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Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the anteroposterior position between the upper incisors (UI) and the soft tissues based on photographs in which the head has been oriented along the Frankfort Horizontal Plane. Material and Methods: Restrospective case-control study carried out by analizing photographic and CBCT images of 109 patientes. The sample was divided into 4 different groups: 21 normocclusive (N), 29 Class II/1st, 29 Class II/2nd y 30 Class III. All patients were positioned using the Frankfurt plane (FH). From this aligned position of the head, a vertical line was drawn perpendicular to the FH passing through the Soft-Tissue Nasion (LN), and the distance in centimeters from of the UI to this vertical line was measured on both the CBCT and the photo of the patient’s profile. Results: the UI was located in front of the LN in the groups N, Class II/1st y Class III (0,4, 0,2, 0,1cm respectively) and behind the LN in the group Class II/2nd (0,2cm). There were significant differences between the Class II/2nd and Normocclusive groups and Class II/2nd and Class II/1st (p<0.001 y p=0.004 respectively). Conclusions: Orthodontic and/or surgical correction of various malocclusions can be planned based on the position of the UI with respect to the LN established in Normocclusive patients.

La invaginación gingival es un fenómeno observado comúnmente durante el cierre ortodóncico del espacio edéntulo después de la extracción dental, lo cual puede conllevar a posibles secuelas que pueden incluir resultados inciertos del cierre del espacio, pérdida de hueso marginal o cambios inflamatorios. Comprometiendo así el éxito del tratamiento. (Extracto de la introducción)

Introducción: El desarrollo de la tecnología digital ha reformado por completo el diagnóstico, tratamiento y el seguimiento de los pacientes de Ortodoncia, sufriendo una gran evolución en cuanto a la técnica y los materiales. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es analizar los recursos disponibles y las aplicaciones clínicas de la tecnología en Ortodoncia, para el diagnóstico, planificación del tratamiento de las maloclusiones, toma de decisiones y tratamiento de ortodoncia respecto a las técnicas utilizadas convencionalmente. Material y Métodos: La búsqueda se ha realizado a través de las bases de datos MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science y Scopus con distintas palabras clave, obteniendo un total de 1472 artículos. Resultados: Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión, leer los títulos y los resúmenes, se seleccionaron 45 artículos. Conclusiones: El trabajo digital en Ortodoncia está en auge, aumentando cada vez más el uso en clínica de tecnologías como el escáner intraoral, el sistema CAD/CAM, así como diferentes softwares para llevar a cabo mediciones de modelos o trazados cefalométricos digitales. Los métodos digitales son tan fiables como el método convencional, aportando numerosas ventajas., Introduction: The development of digital technology has completely reshaped the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of orthodontic patients, undergoing a great evolution in terms of technique and materials. Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the available resources and clinical applications of technology in orthodontics for diagnosis, treatment planning and orthodontic treatment with respect to the techniques conventionally used. Material and Methods: The search was carried out in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases with different keywords, initially obtaining 1472 articles. Results: After applying the inclusion criteria, reading the titles and abstracts, 45 articles were selected. Conclusions: Digital work in Orthodontics is booming, and the use of technologies such as intraoral scanners, CAD/CAM systems, as well as different softwares to carry out measurements of models or digital cephalometric tracings is increasing in the clinic. Digital methods are as reliable as the conventional method, providing numerous advantages.

Metal ion release studies were carried out on three of the most commonly used orthodontic wires in the clinic: austenitic stainless steel, Ti-Mo, and superelastic NiTi, using three mouthwashes with different fluoride concentrations: 130, 200, and 380 ppm. Immersions were carried out in these mouthwashes at 37 C for 1, 4, 7, and 14 days, and the ions released were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All wires were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a moderate ion release in the stainless steel wires, with nickel and chromium values of 500 and 1000 ppb in the worst conditions for the wires: concentrations of 380 ppm fluoride and 14 days of immersion. However, in the Ti-Mo and NiTi alloys, an abrupt change in release was observed when the samples were immersed in 380 ppm fluoride concentrations. Titanium releases in Ti-Mo wires reached 200,000 ppb, creating numerous pits on the surface. Under the same conditions, the release of Ni and Ti ions from the superelastic wires also exceeded 220,000 ppb and 180,000 ppb, respectively. This release of ions causes variations in the chemical composition of the wires, causing the appearance of martensite plates in the austenitic matrix after 4 days of immersion. This fact causes it to lose its superelastic properties at a temperature of 37 C. In the case of immersion in 380 ppm mouthwashes for more than 7 days, rich-nickel precipitates can be seen. These embrittle the wire and lose all tooth-correcting properties. It should be noted that the release of Ni ions can cause hypersensitivity in patients, particularly women. The results indicate that the use of mouthwashes with a high content of fluoride should not be recommended with orthodontic archwires.

The influence of sodium fluoride (NaF) concentration in mouthwashes on the properties of superelastic NiTi orthodontic wires has been studied. In this work, 55.8%Ni and 44.2%Ti (in weight) wires were introduced in commercial mouthwashes with different NaF contents (0, 130, 200 and 380 ppm). The release of Ni2+ and Ti4+ ions was by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) at 1, 4, 7 and 14 days. Superelastic orthodontic wires present at oral temperature the austenitic phase which is transformed into a plastic phase (martensite) by cooling. The temperatures at which this occurs are influenced by the chemical composition. The release of ions from the wire will produce variations in the temperatures and stresses of the stress-induced martensitic transformation. Ms, Mf, As, Af were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The transformation stresses (austenite to stress induce martensite) were determined with a servo-hydraulic testing machine at 37 °C. The surfaces for the different times and mouthwash were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The release of Ni2+ in mouthwashes with 380 ppm NaF concentrations reaches 230,000 ppb in 14 days and for Ti4+ 175,000 ppb. When NaF concentrations are lower than 200 ppm the release of Ni and Ti ions is around 1500 ppb after 14 days. This variation in compositions leads to variations in Ms from 27 °C to 43.5 °C in the case of higher NaF concentration. The increasing immersion time and NaF concentrations produce a decrease of Ni in the wires, increasing Ms which exceed 37 °C with the loss of superelasticity. In the same way, the stresses (tooth position corrective) decrease from 270 MPa to 0 MPa due to the martensitic phase. The degradation can produce the growth of precipitates rich in Ti (Ti2Ni). These results are of great interest in the orthodontic clinic in order to avoid the loss of the therapeutic properties of superelastic NiTi due to long immersion in fluoride mouthwashes.

Titanium mini-implants are used as anchorage for orthodontic tooth movements. However, these implants present problems due to the infection of surrounding tissues. The aim of this work was to obtain a polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer by plasma in order to achieve a bacteriostatic surface. Titanium surfaces were activated by argon plasma and, after, by PEG plasma with different powers (100, 150 and 200 W) for 30 and 60 min. The roughness was determined by white light interferometer microscopy and the wettability was determined by the contact angle technique. Surface chemical compositions were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cytocompatibility and cell adhesion studies were performed with fibroblast (hFFs) and osteoblast (SAOS-2) cells. Bacterial cultures with Spectrococcus Sanguinis and Lactobacillus Salivarius were performed, and bacterial colonization was determined. The results showed that plasma treatments do not affect the roughness. Plasma makes the surfaces more hydrophilic by decreasing the contact angles from 64.2° for titanium to 5.2° for argon-activated titanium, with values ranging from 12° to 25° for the different PEG treatments. The plasma has two effects: the cleaning of the surface and the formation of the PEG layer. The biocompatibility results were, for all cases, higher than 80%. The polymerization treatment with PEG reduced the adhesion of hFFs from 7000 to 6000 and, for SAOS-2, from 14,000 to 6500, for pure titanium and those treated with PEG, respectively. Bacterial adhesion was also reduced from 600 to 300 CFU/mm2 for Spetrococcuns Sanguinis and from 10,000 to 900 CFU/mm2 for Lactobacillus Salivarius. The best bacteriostatic treatment corresponded to PEG at 100 W and 30 s. As a consequence, the PEG coating would significantly prevent the formation of bacterial biofilm on the surface of titanium mini-implants.

OBJETIVO: Analizar a lo largo de esta revisión sistemática la eficacia y predictibilidad de los movimientos dentales en la expansión transversal de la arcada, beneficios de los alineadores como terapia ortodóncica y la disponibilidad o ausencia de evidencia sobre la estabilidad de la arcada una vez finalizado el tratamiento. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realiza una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, Web of Sciencey Scopus. La evaluación de la calidad de los estudios observacionales se realizó utilizando la herramienta ROBINS-I. La clasificación OCEM se utilizó para evaluar el nivel de evidencia de cada resultado identificado. RESULTADOS: Diez artículos (dos ensayos clínicos prospectivos y ocho retrospectivos) fueron incluidos en nuestra revisión sistemática. Nuestros estudios tuvieron un riesgo de sesgo moderado. CONCLUSIONES: Los alineadores demostraron ser una alternativa positiva para el movimiento de expansión, que ofrece un alto grado de predictibilidad y que favorece a la higiene oral del paciente. Es fundamental realizar pruebas CBCT y se hace evidente la necesidad de realizar un protocolo consensuado sobre las referencias anatómicas para que las mediciones sean objetivas y homogéneas en los futuros estudios. Se necesitan estudios a largo plazo sobre la expansión transversal con alineadores para valorar el éxito y la estabilidad de este tipo de tratamiento., OBJETIVE: To analyze throughout this systematic review the efficacy and predictability of dental movements in the transverse expansion of the arch, the aligners’ benefitsas orthodontic therapyand the availability or absence of evidence on the stability of the arch after treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic researchwas made using PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, Web of Scienceand Scopus databases. Quality assessment of observational studies was done by using the ROBINS-Itool and. The OCEM classification was used to assessevidence level for each identified outcome. RESULTS: Ten articles (two prospective and eight retrospective clinical trials) were included in our systematic review. Ourstudies had a moderate risk of bias.CONCLUSIONS: The aligners proved to be a positive alternative to the expansion movement, offering a high degree of predictability and enhancing the oral hygiene of the patient. It is essential to carry out CBCT tests and it is evident the need to developan agreed protocol on anatomical references so that the measurements would beobjective and homogeneous in future studies.Long-term studies about transverse expansion with aligners are needed to assess the success andstability of this type of treatment.

El uso de microtornillos e implantes en ortodoncia como método para obtener anclaje absoluto está hoy en boga, a pesar de haber transcurrido ya más de cuarenta años desde su descubrimiento. Estos dispositivos han demostrado ser uno de los avances más significativos en la historia moderna de la ortodoncia. Este sistema tiene una singularidad: su uso temporal, el cual, aunque transitorio, aporta ese anclaje absoluto, evitando efectos recíprocos indeseados generados en el transcurso del tratamiento. Las numerosas indicaciones de estos dispositivos ofrecen al ortodoncista un amplio abanico de posibilidades para corregir casos que, hasta hace poco, no se podrían solucionar sin pasar por quirófano y/o llevando aparatología extraoral. La necesidad de colaboración del paciente y la reducción del tiempo de tratamiento, son unas de las principales ventajas. Su eficacia probada, además de su fácil colocación, aportan seguridad y satisfacción en los resultados de los tratamientos, haciendo que cada día sean más populares Objetivo: El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para cuantificar la capacidad de movimiento sagital de los microtornillos, mostrar que ventajas tienen estos dispositivos frente a los tratamientos convencionales en este plano., The use of miniscrews has become, nowadays, a feasible option to treat several cases that requires absolute anchorage. These devices, have been proven to be one of the most significant developments in the modern history of orthodontics, since its invention, more than forty years ago. They have a distinctive characteristic: its temporary use, which, albeit is transitory, provides that simple absolute anchorage that dentists seek, avoiding the reciprocal effects that are commonly produced over the course of almost every treatment. These devices offer the orthodontist a wide range of possibilities to approach many cases which, until very recently, could only been corrected with major surgery or wearing extraoral appliances. All of the above diminish the necessity of cooperation with the patient, and the overall treatment time decrease too. Its proven efficacy, but also the ease with which it is placed, that doesn’t require any surgery beyond the dentist’s capacity, bring secure results and satisfaction, making them increasingly popular. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review is to quantify the capacity of sagittal movement of the miniscrews, and the advantages that these devices can offer against traditional ways of treatments used in this plane.

Evaluate the quality of finishing and degree of contamination before and after handling and surface treatment of titanium (Ti) orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study on ninety-six titanium OMIs was done. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) identified the present particles on manufactured OMIs surfaces. Then, OMIs were manipulated with gauze (dry sterile, soaked in chlorhexidine) and gloves (latex, nitrile) to evaluate the contamination of these handling materials. Finally, OMIs underwent surface treatments and were placed in bone to observe the contaminants they released. Roughness (Ra) and wettability with contact angle parameter (CA) were measured on these treated OMIs. Machined OMIs presented surface irregularities and were contaminated with manufacturing-process particles (carbon, plastic Polyvinyl Chloride PVC, aluminum). Hand-manipulated OMIs were also contaminated by the handling materials. OMIs surface characteristics were as follows: acid-etched (Ra 1.3 m, CA 66 ), machined (Ra 0.3 m, CA 68 ), SB (Ra 3.3 m, CA 78 ), and SBAO (Ra 3.1 m, CA 92 ). Bone was contaminated by OMIs surface defects and extra particles. Manufactured OMIs have surface contaminants that increase with clinical handling. Surface treatments (SBAO, a combination of sandblasting and anodic oxidation) increase the roughness and contact angle, which play an important role in osseointegration. Surface-treated OMIs leave titanium particles in the bone during their insertion-removal. The use of a gauze soaked in chlorhexidine is recommended when handling OMIs. Further investigations would be interesting to study more variables and confirm the present results.

Objetivo: Analizar los procedimientos de diagnóstico tridimensional de la asimetría facial para tratar de definir el o los métodos más completos. Material y método: Se realiza una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y The Cochrane Library. Para evaluar la calidad y la evidencia de los estudios incluidos utilizamos la escala ROBINS-I y la clasificación OCEBM, respectivamente. Resultados: Diez artículos (estudios transversales), con riesgo de sesgo moderado, se incluyeron en la presente revisión sistemática. Conclusiones: A pesar de no existir un método estándar e idóneo para el diagnóstico tridimensional de la asimetría facial, se han utilizado el índice de asimetría y medidas lineales y angulares para conocer la presencia y ubicación de la asimetría., Objective: To analyse the three-dimensional diagnostic procedures for facial asymmetry to define the most complete method(s). Material and method: An electronic search was made using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library databases. Quality and evidence assessment were done with the ROBINS-I tool and the OCEBM classification, respectively. Results: Ten articles (cross-sectional studies), with moderate risk of bias, were included in the present systematic review. Conclusions: Despite the absence of a standard and suitable method for the three-dimensional diagnosis of facial asymmetry, the asymmetry index and linear and angular measurements have been used to determine the presence and location of asymmetry.

Background: To estimate whether there is skeletal and/or dental asymmetry in class II subdivision patients, between the Class II side and the Class I side using of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: A sample of 30 patients, from a private clinic, retrospectively selected; with a class II sub division diagnosis requiring treatment, who underwent wide-field CBCT that met the inclusion criteria. The data was processed with Dolphin 3D version 11.95 Premium software. The craniometric points, as well as the spatial orientation scheme of the three-dimensional model were proposed by Craig Minich, et al. (1) Results: The Class II subdivision side and the Class I side of each patient were compared through intramaxillary, intramandibular, and intermaxillary measurements, evaluating each one in three dimensions (sagittal, frontal, and axial). Also, the measurements made from the three-dimensional volume, were contrasted with those generated in the biplane views. The level of significance used was 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the R program (R Development Core Team), version 3.4.4. The intraoperative variability was previously verified using the Dahl berg formula. This error is 0.35 -1.10, so the spatial orientation and placement of craniometric points are repeatable and reliable. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences have been found with respect to skeletal values and dentoalveolar position. Regarding the skeletal findings, the class II subdivision side is narrower and there is a shortening of the condylar branch. In the dentoalveolar position on this side, the upper molar and canine are in an advanced position, the lower molar is posterior and lower than the contralateral and the lower canine is in a delayed position. Further more, measurements made from a two-dimensional image cannot be extrapolated with those made directly from a three-dimensional volume. The problem is generated by a deviation in dental position as well

A potential new bactericide treatment for NiTi orthodontic archwires based in the electrodeposition of silver nanoparticles on the surface was studied. Twenty-five archwires were treated by electrodeposition, obtaining nanoparticles of silver embedded on the archwire surface. These were evaluated in order to investigate the possible changes on the superelastic characteristics (critical temperatures and stresses), the nickel ion release, and the bacteria culture behavior. The chemical composition was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy-microanalysis; the singular temperatures of the martensitic transformation were obtained by a flow calorimeter. Induced martensitic transformation stresses were obtained by mechanical testing apparatus. Nickel ion release was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) equipment using artificial saliva solution at 37 °C. Bacterial tests were studied with the most used oral bacterial strains: Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus salivarius. NiTi samples were immersed in bacterial suspensions for 2 h at 37 °C. Adhered bacteria were separated and seeded on agar plates: Tood-Hewitt (TH) and Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) for S. sanguinis and for L.salivarius, respectively. These were then incubated at 37 °C for 1 day and the colonies were analyzed. The results showed that the transformation temperatures and the critical stresses have not statistically significant differences. Likewise, nickel ion release at different immersion times in saliva at 37 °C does not present changes between the original and treated with silver nanoparticles archwires. Bacteria culture results showed that the reduction of the bacteria due to the presence to the nanoparticles of silver is higher than 90%. Consequently, the new treatment with nanoparticles of silver could be a good candidate as bactericidic orthodontic archwire.

OBJETIVO: Analizar a lo largo de esta revisión sistemática los efectos esqueléticos, dentoalveolares y en los tejidos blandos de la protracción maxilar con miniplacas en comparación con el tratamiento convencional y definir la edad óptima para ambos tratamientos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realiza una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane, Medline y Scopus. La evaluación de la calidad de los estudios observacionales y el ensayo clínico aleatorizado se realizó utilizando las herramientas ROBINS y Cochrane de riesgo de sesgo, respectivamente. La clasificación OCEM se utilizó para evaluar el nivel de evidencia de cada resultado identificado. RESULTADOS: Once artículos (un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, dos estudios prospectivos y ocho retrospectivos) fueron incluidos en nuestra revisión sistemática. Nuestros estudios tuvieron un riesgo de sesgo moderado. CONCLUSIONES: Para obtener buenos resultados esqueléticos, la terapia clásica con máscara facial debe utilizarse lo antes posible durante el recambio dentario, mientras que el tratamiento con miniplacas puede hacerse durante la dentición permanente joven. Se observan mejores resultados dentoesqueléticos utilizando máscara facial con miniplacas. Se consigue estabilidad a largo plazo realizando un tratamiento temprano con máscara facial convencional. Sin embargo, se necesitan estudios a largo plazo sobre miniplacas., OBJETIVE: To analyze through this systematic review skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft-tissue effects of maxillary protraction with miniplates compared with conventional facemask and define the optimal age to carry out both treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic serach was made using PubMd, Cochrane, Medline and Scopus databases. Quality assessment of observational studies and randomized control trial was done by using the ROBINS tool and Cochrane risk of bias tool, respectively. The OCEM classification was used to asses evidence level for each identified outcome. RESULTS: Eleven articles (one randomized controlled trial, two prospective studies and eight retrospective studies) were included in our systematic review. Our studies had a moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: To achieve favorable skeletal outcomes, the classic therapy with facemask should be used along dental replacement as soon as possible, whereas miniplates treatment could be used during young permanent dentition. Enhanced dento-skeletal outcomes have been observed using facemask with miniplates. A long-term stability has been achieved with an early treatment with conventional facemask. However, long-term studies about miniplates are needed.

Objetivo: Analizar los cambios producidos en las vías respiratorias en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortognática, para evaluar los cambios en las vías aéreas en pacientes con Síndrome de Apnea-Hipoapnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAHOS). Material y método: realizamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura, relacionada con nuestro tema, en diferentes bases de datos (PubMed, Scopus y Cochrane) y utilizando los marcadores de búsqueda, se obtuvieron un total de 2905 artículos y tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión seleccionamos 8 artículos para esta revisión. Conclusión: La cirugía ortognática, que se realiza en el tratamiento de la mejora de las vías aéreas, puede producir cambios importantes estas y por tanto en el SAHOS. El avance maxilo-mandibular, es uno de los procedimientos más importantes en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

Propósito del trabajo: La subjetividad de la belleza dificulta establecer objetivos estéticos para el diagnóstico y plan de tratamiento. Pretendemos desarrollar dos herramientas que permitan una determinación más precisa de la dimensión transversal de la sonrisa. Valoraremos la eficacia de las referidas herramientas en diferentes patrones de extracciones terapéuticas. Materia y Métodos: Con una muestra de 90 pacientes distribuidos en tres grupos según el patrón de extracciones terapéuticas seguido, realizamos las siguientes mediciones: a) inclinación del incisivo superior; b) anchura y forma de arcada superiores; c) análisis de sonrisa posada. Para este último análisis se determina una serie de puntos a nivel dentario y labial. Cada punto quedará definido con dos valores (x,y) sobre un eje de coordenadas. Mediante un ajuste de curvas polinómicas a los referidos puntos obtenemos el Índice de Consonancia de Sonrisa (ICS). La magnitud de la sonrisa se determina mediante las superficies encerradas entre las curvas obtenidas y el eje de abscisas, obteniendo el Índice de Magnitud de Sonrisa (IMS). Resultados: Se obtienen correlaciones negativas: a) entre ICS e inclinación del incisivo superior, b) entre arco dentario y forma de arcada y c) entre forma de arcada e IMS. Se obtiene correlación positiva entre anchura de arcada e IMS. Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta que la sociedad considera que una sonrisa es estética cuanto mayor consonante sea el arco de sonrisa y mayor amplitud tenga la misma: a) las sonrisas más consonantes se obtienen cuando disminuye la torsión incisiva y en formas de arcada más estrechas, b) las sonrisas más amplias se consiguen cuando aumenta la amplitud y la anchura de arcada, c) el grupo que consigue mejorar la consonancia y la amplitud de la sonrisa es el de extracciones de segundos premolares superiores, y por último, d) proporcionamos una medición objetiva en la determinación de la consonancia del arco de sonrisa y una forma diferente de entende

INTRODUCCIÓN: El CBCT proporciona imágenes con excelente calidad diagnóstica. Además, realiza cortes tomográficos en cortos intervalos de tiempo y baja dosis de radiación, lo que aumenta la capacidad de evaluación en la clínica odontológica, con menor distorsión de las imágenes provenientes en 3D. Por otro lado, las asimetrías faciales han sido objeto de estudio por los ortodoncistas por su implicación en la cirugía ortognática, por lo que la visualización de estructuras 3D aporta una mejor localización de los puntos anatómicos para planificar el tratamiento y diagnóstico de asimetrías faciales, comparando las estructuras, entre los lados derecho e izquierdo del paciente. OBJETIVOS: Los propósitos de este estudio fueron: (1) Evaluar la asimetría facial en 3D usando la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) y (2) comparar volumétricamente el lado derecho y el izquierdo de los tejidos duros de la cara. MÉTODO: Los datos de CBCT de 25 pacientes asimétricos (desviación mentón blando ≥4 mm de la línea media facial) y 25 pacientes simétricos (desviación mentón blando <4 mm de la línea media facial) fueron exportadas al software in vivo 5 dental anatomoge. Copyright 2005© Anatomage, USA. Se hace una reconstrucción volumétrica para realizar mediciones lineales y angulares en los 3 planos del espacio para evaluar y comparar las diferencias entre ambos grupos. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes simétricos no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre ambas hemicaras. Los pacientes asimétricos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en Altura Malar (p<0,05) y en Inclinación Frontal de rama (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Las asimetrías faciales se pueden cuantificar con precisión utilizando CBCT, ya que proporciona una visión real de las dimensiones exactas y de las estructuras alteradas en los tres planos del espacio, facilitando el cálculo con mediciones objetivas en grados y milímetros de la estructura a corregir, siendo el análisis en 3D un ele

A bioactive layer, free of nickel, has been performed for its greater acceptability and reliability in clinical applications for NiTi shape memory alloys. In the first step, a safe barrier against Ni release has been produced on the surface by means of a thicker rutile/anastase protective layer free of nickel. In the second step, a sodium alkaline titanate hydrogel, which has the ability to induce apatite formation, has been performed from oxidized surface. An improvement of host tissue–implant integration has been achieved in terms of Ni ions release and the bioactivity of the treated NiTi alloys has been corroborated with both in vitro and in vivo studies. The transformation temperatures (As, Af, Ms, and Mf), as well as the critical stresses (σβ⇔M), have been slightly changed due to this surface modification. Consequently, this fact must be taken into account in order to design new surface modification on NiTi implants.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La disfunción temporomandibular (DTM) es un conjunto de entidades que afecta a la articulación temporomandibular (ATM), musculatura y los tejidos que los rodean. La maloclusión de clase III establece una posición adelantada de la arcada inferior con respecto a la superior. Está caracterizada por retrognatismo maxilar, prognatismo mandibular, o la combinación de ambas. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la relación entre el tratamiento de la clase III y la disfunción temporomandibular. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realiza una revisión sistemática de la literatura de los términos estudiados en diferentes bases de datos (MEDLINE, vía PubMed, Scopus y Cochrane). Se obtienen un total de 558 artículos. Al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, finalmente los artículos incluidos para la revisión son 23. CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento de la clase III no supone un factor etiológico en la aparición o agravamiento de los signos y síntomas que se dan en la disfunción temporomandibular. Además, la terapia tiene efectos favorecedores sobre las funciones mandibular y masticatoria., INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is a set of conditions that affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the masticatory muscles and the tissues surrounding them. Class III malocclusion establishes a forward position of the jaw with respect to the maxillary. It is characterized by retrognathism maxillary, mandibular prognathism, or a combination of both. The aim of this study is to establish the relationship between the treatment of Class III and temporomandibular dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature of the terms studied in different databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane) is performed. A total of 558 items are obtained. In applying the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, finally 23 items are included items for review. CONCLUSION: Treatment of class III is not an etiologic factor in the appearance or worsening of the signs and symptoms that occur in the temporomandibular dysfunction. In addition, the therapy has becoming effects on mandibular and masticatory functions.

Objetivo: el motivo principal del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión de la literatura para investigar la posible relación de la respiración oral con las alteraciones en la postura craneocervical y la posición del hioides. Metodología de la búsqueda: se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en la base electrónica de datos PubMed y se aplicaron una serie de criterios de inclusión para seleccionar los artículos encontrados. Resultados: de los 297 artículos encontrados, 13 fueron seleccionados por cumplir los criterios de inclusión. 8 artículos investigan la relación de la postura craneocervical con la respiración oral, 3 tratan sobre la posición hioidea y 2 analizan ambos temas. Conclusiones: pese a la variabilidad encontrada, se concluye que los respiradores orales presentan extensión craneocervical, proyección adelantada de la cabeza y pérdida de la lordosis cervical fisiológica , lo que repercute negativamente sobre la postura general y la función respiratoria. La posición anteroposterior del hioides se mantiene estable a pesar del tipo respiratorio, en cambio, la posición vertical del hioides presenta una gran variabilidad entre los estudios.

Objectives: To validate the effectiveness of the original standards of True Vertical (TV) Subnasal Line in orthognatic surgery planning. The present study evaluates the changes occurring in patients with skeletal Class II alterations programmed for orthognathic surgery with a view to improving their facial profile. Study desing: We showed a series of black profiles (composed by a first control group of subjects with normal occlusion, and another two additional groups comprised patients before –Group 2- and after orthognatic surgical correction of Class II malocclusion -Group 3-) for three groups of observers (orthodontists, surgeons and laypeople). The facial images became black silhouettes in order to determine a series of parameters (including aesthetic assessment) by means of the observers. Their observation were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: The sample was composed of 52 profile’s subjects who were tested for a total of 72 observers. Aesthetic assessment yielded mean scores of 2.57, 1.67 and 2.46 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between group 1 versus group 2. There were no significant differences in terms of observer assessment of aesthetics, with the exception of a wider perception range among the orthodontists. Regarding the studied profile measures, significant differences were recorded for point B’ and Pg’ (p<0.02) between groups 2 and 3 (i.e., pre- versus post-surgery). Conclusions: The results of our study suggest the subnasale vertical and sagittal measures of the lower third of the face are decisive in facial aesthetics, and therefore also for the planning of orthognathic urgery. Consequently, these aesthetic parameters can be used as an objective tool for the planning of orthodontic treatment.

The anatomy of dental compensation curve in the frontal plane described by George H. Wilson is one of the occlusal determinants of orthodontic treatment. However, there is few published comparing malocclusion and normocclusion individuals. Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the curve of Wilson at first and second maxillary molars, normocclusion pattern and malocclusion pattern, with and without bilateral posterior crossbite, using angular references in CBCT studies. Material and Methods: We analyzed 10 cases of malocclusion with bilateral posterior crossbite, 10 cases of mal occlusion without bilateral posterior crossbite and 10 cases with non orthodontic normocclusion (patients who underwent cone beam study for other reasons than orthodontic). All of hem were adults, more than 19 years. Angular variables from left and right axis (line connecting the occlusal and furcation groove) of first and second molars towards a perpendicular to the frontal palate were measured. There was carried out an Anova test, Bonferroni analysis and Levene ́s statistics. Results: The descriptive analysis of the results shows an average values of total maxillary curve of Wilson for first molars (sum of left and right angle) of 8.1° for normocclusion group, 0.4° for the malocclusion pattern with bilateral posterior crossbite and 16.9° for the malocclusion pattern without this alteration. The mean differences was statistical significant (P<0,042) between between malocclusion pattern groups with and without crossbite. Conclusion: The curve of Wilson, measured at maxillary first molars in patients with bilateral posterior crossbite is more concave than the other groups, suggesting no dentoalveolar compensations

NiTi spring coils were used to obtain large deformation under a constant force. The device consists on a NiTi coil spring, superelastic at body temperature, in order to have a stress plateau during the austenitic retransformation during the unloading. The temperature variations induced changes in the spring force. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the temperature variations in the spring forces and corrosion behaviour simulating the ingestion hot/cold drinks and food. Study Design: The springs were subjected to a tensile force using universal testing machine MTS-Adamel (100 N load cell). All tests were performed in artificial saliva maintained at different temperatures. The corrosion tests were performed according to the ISO-standard 10993-15:2000. Results: The increase in temperature of 18ºC induced an increase in the spring force of 30%. However, when the temperature returns to 37ºC the distraction force recovers near the initial level. After cooling down the spring to 15ºC, the force decreased by 46%. This investigation show as the temperature increase, the corrosion potential shifts towards negative values and the corrosion density is rising. Conclusions: The changes of the temperatures do not modify the superelastic behaviour of the NiTi closed-coil springs. The corrosion potential of NiTi in artificial saliva is decreasing by the rise of the temperatures.

Introduction: The position of lower incisor has been of considerable concern when planning an orthodontic treatment, having been recognized as one of diagnostic keys, Very important in the development of malocclusion and facial pattern. Objectives: In this study we claim to determine the importance of the position and inclination of lower incisor in the different malocclusions and facial patterns, and to base which of the cephalometric measurement parameters are the mostreliable. Material and Methods: Ninety lateral radiographies were taken, and they were classified by skeletal malocclusion and facial pattern.These teleradiographies have been performed cephalometric analysis, which includelower incisor position belong the following analysis: Ricketts, Riolo, Tweed, McHorris, Jarabak-MSE and Holdaway. Study Design: Cross-sectional study where we perform statistical analysis Anova test, Pearson correlations and Bonferroni analysis. Results: The analyzed measurements present a statistically significant differentiation in lower incisor inclination respect to the anterior cranial base, McHorris angle, angulation of lower incisor respect to occlusal plane and mandibular plane. Conclusions: There are statistically significant differentiation in lower incisor position and inclination respect the malocclusion and individual facial pattern.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare, in a split mouth design, the external apical root resorption (EARR) associated with orthodontic treatment in root-filled maxillary incisors and their contralateral teeth with vital pulps. Methodology: The study sample consisted of 38 patients (14 males and 24 females), who had one root-filled incisor before completion of multiband/bracket orthodontic therapy for at least 1 year. For each patient, digital panoramic radiographs taken before and after orthodontic treatment were used to determine the root resortion and the pro portion of external root resorption (PRR), defined as the ratio between the root resorption in the endodontically treated incisor and that in its contralateral incisor with a vital pulp. The student’s t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine statistical significance. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between EARR in vital teeth (1.1 ± 1.0 mm) and endodontically treated incisors (1.1 ± 0.8 mm). Twenty-six patients (68.4%) showed greater resorption of the endodontically treated incisor than its homolog vital tooth (p > 0.05). The mean and standard deviation of PPR were 1.0 ± 0.2. Multivariate logistic regression suggested that PRR does not correlate with any of the variables analyzed. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the amount or severity of external root resorption during or thodontic movement between root-filled incisors and their contralateral teeth with vital pulps.

Objectives: In the first place, to evaluate skeletal changes of the maxilla and mandible induced by surgical-orthodontic correction of malocclusions class III with long-face syndrome and secondly, to analyze the stability of these skeletal changes in the long term (more than 6 years). Design of Study: A retrospective, unicentric and longitudinal study of 19 patients who had undergone surgical and orthodontic therapy for class III skeletal malocclusion with long-face syndrome was undertaken. A cephalometric analysis based on 8 angle measurements, and statistical analyses at three different points in time (before orthodontic treatment, after orthognathic surgery and after a retention period of at least 6 years) were carried out. Results: The changes produced following surgery show that, with the exception of the maxillary plane and the facial axis, all other variables presented changes of great statistical difference. Conclusions: Skeletal changes after orthodontic-surgical correction present maxillary advance, mandibular regression and mandibular anterorotation. The angles that represent the mandibular vertical position (ramus angle, goniac angle and mandibular plane angle) showed statistically significant relapses and no stability in contrast to the facial axis.

Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome is characterized by repeated airway collapse during sleep. The literature describes multiple causes of the disease. The main cause is a reduction of the expansion forces of the pharyngeal dilator muscles, as in situations of genioglossal muscle dysfunction, and discoordination between the inspiratory activity of the muscle and respiratory effort, which play an important role in progression of the disease. Other described causes are soft tissue disorders, such as macroglossia or tonsillar hypertrophy, and skeletal structural alterations such as micrognathia and retrognathia. The syndrome is also more frequent in obese people, where the accumulation of fat in the neck region produces narrowing of th pharyngeal airway, thereby diminishing the passage of air. This review focuses on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, main features and diagnosis of the disease, and on its main forms of treatment.

Del resultado de la adhesión de nuestra aparatología dependerá en gran medida nuestro éxito y la ganancia de tiempo para la ejecución de nuestros tratamientos.En todos los aspectos en los que se basa la unión brackets-dientes parece claro que el punto más conflictivo en cuanto a la rotura de la unión bracket-diente (B/D) es el fallo en la interfase de unión cemento-base en los brackets metálicos, que son, con diferencia, los más utilizados en la clínica diaria.• Objetivos1. Estudio del comportamiento del granallado en la adhesión de brackets y diente:a) Cuando cambia el área de la superficie.b) Cuando cambia el tipo de retención.2. Estudio del tipo de material abrasivo que produce mayor retención.3. Estudio del tamaño de partícula que proporciona una mejor preparación en la superficie del bracket para una mejor adhesión.4. Observación por microscopía electrónica de barrido de las modificaciones obtenidas mediante el uso de los micrograbados con partículas a presión.5. Observación a microscopía del estado de la superficie dentaria después del ensayo de arrancamiento del bracket.6. Diseño de un modelo óptimo de preparación de la superficie del bracket.7. Determinación de unas condiciones idóneas que, mejorando la fuerza de adhesión, no sobrepasen la fuerza de tolerancia del esmalte dentario.8. Generación de un modelo clínico perfectamente aplicable a nuestra labor diaria.