En los dos primeros casos, los estudios de selectividad han utilizado anzuelos de tres tamaños: round bent marca Mustad modelo 2369 (números 15, 13 y 11), utilizando como cebo pedazos de navajas Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758) de la misma talla. En el estudio de selectividad con el palangre semipelágico se han utilizado cuatro tamaños de anzuelo (números 10, 9, 7 y 5) round hook de la marca Stell, con media sardina como cebo. Se evalúan, también, otros factores que afectan a la composición y a la tasa de captura de los palangres equipados con anzuelo pequeño: cebo, longitud de la puntera, hora de largada del aparejo, área de pesca y profundidad. La diversidad de especies en los tres estudios ha sido relativamente elevada: 40, 36 y 27 especies, respectivamente. Sin embargo, las capturas han sido dominadas por un número reducido de especies. Las tasas de captura (número de peces por 100 anzuelos) han variado ( 5 %; 20 %), observándose en los tres estudios un descenso general de las tasas de captura con el aumento del tamaño del anzuelo. De forma general, se ha observado una fuerte sobreposición de las distribuciones de las capturas con los diferentes tamaños de anzuelo para cada especie, con poca o ninguna evidencia de diferencias en la selectividad por talla. Los tamaños de anzuelo probados han capturado un rango de tallas amplio para cada especie, con escasa o ninguna captura de peces de talla ilegal en la mayoría de los casos. Se discuten algunas implicaciones de estos resultados en la gestión de pesquerías incluyendo varias especies y varios artes de pesca. Instituto Español de Oceanografía

The stomach contents of Diplodus vulgaris and Spondyliosoma cantharus were: analysed using three simple methods (numeric, gravimetric and frequency of occurrence) and a composite index (I.R.I - Index of Relative Importance). To compare the species, the Schoener index was used. The diet of D. vulgaris consisted mainly of ophiuroids, polychaetes, amphipods and echinoids, while polychaetes, amphipods and hydrozoans dominated in the case of S. cantharus. There were some size-related differences in S. cantharus feeding. Diet overlap was relatively slight, with significant differences in feeding between the two species, notably in terms of greater consumption of echinoderms by D. vulgaris and hydrozoans by S. cantharus. As is the case for the majority of sea breams, D. vulgaris and S. cantharus are characterised by a diverse diet in terms of prey reflecting available prey items in their environment.

The catches and discards of trawlers, seiners and trammel netters were studied in the Algarve (southern Portugal) using observers onboard commercial fishing vessels. Species diversity was high, with 236 species recorded as occasionally, frequently or regularly discarded. Mean discard rates per trip were 0.13, 0.20, 0.27, 0.62 and 0.70, respectively, for trammel nets, demersal purse seines, pelagic purse seines, fish trawls and crustacean trawls, with high variability in terms of discard volume and discard rate, This was especially so for se ncrs where from 0 to 100% of the total catch might be discarded. No significant relationships were found between discard quantity or discard rate and characteristics of the fishing vessels sampled within each metier (total length, TAB, hp, kW). Based on the above discard rates and the official landings, it was estimated that in 1996, Algarve trawlers discarded 9000-13000 tonnes (t) while seiners discarded 5500-8200 t. Discarding practices in these fisheries are reviewed and the reasons for discarding are presented by species and metier basis. The results support the need for more studies on the factors contributing to discarding, variability in discard quantities and rates, the fate of discards and their importance to the marine ecosystem, and on ways of reducing by-catch and discarding in these fisheries.

