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Since the 19th century, British literature addressed to young readers begins to emerge an unusual image of the world, in which, without the intervention of a fantastic element and almost imperceptibly for the reader, different times and eras are harmoniously combined. The crucial technique for creating such a universe is an anachronism, skillfully used by the author and not exposed to him; the latter, in turn, can leave clues for an attentive reader ready to join his “game.” The image of such a space turns out to be consonant with ideas developed in literary studies in recent years, such as the concept of “mythical (nonlinear) time” (M. Nikolaeva), “closed world” (P. Hunt), “palimpsest world” (M. Certeau), etc. The most important locus of such a world in the texts we are considering (Water Babies by Ch. Kingsley, The Wind in the Willows by K. Grahame) turns out to be a noble estate, to denote which we propose to use the term we introduced — “house on the edge of time.” As an additional task, we will analyze the world of W. Maine’s novel Earthfasts (1966), a fantastic “borderland,” which, in our opinion, serves as a development of the image of the Vendale in the tale by Charles Kingsley.

The concept "COUNTRY HOUSE" expresses the characteristics of life associated with village, agriculture, nature and solitude. The study of this concept may help to understand its cultural heritage, changes in its perception and use over time, as well as the impact on modern public views on comfort and home organization. By means of lexicographic analysis, content analysis, comparative analysis we concluded the following:1) to represent the country houses of the aristocracy in English linguistic culture, it is customary to use the lexeme country house;2) the semantics of this lexical unit shows the functions, history, and social meaning of country house, and estates;3) in-depth analysis shows also that in English linguistic culture, country house has a connection with the superconcepts HOME/HOUSE, which is associated with the concept of privacy, isolation, and also reflects a connection with nature.

The Rîșleacov family was part of the category of Bessarabian nobles, Dvoreni of Ukrainian origin on the paternal line, ranked among the local nobility and recorded, in 1824, in the 3rd part of the Genealogical Book from Bessarabia. Both archival documents and oral history testify that the nobles of the Rișleacov lineage contributed to the development of the locality, serving in state offices, being founders of the village church and local philanthropists. Being large landowners, the members of the Rișleacov family built on their estate mills, a small brick factory, other small agrarian industrial units. The house and auxiliary constructions of the mansion, which initially covered an imposing area of 5 ha, have been preserved until now, and the documentary heritage with reference to this theme, offers the possibility of reconstructing the forgotten pages of the history of Bessarabia from the second half of the 19th century-20s of the 20th century. Currently, the Rîșleacov mansion is being brought back to life by the Șoldănești History and Ethnography Museum, finding its headquarters here which, unfortunately, is not included in the Register of state-protected monuments in the Republic of Moldova.

Introduction. The problem of incomplete coincidence of views of K. Marx and F. Engels has long been raised in marxology. On this topic, D. McLellan, M. Ryubel, K.N. Lubutin and P.N. Kondrashov spoke. However, they were limited to political economy and ontology. We will discuss the views of classics on the origin of private property and the state.Methodology and sources. In this article the textual analysis of the works «Origin of family, private property and state» by F. Engels and «Forms preceding capitalist production» and «Manuscripts of 1844» by K. Marx is taken. The author a dopts a historical-comparative approach, combining the ideas of the classics with those of later Marxist schools.Results and discussion. F. Engels explains the appearance of the state by class contradictions. However, it does not distinguish the concept of «class» from the concept of «estate» and ignores the fact that in the pre-capitalist era an individual opposed another individual as a representative of a community that provided a certain standard of living. In a paragraph entitled «Forms Preceding Capitalist Production» in the «Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1861», K. Marx describes how the state emerged as an organizer of forced community works. This coercion was determined not by socio-political factors but by natural factors. Labor created not only a social product, but also the very relationship of domination. We show the semantic connection of this concept with that which was embodied K. Marx in «Economical-philosophical manuscripts of 1844».Conclusion. In classical Marxism there is no unified concept of the origin of the state and private property; the concepts of K. Marx and F. Engels differ from each other in the interpretation of the role of labor in this process. F. Engels attributes a passive role to labor. For K. Marx, the role of labor is active: labor itself creates its opposite, private property, and with it the state, which arises and exists due to the limitations of labor.

Research objectives: The main purpose of the study is to consider some fairly actively used stereotypes and their validity. Research materials: The reason for writing the proposed publication article was the work of A.Yu. Konev “The phenomenon of ‘foreignism’, yasak and gift exchange: the peoples of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia in Russia at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 18th centuries.” Published and newly discovered archival materials were its source basis. Results and novelty of the research: Within the framework of this article, we can distinguish two plots about stereotypes, quite different in nature, but relating, to a large extent, to one group of the population of Russia in the 16th–18th centuries – yasak people or yasak foreigners. According to the first stereotype, the unbaptized non-Russian population of the Russian state were not among the subjects of the Russian tsar, or at least not to the full extent. The authors usually do not provide any real justification for this point of view, but if they try to do so, they point to restrictions regarding unbaptized yasak and service people and to baptism as a way to obtain additional preferences (implementing a rise in social standing). At the same time, if we turn to the documents of the middle of the 18th century, we will see that officials and scientists of that time had no doubts that the yasak unbaptized population were Russian subjects from the moment their territories became part of this state. With a high degree of probability, we can admit that the formation of this stereotype dates back to the period of the predominance of the ideologeme “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationality” and is the result of extrapolation to the situation of the 16th–17th centuries representations of the second half of the 19th century. The second stereotype is less obvious, but quite serious. It consists of ignoring the information contained in a huge layer of documents of the 16th–17th centuries, namely, indications that yasak was collected from estates, and the presence of patrimonial lands was the basis for paying yasak. The reverse is also true – the payment of yasak gave rights to patrimonial lands. This information is contained in tsars’ decrees, orders to governors – that is, legislative documents. But until now, the bulk of specialists dealing with the history of the Volga region, the Urals, and Siberia simply did not notice these places in the documents. This is a kind of stereotype of ignoring the obvious. Meanwhile, based on the text of these documents, it is obvious that yasak can be considered only bearing in mind the status of the lands from which it was paid, indicated in the sources. This is true for territories from the Volga region to Central Siberia. Obviously, the time has come to change approaches to these issues. The scientific novelty of the study lies largely in the attempt to read and translate sources (often long published and well-known) as they were, discarding the “filters” formed by the historiographical tradition.

Copyright of Estudios de Historia de España is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This study deals with description of the furnace structure, studied during archaeological work on the territory of the upper part of one of the oldest towns in Siberia – Tobolsk (founded in 1587). Stratigraphic surveys together with a numismatic collection allowed the authors to date the revealed heating structure to the second half of the XVIII century. It was established that the furnace was built at the bottom of the cellar; its base was a frame of scaffolds, on which the brickwork was made (the reuse of bricks from pulled down furnaces was recorded). The studied part of the furnace base has been preserved to a height of 1 m; the maximum studied dimensions are 170×160 cm. Based on the analysis of the masonry, the furnace found to be rectangular in shape. It was decorated with tiles. The authors believe that the studied furnace design is not typical for Tobolsk of the second half of the XVIII century. It was in the house of a wealthy citizen.

Copyright of Amazonia Investiga is the property of PRIMMATE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Estate books can be defined as the books in which the assets of the people who died in the Ottoman period are recorded with their values. Estate books are among the books kept for many years in the Ottoman Empire. This situation has also been effective in terms of the development of accounting. The records in the estate records are considered among the important sources used by the courts in the Ottoman period regarding the division of inheritance. In other words, the books prepared in accordance with the accounting discipline are also the subject of history and law disipline. In this study, the transcription (translation) of the estate recordss of two people who died in the Cami'i-i Cedid district in the city of Ruse is given and the liquidation balance sheet of both estates was created in accordance with the transcription. As a result of the study, it has been tried to show that the assets of the deceased and the rights distributed are equal to each other, as the liquidation balance sheet of both estates

On October 17, 2017 the conference “An Alsatian Intellectual in Enlightenment Russia: L.G. Nikolay, Strasbourg President of the Russian Academy of Sciences” happened. Materials of the conference, with the addition of other essays and documents, formed the basis of the book under review (published under the editorship of Sorbonne Professor Rodolphe Baudin and Senior Researcher of IWL RAS Alexandra Veselova). The book’s authors are well-known scientists from France, Russia, Germany and Switzerland. Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nikolay (1737–1820; in Russia he was called Andrey Lvovich) played a prominent role in Russian social and cultural life at the end of the 18th century. Nicolay came from the intellectual milieu of Strasbourg, which became a subject of research in the essays included the book by R. Baudin, D. Ryusk and V. Berelovich. From 1769 he was in Russia, where he was entrusted with the position of mentor to the heir to the throne, Pavel Petrovich. In 1798, Nikolay was appointed president of the Russian Academy of Sciences; N. Prokhorenko’s essay is devoted to his productive activity in this post. Thanks to his personal qualities, Nicholas managed to stay at court after the coup on March 12, 1801 and ingratiate himself with Alexander I; in 1803 he left the service. A number of materials of the reviewed work are devoted to the literary work of Nikolay, a prolific and versatile poet (articles by M. Arens and A. Ananyeva). For posterity, the name Nikolay is associated primarily with the famous estate of Mon Repos in Vyborg, which he acquired in 1788, to which he dedicated a poem in 1804, probably his best work (article by Yu. Moshnik and M. Efimov). The book also pays attention to Nikolay as a character in historiographical essays and fiction (articles by A. Veselova and M. Efimov). Attached are five unpublished letters from Nicolai; their addressees are the diplomat and lawyer F.A. Annenberg and the poet and scientist K. Pfeffel. The book is provided with a chronology of Nicolai’s life and work and brief annotations of articles (in French and Russian).

Hem saray hem de saray dışında yaşayan Osmanlı kadınlarının yaşam tarzıher daim herkesin merakını celbeden bir konu olmuştur, olmaya da devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada da 19.yüzyıl (1825-1850) Osmanlı kadınının gündelik yaşam tarzı özellikle kıyafetler üzerinden kısmî olarak ortaya çıkartılmaya çalışıldı. Bu çerçevede beşi Müslüman seksen dokuz kadın terekesi incelendi. Terekeler kadın kıyafetleri özelindeincelenirken kıyafetlerden mütevellid giysilerde kullanılan kumaş türleri de kısmen ele alındı. Toplum içinde aktif şekilde varolan kadınların içerideki (ev) ve dışarıdaki (sokakta) halleri zaman zaman klasik ve modern dönem karşılaştırması yapılarak ortaya konuldu. Kıyafetler özelindekadının toplum içindeki varoluş şekillerinin, şekilsel biçimlerinin ve dolayısıyla görüntülerinin gün yüzüne çıkartılması amaçlandı. Tespitlerimiz terekelerin daha çok gayrimüslimlere ve dahi yönetici sınıf ve zengin kesim dışındakilere ait olmasından dolayı halk içindeki gayrimüslim kadınlara dair oldu. Tüm bunlar İstanbul Şerʻiye Sicilleri Arşivi’ndeki Mülga Beledî Kassamlığı esas alınarak yapıldı.

O espólio de Fernando Pessoa tem sido, desde a sua aquisição pelo Estado português, em 1979, um núcleo fundamental da cultura em língua portuguesa. Esse manancial, que esteve na génese das sucessivas edições da obra do poeta depois dos trabalhos pioneiros de chancelas como a Ática e a Aguilar, conheceram extensões relevantes desde 2008. Foi nesse ano que foram adquiridos pelo Estado português alguns documentos incluídos pelos sobrinhos de Pessoa, no quadro de um polémico leilão. Em 2020, um novo conjunto de autógrafos foi adquirido pela Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal através de um ajuste directo com os herdeiros de Pessoa, só recentemente disponibilizados para consulta na Sala dos Reservados da BNP. Este artigo conjuga uma descrição sumária do processo de novas aquisições, com a apresentação de um conjunto seleccionado de documentos, alguns dos quais inéditos, a que se somam alguns materiais que em 2008 foram digitalizados por uma equipa de investigadores que trabalharam em casa dos herdeiros de Pessoa e que não constam nem do conjunto leiloado em 2008, nem dos documentos adquiridos em 2020.

Copyright of E-balonmano.com: Journal of Sports Science / Revista de Ciencias del Deporte is the property of Federacion Extremena de Balonmano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study concerns on the Draft Act on Family Foundations. This draft law is still in the course of legislative works, but it constitutes the basis for a lively discussion in Poland on its final structure. This paper presents the general concept of regulating family foundations in Poland with the most important aspects of the private-legal structure. The model relating to tax solutions remains beyond the scope of this text. The Bill on Family Foundations has a symbolic dimension, because if the legislator intends to implement it, it means that the development of economic relations in Poland has reached an appropriate high level.

Research objectives: To study the handwritten shajara of Mamai “Khan”, the persons mentioned in it, and its chronological attribution. Research materials: A handwritten genealogy of the descendants of Mamai “Khan” deposited in the archive of orientalists of the Institute of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Academy of Sciences, civil cases of the Buinsky district court of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the archive of the Simbirsk district court, the materials of state audits of the population, official documents of the authorities and administration of the Simbirsk and Saratov provinces, and a legend about the founding of the village of Old Zelenaya, Khvalynsky district, Saratov province. Results and novelty of the research: Based on an analysis of a corpus of published and archival sources, M.A. Usmanov’s version of the “Mishar” origin of Mamai’s genealogy was confirmed. For the first time ever, the chronological framework of this genealogy was determined, and a description of its main representatives was given. The shajara is studied in the context of the history of the Tatar service class, which participated in the protection of the fortified lines and actively populated the “wild steppe” in the Volga and Trans-Kama regions. The article shows the process of transformation of the Tatar military class, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from landlords and lashmans to state peasants. It is noted that many descendants of the clan of Mamai “Khan” in this period began to engage in theological and educational activities, being parish imams. The set of documents involved in the study of the genealogy contains valuable information about the migration of the Meshchera Tatars to the southeast of the Russian state in the eighteenth century.

The article examines the transformations of Peter the Great in the context of the evolution of serfdom in Russia. The author substantiates the thesis that during the Peter’s transformations, the so-called “second edition of serfdom” took place, replacing its original, forced by objective conditions of survival and development of the country, estate-legal grounds. The substitution of the serfdom’s grounds is seen primarily in the rejection by the state of the conditionality principle of noble rights to the estate by compulsory lifelong service in the army, namely, this followed from the extension to estates of the patrimony’s possessory format. The analysis of the decree on single inheritance and its interpretations in historiography allowed us to conclude that the liberation of noble land ownership from the encumbrance of compulsory service created a legal basis for the subsequent “freedom of the nobility”, the rapid expansion of the privileges of the “noble estate” and, mainly, the ownership rights to land and peasants. The tax reform of Peter led to the fact that landlords began to assimilate the view of peasants as serfs, completely dependent on them, especially in the conditions of the responsibility imposed by the state on the owner of the estate for the payment of poll taxes and the supply of recruits.

The transformation of British public space, in London in particular, has drastically reconfigured notions of public and private. In this context, public art has progressively become unable to rely simply on its presence outside of the gallery to fulfill the civic role it has endorsed since the post-war era. This article looks at the ways artists have navigated the treacherous seas of contemporary publicness to keep public art relevant to today’s British cities.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of research on the history of the Russian merchants of the late XVIII - early XX centuries. The dissertations on the history of the merchants of different Russian regions are considered. It is concluded that the question of the social nature of the Russian merchants continues to be debatable. Some scholars characterize the merchants as an estate, others as part of the (highest stratum) of the estate, still others refuse it the right to be called such, considering merchants to be an artificially isolated state as a privileged part of the bourgeoisie. In historiography, there is still no definite answer to this question, and among historians there is no unity in assessing the social nature of the Russian merchants. For example, for B. N. Mironov merchants is the highest stratum of a single urban estate, representing a new hypostasis of the posad community. Historians working in this direction make urban estates an object of study as a single social community. As an example, we point to theses of V. P. Klyueva and K. A. Ankusheva. Their authors agree with B. N. Mironov that the result of the transformation of the posad community was the creation on its basis future urban estates. However, a significant part of historians, unlike B. N. Mironov, considers the merchants not an estate stratum, but an independent estate. Thus, the question of the social nature of the Russian merchants continues to be debatable. The purpose of this article is to identify the current problems of Russian historiography on the genesis of Russian merchants. An approach to its solution allows the introduction into the scientific circulation of new mass sources in dissertations and monographs on the merchants of individual Russian regions.

The paper deals with the analysis of the role of ethics in the ideas on landlords’ economy in Russian public thought of 18th - early 19th centuries. The study of writings of N. I. Panin, M. M. Shcherbatov, A. P. Sumarokov, F. O. Tumansky, N. M. Karamzin and some other authors who represented the highest ranks of Russia’s intellectual and administrative elite of the age, allows to specify peculiar theory of economy of the noble’s estate, which emerged by the middle of 18th century. The central point of such theory was the idea of ethical regulator - that is, an ability possessed by the ‘virtuous landlord’ to rule his estate in a manner which enriches both him and his serfs. This approach, in turn, appropriated certain elements of older Muscovite theories of Domostroy, and was stressing the importance of landlord’s personal involvement in the matters of administering the estates. Thus, landlord’s private economy was reshaped as a variation of service in the name of ‘common good’ and, as such, was made a central argument in the defense of nobles’ monopoly in owning serfs. In the literature of 18th century this theory was usually presented by means of figures of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ landlords; typically, ‘good’ landlord was appearing as a masterful owner of village capable of self-restrict and justice. In spite of M. Raeff’s ideas, it was ethical regulator that distinguished this theory of estates’ economy from the cameralist intellectual arsenal that was aimed at unleashing the creative capacities of subjects and became so popular in the 18th century.

The essay highlights traditions, customs, relationships, morals and manners of the Asians and the Europeans as represented in Ivan Bunin’s famous collection Dark Avenues. This article is an attempt to demonstrate the specificity of Bunin’s vision of national mentality shaped both by national identity and by the place where a person belongs to, be it a civilized urban space or a countryside. Russian mentality reveals itself to the fullest when explored against the background of the Russian estate house that became a spiritual home for Bunin in emigration. Bunin discloses the ambiguity of the Russian national character that combines spirituality with vulgarity, empathy and compassion with unrestrained craving for living life to its fullest each day and lack of discipline. The impetuous nature of the Russians is opposed to the more reserved character of other nations. Different attitudes to life and death disclose different cultural codes affected by Catholic and Orthodox traditions. In his ontology of love, Bunin explores, with deep interest, the dark avenues of the human soul, beamed through the national mentality.

The paper considers some problems of learning Historical Space, which is one of the modern historical knowledge’s directions. In the mid-twentieth century, F. Brodel foregrounded matter of Historical Space social component. Understanding of different globalization’s scope, correlation between national and supranational, special features of developing different nations becomes more and more demanding in modern social, humanitarian knowledge. In methodology topic geographical space is limited by social interaction, and in certain way, transforming into historical space. Subject field of Historical Space anyway is sociocultural and defines features of social community’s existence. Boarders of community forms chains of interaction, also forms limits of real individuals’ behaviour and their interpersonal relationships. Nature of Historical Space’s subject produces the problem of correlation between sociological and anthropological approach. The importance of anthropological episteme, the profound unconscious basis of social practises, is more and more visibly in modern historical knowledge (I.M Savelieva). Lack of attention to such basis became an object of criticism Brodel’s «geohistory» and his irrecognition of history of mentalities as a subject defining main directions of social development. With specific examples, P.U. Uvarov considers the process of establishment medieval civilization in the context of epoch different social communities’ interactions. Relocation of nomadic civilizations from East and Central Asia to the West led to fundamental changes in landowner’s society in the West of Eurasia. In this area were formed circumstances, that provided effective interaction between individual and society in space of parish and manor, these two centers of power and influence, in the condition of weak government. Way of thinking in the region guaranteed creative potential of social contradictions. Spain’s loss of power and wealth by the end of XVI century was analyzed through perception of the world so-called picaro, the peninsula citizen, disrupted his entire routine, the keeper of social negative attitudes of mind and behavior, by I.U. Nikolaeva. Time and space perspectives of learning Historical Study with appropriate multidisciplinary approach gain new heuristic potential.

For the first time in literary criticism, the author of the article turns her attention to the image of the estate in Tolstoy’s later artistic work, showing the dynamics of the writer’s views on estate life, the image of an ideal estate, which for Tolstoy was always associated with the motives of work, family life, proper attitude towards the people, etc. It is noted that in 1880–1910, the estate theme in Tolstoy’s creative imagination was directly related to the problems of land ownership, proper management and correct and gradual path of the individual and their spiritual growth. The picture of estate life In Leo Tolstoy’s novel “Resurrection” is realized in two contrasting versions: luxurious existence of the upper class and the aristocracy, not supported by any content, and transforming into a new ima- ge of the working life of the intelligentsia and landowners on the land. The author demonstrates the facts of impoverishment of estate life at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, which are introduced in the artistic world of the novel. It is proved that the idea in the work of inseparable connection of a person with the people around him and with humanity at large, which is the key conception of the novel, is directly related to Tolstoy’s understanding of the change of the forms of estate life, important and dear for the writer himself. Of great importance in the novel is the awareness of the characters of natural life, which is presented in contrast to civilization, which deviates from the basic laws of love and goodness. On the basis of an analytical comparison of the drafts of the novel and the final text, the author substantiates the importance of the estate theme for understanding the fe- elings of the protagonist and his inner life, for organizing the epic artistic world of the novel. The article illustrates the stages of the dialectical movement of Dmitry Nekhlyudov and the connection between the estate and family themes. The author rethinks some episodes of the novel that have received controversial interpretations in science and reveals the artistic links that connect different chapters of the work.

The article examines the significance of the personality and activities of Vladimir P. Sukachev in the history of public life and culture of Irkutsk. It emphasizes his role as the founder of the Irkutsk Art Museum, the initiator of many scientific research in Siberia and neighboring countries, an intellectual who created a unique example of a “cultural nest” in the Russian province. The main stages of the formation of the collection are presented, a number of the most significant works that make up its core are noted. The study uses a historical and biographical method based on archival sources.

Abstract The “Hacienda Santa Isabel”, built in 1816, is located in the parish of San Miguel of Nono, to the north of the city of Quito, Ecuador. Nono is comprised of 20 farms dedicated to agriculture and cattle, which gives financial support to the parish; founded by Jesuits and divided by the agrarian reform. The ancient architecture used is the Andean Region, based on the use of materials and techniques such as adobe, adobe and bahareque. The building is structurally composed by stone foundations, walls and wooden base. With a climate of Andean paramo, the average temperature ranges from 6° to 15°, remaining constant throughout the year; needing thermal comfort and insulation from moisture. By the position of the House of Hacienda analyzes the solar radiation and the incidence of the wind. And the way the materials are part of the solution of coat and sustainability of the parish. At the present time in Ecuador and other countries who know the benefits and features of the Andean architecture, continue using and complemented with modern techniques and materials to build with less environmental impact and lower costs. Resumen La “Hacienda Santa Isabel” construida en 1816, se encuentra en la parroquia San Miguel de Nono, al noroccidente de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador. Nono está conformado por veinte haciendas dedicadas a la agricultura y a la ganadería, que da el soporte económico a la parroquia; fundada por Jesuitas y dividida por la reforma agraria. La arquitectura ancestral utilizada es la Andina, basada en la utilización de materiales de la zona y técnicas como el adobe, tapial y bahareque. La edificación está compuesta estructuralmente por cimentación de piedra, muros portantes y cubierta a base de madera. Cuenta con un clima de páramo andino, su temperatura media va desde los 6° a 15°, manteniéndose constante durante el año; necesitando confort térmico y aislante de humedad. Mediante la posición de la casa de hacienda se analiza la radiación solar y la incidencia del viento. Y la manera en cómo los materiales forman parte de la solución de abrigo y sostenibilidad de la parroquia. En la actualidad en Ecuador y en otros países que conocen las bondades y características de la arquitectura andina, la siguen utilizando y complementando con materiales y técnicas modernas para edificar con un menos impacto ambiental y a más bajos costos.

In his early writings, dealing mainly with problems of agricultural policy, Max Weber at times differentiates between “class” and “estate”, but in general he treats them as synonyms. Only after 1909, when he started to work on Economy and Society and Economic Ethic of the World Religions, he felt the necessity to use these concepts in a more clear-cut manner. “Classes” are only placed within the economic order, while “estates” belong to the social order and take shape through the partition of «social prestige» or «honor», which in turn derives from different sources, including the religious ones. This essay explores the forms of religious stratification which arise from the knowledge of rituals and precedents, from the knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures, or from a specific knowledge of the conditions of possibility of redemption.

The evolution of landowners ‘ ownership rights to land and peasants in Russia of the XVII century has been considered. Throughout the century, there has been a tendency to strengthen local land ownership in Russia, which was expressed in the legal and actual merger of the patrimony and the estate, in the attachment of peasants to the owner and the introduction of an indefinite search and return of fugitive peasants. At the same time, the mandatory life-long service of the nobility remained an unshakeable condition for strengthening local land ownership. The rights of landlords in relation to the peasants were strengthened, but their relatively legitimate basis remained service in the army. Meanwhile, in the second half of the century, the modernization of the armed forces gradually unfolded, pushing the noble cavalry and transferring the service to a monetary salary.

The author studied the development of the concept “people” in contemporary history tak­ing into account its possible interpretation as a bearer of sovereignty. This concept goes back to the time of early bourgeois revolutions. The author holds that there are certain parallels between the ideology of citizenship, the development of the concept “people / nation” and the interpretation of the concept “citizenship”. Contemporary theoretical debates about citizen­ship are fully applicable to the history of the interpretation of citizenship in Russia. The Unit­ed States or Great Britain have a century-long tradition of citizenship. Unlike them, Russia has gone through several stages of radical changes associated with deep political and social transformations, hence a variety of understanding of the concept analysed. A paradoxical interpretation of the concept "citizen" in Russia became evident in the 18th century. Then a citizen and a subject tended to be used either as synonyms or “citizens” were understood as a social group related to nobility. Thus, the concept analysed was used in a variety of meanings and contexts. The same duality in the interpretation of citizenship within the class society manifested itself on the eve of the 1917 Revolution. The class-based duality of citizenship was also noticeable during the Soviet period. After the radical break with the past proclaimed by the Bolsheviks, the old class stratification system had to be changed. In the first month after the Revolution, the Bolsheviks officially abolished estates, titles and ranks. Under the 1918 Constitution of the RSFSR, the concept “class” became a legal term in Soviet Russia. Only “workers” received political rights and thus full citizenship. The official civil status or citi­zenship was an integral part of the ideology of workers and “exploited” classes as opposed to “non-working, bourgeois elements”. The idea of citizenship ceased to depend on territory and nationality. As a result, a group of people was legally deprived of citizenship while perma­nently residing in the state. Paradoxically, in Soviet Russia citizenship was defined through its absence, through what it was not. The concepts of citizenship and classhood during the Imperial and So­viet periods often coexisted, complementing each other and forming a bizarre synthesis of traditional and modern approaches to the interpretation of the concept of citizen­ship.

This paper concerns the study of the specifics of self-consciousness and self-identity of one of the indigenous minorities of Siberia — the Teleuts, in different periods of their ethnic history from the mid. 18th century until the present time. Main forms of Teleuts’ identity are considered: national; class; ethnic; ancestral and local. The instances of using various ethnonyms, genonymums and class attributes by Teleuts are analyzed. Identity multivariance is considered as a mechanism of minority self-preservation and adaptation to the continuous assimilative influence of the nonethnic majority. The paper is based on the archival sources and field materials of the author collected during the expeditions to Teleuts in 1978–2014. The field materials include samples of the folklore, written folk literature, records of biographies, family chronicles and narratives about other societies recorded by the author. It has been shown how Teleuts ideas about other societies adjusted in the course of their adaptation to the new social and cultural environment within the Russian state. The attention has been drawn to how the ethnic consolidation of the Teleuts in the 19th–20th cc. transformed the local self-consciousness and self-identity. The names associated with small territorial communities often acquired derogatory sense and transferred from endo- to exo-type. It has been deduced how the legal status of the ethnic group within the state influences development of their ethnic culture. Notably, the non-Russians status of the Teleuts brought to them some rights and privileges in terms of the land tenure, taxes and exemption from the compulsory military service. On one hand, this has been helping to strengthen the national identity of the Teleuts, but on the other hand, it facilitates their ethnic self-affirmation. Teleuts have always been proud with their non-Russians status within the Russian state. The ethnic status of the Teleuts in the post-Soviet period is protected by their official recognition in 1989 as a separate ethnic group and subsequent affiliation with the indigenous minorities of the North.

The article presents an overview of the seventh edition of Darovoe Summer Readings, held in Zaraysk (Moscow region), and in Dostoevsky’s estate in the village of Darovoe. The Readings focused on two topics: the reception of Dostoevsky’s work, and the search for archival documents about the context of the early biography and the creative sources of the author of The Brothers Karamazov. The closing round table was dedicated to the perspective developments of the Museum in the land of the writer’s childhood.

Background. Leasing land is a widespread phenomenon in the life of a reform village in any region of European Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. By the level of development of rental relations, one can judge the state of the landowner and peasant economy of a particular province, the degree of development of capitalist relations in it. This determines the relevance of the work. The purpose of the work is to characterize rental relations in one of the large landowner farms of the Penza province of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries in the context of the development of the entire region. Materials and methods. Based on the study of a wide range of sources, including archival data of the State Archive of the Penza Region, as well as published documents of state central statistical agencies and primary materials collected by contemporaries, an attempt was made to solve the tasks of the study. In the process of work, comparative historical, statistical methods were used. Results. An analysis of the sources showed that the landowner’s farm in question was one of the large estates of the Chembar district in the Penza province, most of whose land was leased for short and long-term rent, which was the norm for the province under study. The tenants were the local peasantry. On part of the leased territories, the owners, at their own expense, equipped rental farms. Conclusions. Leasing land was an indispensable attribute of the landowner Stolypin in the village of Tarkhany throughout the period under consideration. Over time, rental relations have undergone a noticeable evolution, constantly becoming more complicated, improving and bringing more income to owners. The Tarkhany estate itself is an example of the successful integration of the landowner economy into the development of new agrarian capitalist relations.

Objective: To discuss debated issues relating to the special characteristics of patriality of non-Russian peoples who had been in the sphere of influence of the former Kazan and Siberian Khanates and were included into the system of the Tsardom of Moscovy in the sixteenth century; the classification of this population and the terminology used for its description; the special features of the status of the indigenous peoples classified as “yasak people”; and the role of gift exchange in the process of their integration into the Russian state structure. Research materials: The article is based on the analysis of previous works on the topic under consideration and on the analysis of published historical sources or sources found in the collections of Russian archives. Results and novelty of the research: The foreign status of the people and comunities treated as the others within the Russian political space, and their transitional status on the way towards their full allegiance, were described with different socionyms and politonyms in the period under consideration. “Foreigners” was employed as the main term. It is considered as an indicator of changes in the status of various groups of the non-Russian population. The use of words such as “foreigner”, etc. faded away in the official paper work regarding the Volga region and Cis-Urals autochthonous population during the seventeenth century, even while it became widely used if talking about those peoples who settled in the territories from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. This can be explained by the following factors: the pace and degree of integration of new lands into the Russian state system; the remote character of the new lands; the continuing resistance of Kuchum’s descendants who drew former Turk and Ugric subjects of the Siberian Khan into their orbit; the periodic “shakiness and betrayals” on the part of Siberian yasak payers; their commitment to pagan cults and Islam and the extremely small number of newly baptized people. Reciprocal interactions played a significant part in the process of subjection of the indigenous peoples of the Urals and Siberia. The regional version of the governance model in the form of mutual exchange between the authorities and the subjects was reflected in the formula used in the “word of grand” (zhalovannoe slovo) included in the instructions to the Siberian voivodes of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Gifts and rewards to the indigenous population in response to the proffering of gift-furs (pominochnaya ruhlyad’) were an effective means of providing the collection of yasak. In contrast to the Volga region, the yasak in the territories under consideration did not convert into a land tax and retained features of a tribute for the right to reside on the land until the beginning of the eighteenth century. Thus, special features of the position of different groups who paid yasak were kept. The conditions for establishing a legal connection with the state on the basis of belonging to a certain social stratum were still being formed. As such, this situation does not permit us to consider a heterogeneous mass of “yasak people” in Russia in the seventeenth century as a social estate.

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The objective of this paper was to fathom how many contradictory decisions about the outcome of the same case are reached in a system of explicit rules. The dialectic method was used to approach decisions previously selected by Purposive non-probability sampling concerning squatting of abandoned properties. As a starting point for the dialectic bias, this study used the dissimilarity between the theoretical common sense of legal experts and the critical knowledge by Warat, along with his critique of the epistemology of concepts and the analysis of the syllogism by Katharina Sobota as presentation style of the court decision. As a result, it was concluded that the theoretical common sense of legal experts disguises strategies of speech. The decision is developed so as to convey a sense of comprehensiveness and logical coherence, failing to disclose that what actually fuels the interpretation of these actions is either the inflexible defense of a liberal property in which the owner is the absolute master of the power legally assigned to him or the defense of the social function of the estate. Despite many advances, the current political arena supports the upkeep of the former. Thus, there is no consensus in the decision-making process of lawsuits about squatting private property: the abandoned estate either "allows entrance" or "does not allow it". The trespassers are either squatters or occupants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the development of plantation farming close to the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border and its effects on the Ndau people. Colonial incursions on the Zimbabwe/Mozambique border areas resulted in the development of estate farming in the Chimanimani/Chipinge region. European settlements in the borderland led to land expropriation by the colonial state and multi-national companies for estate farming. These estates ranged from natural and exotic forests, coffee, tea to sugarcane plantations. The majority of the plantations lie along the Zimbabwe/Mozambique border. The estates are vast, numerous and cover a significant area of Chimanimani/ Chipinge district. Apart from protecting tree and animal species, the promotion of tourism and provision of employment, the estates have assisted in the development of amenities and infrastructure in the region. In spite of the positives highlighted above, this article argues that the establishment of plantation agriculture displaced the Ndau people from their ancestral lands and pushed them into Mozambique.

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This study is developed based on documents included in prestigious collections of documents: Documenta Romaniae Historica. A. Moldova; Documents on the history of Romania. A. Moldova; Documents on the history of Moldova in the XVIII century; Moldova in the era of feudalism, etc. Thus, aspects of the origin and the area of spread of secular land ownership in Iasi County were investigated. These properties belonged to the well-known and influential boyar clans: Ciogolea, Chiritsa, Paleologul, Prajescu, Baciok and Buhush. Following the investigations, we state that the property owned by the above-mentioned families was acquired in various ways: by inheritance, in the form of donation, through exchange and purchase/sale. Most of the land in villages and parts of villages in Iasi belonged to Chiritsa and Paleologul boyar families (about 17) and to Prajescu (about 10). The property of Ciogolea, Chiritsa, Paleologul, Prajescu, Baciok and Buhus clans was spread along both sides of the river Prut, as well as its right and left tributaries.

Background Alcohol consumption among females is not common in socio-cultural background of Sri Lanka. Although accurate estimates are not available for Sri Lankan estate sector, alcohol consumption among females is reported to be high. Objectives The objective was to determine the prevalence and patternsof alcohol consumption among female estate labourers in Medical officer of Health area, Kothmale. Methodology A community based cross sectional study was carried out in a sample of 368 adult (>18 years) female estate labourers in 2014. Sample was collected using multi stage probability proportionate random sampling technique from 15 sub divisions in five estates in Kothmale MOH area using pay sheet as the sampling frame. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used. Results The response rate was 95.1%.Prevalence of alcohol consumption among estate sector females (ever drinkers) was 31.25% (95% CI, 26.51% – 35.99%). Prevalence of current drinkers, former drinkers and quitters were 16.8% (95% CI, 13.0% – 20.6%), 8.4 % (95% CI, 5.6% – 11.2%) and 6.0 % (3.6% – 8.4%) respectively. Most consumed alcoholic beverage was arrack (74.8%) followed by beer (43.5%) and toddy (28.7%). Home of the drinker was the most preferred place of drinking (57.4%, n=66). Husband was the commonest companion (53%, n=61). Most of the ever drinkers used to drink after work (80%, n=92). The main reason given was to relieve work stress (84.3%, n=97). Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with increased age (p

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The paper analyses national scientific literature devoted to one of the pre-revolutionary Russian estates known as honorary citizenship. This estate was originally created by the legislation of Catherine the Great in 1785 and was called “notable citizens”. It included the most privileged part of the cities’ dwellers. In 1832 Emperor Nicholas I signed the Manifesto, in which this category of the population was modernized and called “honorary citizens”. Honorary citizenship existed in Russia till November 1917, when it was cancelled by one of the first decrees of the Soviet power. The studying of notable and honorary citizenship in Russia started in the middle of the 19th century and continues at the present time.

The purpose of this article is to compare the categorization practices used by the researcher to divide the social space with the positioning strategies of individuals. In particular, it will show how the sociological interview is an opportunity given to respondents to mark the boundaries of their social group. This article is based on a survey of the residential practices of the private upper classes living in homogeneous, upper-class neighbourhoods in the Paris suburbs. These households, among the wealthiest in France, are on the fringes of the elites in that they are far from the spheres of power, have few prestigious educational resources and live in suburban neighbourhoods. The majority of women are housewives and are therefore on the fringes of the elite group. The fine description of the social position of these households, based on their greater endowment of economic rather than cultural capital, sheds light on the plurality of dominant groups.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the different opinions about character of the Kalmyk social system of the 19th century in the pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern periods. Considerable attention is paid to the interpretation of Mongol-Oirat laws of 1640.

The large estates owned by the landlords, who caused the emergence of the feudal system, had a significant place within the economic structure of Late Antiquity. These landowners were generally city dwellers possessing residences and cultivated estates outside the cities. These landowners were not only wealthy, members of the agrarian elites, but were also influential persons for the administration in Late Antiquity.This contribution introduces a new epigraphic document indicating the property (proastion/topothesia) of a certain landlord Nikopssianis who was a Christian from the city of Germanicopolis. Both terms proastion and topothesia, which are for the first time seen together in this inscription, were used with the same meaning for the real estates of Nikopssianis. The papyrical and the epigraphic documents from Late Antiquity attest that the term proastion was also used to describe a large estate or an estate house outside of a city with the difference of its classical sense of suburban or a military settlement in the ancient literary sources. Likewise, the term topothesia, which is used in the meaning of an imaginary place in the literary sources, seems in Late Antiquity to be a word describing a certain district or a large area of agricultural land.Consequently, with the use of the terms proastion and topothesia in this inscription it is suggested that both terms should be understood as indicating Nikopssianis’s farmstead comprising both a residence and an area of agricultural land in the suburb of Germanicopolis.

The article examines the social relations in Kalmyk society in the first half of the XIXth century. Legally dependent relations had not been recorded in any document till the Russian legislation fixed them between the commoners and the privileged nomadic elite, having strengthened caste hierarchy in Kalmyk society. Taisha, who was officially called Khan governed the people. Noyons-landlords belonged to the highest class in the traditional social structure of Kalmyk nomads and their rights were hereditary. They were the heads of uluses but aimags were under zayangs. The descendants of Kalmyk commoners also belonged to tsagan yasn („white bone‟). They had received from the Dalai Lama or khans freedom from taxes and land allotments - the aimags. The composition of the upper class also included the Kalmyk clergy, whose positions were not hereditary. The most part of the Kalmyk society were the commoners, or khar yasn („black bone‟), who since the time of the Mongol Empire had to provide a certain number of the armed men and provisions. The commoners were divided into several groups: aimag, ketcheners, shabiners, tarkhans / darkhans, andyns. In the course of time the privileged position of the nomadic elite disappeared and both commoners and representatives of the highest class became full-fledged citizens of the Russian Empire.