Three long-line methods have been studied in the Algarve: 1) small-hook long-line for inshore (less than 30 m) ‘white' sea breams (Sparidae); 2) small-hook long-line for deeper water (40-60 m) ‘red' sea breams; and 3) deep water (500-700 m) semi-pelagic long-line for hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758). Selectivity studies were carried out with three hook sizes in the first two cases: Mustad round-bent Quality 2369 hooks, numbers 15, 13, and 11, baited with a standardsized razor-shell Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758). Four hook sizes (numbers 10, 9, 7, and 5) of Stell round-bent, eyed hooks were used in the semi-pelagic long-line selectivity study, baited with a half of a standard-sized sardine. Some factors affecting catch composition and catch rates of the small hook long-lines were also evaluated: bait, gangion length, setting time, fishing ground, and depth. Species diversity was relatively high, with 40, 36 and 27 species, respectively, in the three studies. However, the catches were dominated by a limited number of species. Catch rates (number of fish per 100 hooks) were variable ( 5 %; 20 %), with a general decrease in catch rate with increasing hook size in all the studies. In general, the catch size distributions for the different hook sizes for each species were highly overlapping, with little or no evidence of differences in size selectivity. Hooks caught a wide size-range for each species, with few or no illegal-sized fish, in most cases. Some implications of these results for the management of multi-species, multi-gear fisheries are discussed. Tres artes de palangre han sido estudiados en Algarve: 1) palangre de anzuelo pequeño para espáridos de aguas costeras (menos de 30 m); 2) palangre de anzuelo pequeño para espáridos rojos de aguas mas profundas (40-60 m); y 3) palangre semipelágico de profundidad para merluza Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758). En los dos primeros casos, los estudios de selectividad han utilizado anzuelos de tres tamaños: round bent marca Mustad modelo 2369 (números 15, 13 y 11), utilizando como cebo pedazos de navajas Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758) de la misma talla. En el estudio de selectividad con el palangre semipelágico se han utilizado cuatro tamaños de anzuelo (números 10, 9, 7 y 5) round hook de la marca Stell, con media sardina como cebo. Se evalúan, también, otros factores que afectan a la composición y a la tasa de captura de los palangres equipados con anzuelo pequeño: cebo, longitud de la puntera, hora de largada del aparejo, área de pesca y profundidad. La diversidad de especies en los tres estudios ha sido relativamente elevada: 40, 36 y 27 especies, respectivamente. Sin embargo, las capturas han sido dominadas por un número reducido de especies. Las tasas de captura (número de peces por 100 anzuelos) han variado ( 5 %; 20 %), observándose en los tres estudios un descenso general de las tasas de captura con el aumento del tamaño del anzuelo. De forma general, se ha observado una fuerte sobreposición de las distribuciones de las capturas con los diferentes tamaños de anzuelo para cada especie, con poca o ninguna evidencia de diferencias en la selectividad por talla. Los tamaños de anzuelo probados han capturado un rango de tallas amplio para cada especie, con escasa o ninguna captura de peces de talla ilegal en la mayoría de los casos. Se discuten algunas implicaciones de estos resultados en la gestión de pesquerías incluyendo varias especies y varios artes de pesca. Instituto Español de Oceanografía

The feeding habits of two major species of sole, the common sole Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 and the Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 were studied in the lower estuary of the Guadiana River (Algarve, southern Portugal). An evaluation of the number, weight, and feeding coefficient of prey types showed that S. vulgaris feed on a limited variety of prey (only Polychaeta and Tanaidacea) and present low-intensity feeding activity, with small differences in diet between seasons. S. senegalensis also have a low-diversity diet (with only one more taxa, Amphipoda), but exhibit more intense feeding activity which varies seasonally, although with little seasonal variation in the relative importance of the main preys. The diet composition of these two species suggests feeding specialization. Se han examinado los hábitos alimentarios de dos especies importantes de lenguado, Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 y Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858, en el bajo estuario del río Guadiana (en el Algarve, sur de Portugal). La actividad depredadora de S. vulgaris es escasa y la variedad de sus presas limitada (únicamente poliquetos y tanaidaceos), con una ligera variación estacional de la dieta. S. senegalensis también se alimenta de una variedad reducida de presas, aunque con un taxón más (anfípodos), y tiene una actividad depredadora mayor, que varía estacionalmente, aunque no hay variaciones en la importancia relativa de la presa con la estación del año. La composición de la dieta de estas dos especies sugiere la especialización de su alimentación. Instituto Español de Oceanografía

Axillary seabream, Pagellus acarne, caught by longlines in the Algarve (Southern Portugal), were sampled between August 1995 and August 1996. Age was studied by counting growth increments on otoliths and the estimated von Bertalanffy parameters were Linf = 28.82 cm, K = 0.29 year-1 and t0 = -1.47 year for males and Linf = 32.30 cm, K = 0.18 year-1 and t0 = -2.56 year for females. Evidence of the annual periodicity of the deposition of increments was found by marginal increment analyses. Macroscopic analysis of the gonads and the gonad somatic index showed that reproduction occurred over an extensive period of time, from May to November. Lengths at first maturity were 18.10 and 17.60 cm for males and females, respectively. This species was characterized as being a protandric hermaphrodite. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion