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The natural geographical distribution range of Sedum rubens in continental Portugal is reassessed. Based on the Flora iberica provinces recognised for the country, the occurrence of the species in Ribatejo is confirmed but it is thus far excluded from Beira Alta.

Prior to the 2011 Melbourne Congress, the late esteemednomenclaturalist Gillian Perry (in Taxon 59: 1915–1916. 2010) dis-covered a previously overlooked issue threatening the perceivedhomotypy of some 30 names with conserved types and their basio-nyms then listed in Appendices III and IV of theVienna Code(McNeill & al. in Regnum Veg. 146. 2006). At that time, it may havesimply been assumed that the basionym of a conserved name was au-tomatically homotypic with the conserved name. But for this toremain true when the conserved name was explicitly conserved witha conserved type, the basionym would have to be explicitly conservedsimilarly. Because 28 of the 30 cases Perry (l.c.) mentioned involvedbasionyms that applied to subdivisions of genera (App. III) or infra-specific taxa (App. IV), which lacked any provision for their conser-vation under theVienna Code, she submitted Proposal 243 to remedythis situation, which upon its approval in Melbourne gave rise to mostof the final sentence of current Art. 14.1 (“The name of a subdivisionof a genus or of an infraspecific taxon may be conserved with a con-served type and listed in App. III and IV, respectively, when it is thebasionymor replaced synonymof a name of a genus or species thatcould not continue to be used in its current sense without conserva-tion”; Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018). The bolded textwas added to this Article with acceptance of Proposal 234 (Wiersema& al. in Taxon 65: 642–646. 2016) at the Shenzhen Congress.Perry astutely recognized that while acceptance of her Proposal243 would provide a future mechanism for ensuring correspon-dence between listed types of names with conserved types in App.III and IV and those of their basionyms, when thesecould then beexplicitly conserved as such, it could not address the already exist-ing incongruency of types resulting from strict application of thenArt. 14, where the listed basionyms (at the same rank) had not been.

The oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea (Príncipe, São Tomé, and Annobón) have been the focus of biological research for over two hundred years. Following small surveys that generated modest collections in the eighteenth and early mid-nineteenth century, European institutions commissioned several exploratory missions to the region that resulted in the first major catalogues of its biodiversity. The following century brought a new wave of research investment, mostly driven by the colonial interests. After the independence of both Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe, novel research trends focusing on conservation aspects of biodiversity research emerged. Here we present a chronological review of the zoological and botanical expeditions to the region, commenting on their major results, collectors, and the naturalists who studied them.

Figueiredo, E. & G.F. Smith (2021). Joaquim Jose da Silva (c. 1755–1810): his life, natural history collecting activities, and involvement in the so-called first scientific expedition in the interior of Angola. Candollea 76: 125–138. In English, English abstract. The Portuguese naturalist Joaquim Jose da Silva (c. 1755–1810) was sent to Angola in the late 18th century to collect natural history specimens, as part of the “viagens philosophicas”, a series of expeditions funded by the Portuguese state to its overseas territories. Silva arrived in Angola in 1783 and remained in the country until his death 27 years later. An account of Silva's life and activities is provided. His travel itineraries in Angola are mapped and a list of his collections that could be located is presented. The little-known expedition to the Cunene River in which he participated is discussed. It was the first expedition to the interior of Angola during which plants were collected for deposition in a herbarium. His plant collections are recorded in the literature as numbering over 200 specimens that are held in the Herbarium of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris (P), after they were removed from Lisbon, Portugal, by Etienne Geoffroy St. Hilaire (1772–1844) during the Napoleonic War, in 1808. The Silva collections served as original material for describing at least 24 names. However, the Silva specimens at P lack collector's name and date and are difficult to trace. Only about 20% of these collections have been located in P. Received: January 15, 2021; Accepted: February 10, 2021; First published online: May 20, 2021

The history of the discovery of Aloe pluridens Haw (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) by the Kew collector James Bowie in 1822–23 in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and its subsequent description in 1824 is discussed. The surprising dearth of published illustrations of this long-known species is emphasised and the first known photograph dating from only 1900 is reproduced. It is also shown that a painting at Kew by George Bond that dates from 1829 does not qualify as having been associated with the species by the author of the name, Adrian Hardy Haworth and cannot supersede the specimen on which the name A. pluridens was previously effectively neo-typified. The name A. pluridens Haw. var. beckeri Schönland is lectotypified and it is shown that the name Aloe atherstonei does not have a type as it was previously typified on an apparently non-existent specimen. Additionally the species is illustrated both in habitat and in cultivation. Observations on the ecology and cultivation of the species are also included.

Esta pesquisa verseja sobre a relação Ciência (Geografia) e Arte (Literatura), formas de reflexo da realidade e objetivação humana. Dito isto, nosso objetivo principal é analisar o processo de modernização urbana da cidade do Crato, Ceará, tendo como referência central os livros \"Matozinho Vai à Guerra\" (2007) e a \"Delicada Trama do Labirinto\" (2013), ambos de autoria do escritor José Flávio Vieira. A partir de um recorte espaço-temporal (Crato, 1950 aos dias atuais) analisamos as transformações sócio-espaciais fundamentadas em um ideário de modernidade que afetou não somente o arcabouço físico da urbe, a exemplo da demolição de prédios e casas históricas ou de interferências estruturais no solo urbano que até hoje são vistas como cicatrizes abertas (destruição criativa por meio da guerra de Matozinho), mas de mudanças quanto à forma de sociabilidade, na cultura (culinária, dança, moda, música, etc.), da perda do centro, dos referenciais históricos, de sujeitos alienados (perdidos nas Tramas do Labirinto). Para tal, tendo o materialismo histórico e dialético como método, escolhemos o que Harvey (2015) denominou de \"materialismo histórico-geográfico\", que consiste em uma possibilidade teórico-prática para entender a dinâmica urbana em um dado espaço-tempo. Além do diálogo principal com a Literatura, sobretudo a partir das contribuições de Marx e Engels (2014; 2011) e Lukcás (2009; 2010; 2016), não abdicamos daquilo que podemos chamar de o \"acervo da cidade\", que consiste em uma análise documental envolvendo o objeto de pesquisa. O entendimento da Arte e da Ciência como formas de reflexo da mesma realidade, ou seja, não as distanciando da vida cotidiana, eleva a autoconsciência do ser humano, nos possibilitando refletir, a exemplo do que foi feito nesta pesquisa, sobre a lógica da urbanização enquanto via de acumulação do capital, revelando a pobreza da experiência urbana por meio de uma forma de sociabilidade que reforça a dimensão individual dos sujeitos, cada dia mais segregacionados em uma cidade cada vez mais dividida, na qual muros coibi encontros e reuniões; onde o valor de troca sobrepõe-se ao valor de uso. Inicialmente esteados numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, que pretende unir forças entre campos para superar a fragmentação do saber, ao longo da pesquisa fomos radicalmente nos distanciando dessa perspectiva. A retomada de consciência refundou os rumos da pesquisa e nosso modo de olhar o mundo, como tentamos expor ao final (por meio de \"registros ontológicos\" feitos ao longo da pesquisa), nos elementos pós-textuais. This research focuses on the relation Science (Geography) and Art (Literature), forms of reflection of reality and human objectification. That said, our main objective is to analyze the process of urban modernization of the city of Crato Ceará, having as central reference the books \"Matozinho goes to the War\" (2007) and the \"Delicate Trama of the Labyrinth\"(2013), both authored by the writer José Flávio Vieira. From a space-time clash (Crato, 1950 to the present day), we analyze socio-spatial transformations based on an ideology of modernity that affected not only the physical structure of the city, such as the demolition of historic buildings and houses or structural urban soil that until today are seen as open scars (creative destruction through the war\'s Matozinho), but of changes in the form of sociability, culture (cooking, dance, fashion, music, etc.), loss of the center, historical references, alienated subjects Plots of the Labyrinth). For this, taking historical and dialectical materialism as a method, we chose what Harvey (2015) called \"historical-geographical materialism\", which consists of a theoretical-practical possibility to understand the urban dynamics in a given space-time. In addition to the main dialogue with literature, especially from the contributions of Marx and Engels (2014, 2011) and Lukcás (2009, 2010, 2016), we do not give up what we can call the \"city collection\", which consists of a documentary analysis involving the research object. The understanding of Art and Science as forms of reflection of the same reality, that is, not distancing them from everyday life, elevates the self-consciousness of the human being, enabling us to reflect, as in this research, on the logic of urbanization as a way of accumulating capital, revealing the poverty of urban experience through a form of sociability that reinforces the individual dimension of the subjects, increasingly segregated in an increasingly divided city, in which walls meet and meetings; where the exchange value exceeds the value in use. Initially esteemed in an interdisciplinary perspective, which seeks to join forces between fields to overcome the fragmentation of knowledge, throughout the research we have been radically distancing ourselves from this perspective. The resumption of consciousness has refounded the directions of research and our way of looking at the world, as we have tried to expose at the end (through \"ontological records\" made throughout the research) in the post-textual elements.

Summary: A new Kalanchoe species, K. winteri Gideon F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Mich.Walters, is described from rocky grasslands of the Wolkberg region of Limpopo province, South Africa. The species is closely allied to both K. thyrsiflora Harv. and K. luciae Raym.-Hamet, from which it is readily separable on vegetative and reproductive characteristics.

Aloe candelabrum A.Berger (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae), a stately, single-stemmed species from the KwaZulu-Natal province in eastern South Africa, which had been included in the synonymy of A. ferox Mill. for some years, is reinstated. The entire distribution range of A. candelabrum falls within the Maputoland-Pondoland Region of Endemism on the eastern seaboard of South Africa. In contrast, Aloe ferox occurs widely in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa, the southern Free State province, as well as southern Lesotho. It does not occur in KwaZulu-Natal.

This dataset provides the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, ver-sion 1.2. Glo NAF represents a data compendium on th e occurrence and identit y of naturalizedalien vascular plant taxa across geographic regions (e.g. countries, states, provinces, districts,islands) around the globe. The dataset includes 13,939 taxa and covers 1,029 regions (including381 islands). The dataset is based on 210 data sources. For each ta x on-b y-region combination, wepr ovide information on whether the tax on is consider ed to be naturalized in the specific region(i.e. has established self-sustaining popula tions in the wild). Non-native taxa are marked as“alien”, when it is not clear whether they are naturalized. To facilitate alignment with other plantdatabases, we pro v ide f or each taxon the name as given in the original data source and the stan-dardized taxon and family names used by The Plant List Version 1.1 (http://www.theplantlist.org/). We pro vide an ESRI shapefile including polygons f or each region and informa tion on whetherit is an island or a mainland region, the country and the Taxonomic Databases Working Group(TDWG) regions it is part of (TDWG levels 1–4). We also provide several variables that can beused to filter the data according to quality and completeness of alien taxon lists, which varyamong the combinations of regions and da ta sources. A pre vious version of the GloNAF dataset(version 1.1) has already been used in several studies on, for example, historical spatial flows oftaxa between continents and geographical patterns and determinants of naturalization across dif-ferent taxonomic groups. We intend the updated and expanded GloNAF version presented hereto be a global resource useful for studying plant inv asions and changes in biodiversity from regio-nal to global scales. We release these data into the public domain under a Crea ti ve CommonsZer o license waiver (https://creati v ecommons.org/share-y our -work/public-domain/cc0/). Wheny ou use the da ta in your publication, we request that y ou cite this da ta paper. If GloN AF is amajor part of the data analyzed in your study, you should consider inviting the GloNAF coreteam (see Metadata S1: Originators in the Overall project description) as collaborators. If youplan to use the GloNAF dataset, we encourage y ou to contact the GloNAF core team to checkwhether there have been recent updates of the dataset, and whether similar analyses are already ongoing.

Using the recently built Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, containing data on the distribution of naturalized alien plants in 483 mainland and 361 island regions of the world, we describe patterns in diversity and geographic distribution of naturalized and invasive plant species, taxonomic, phylogenetic and life-history structure of the global naturalized flora as well 204 Preslia 89: 203–274, 2017 as levels of naturalization and their determinants. The mainland regions with the highest numbers of naturalized aliens are some Australian states (with New South Wales being the richest on this continent) and several North American regions (of which California with 1753 naturalized plant species represents the world’s richest region in terms of naturalized alien vascular plants). England, Japan, New Zealand and the Hawaiian archipelago harbour most naturalized plants among islands or island groups. These regions also form the main hotspots of the regional levels of naturalization, measured as the percentage of naturalized aliens in the total flora of the region. Such hotspots of relative naturalized species richness appear on both the western and eastern coasts of North America, in north-western Europe, South Africa, south-eastern Australia, New Zealand, and India. High levels of island invasions by naturalized plants are concentrated in the Pacific, but also occur on individual islands across all oceans. The numbers of naturalized species are closely correlated with those of native species, with a stronger correlation and steeper increase for islands than mainland regions, indicating a greater vulnerability of islands to invasion by species that become successfully naturalized. South Africa, India, California, Cuba, Florida, Queensland and Japan have the highest numbers of invasive species. Regions in temperate and tropical zonobiomes harbour in total 9036 and 6774 naturalized species, respectively, followed by 3280 species naturalized in the Mediterranean zonobiome, 3057 in the subtropical zonobiome and 321 in the Arctic. The NewWorld is richer in naturalized alien plants, with 9905 species compared to 7923 recorded in the Old World. While isolation is the key factor driving the level of naturalization on islands, zonobiomes differing in climatic regimes, and socioeconomy represented by per capita GDP, are central for mainland regions. The 11 most widely distributed species each occur in regions covering about one third of the globe or more in terms of the number of regions where they are naturalized and at least 35% of the Earth’s land surface in terms of those regions’ areas, with the most widely distributed species Sonchus oleraceus occuring in 48% of the regions that cover 42% of the world area. Other widely distributed species are Ricinus communis, Oxalis corniculata, Portulaca oleracea, Eleusine indica, Chenopodium album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Stellaria media, Bidens pilosa, Datura stramonium and Echinochloa crus-galli. Using the occurrence as invasive rather than only naturalized yields a different ranking, with Lantana camara (120 regions out of 349 for which data on invasive status are known), Calotropis procera (118), Eichhornia crassipes (113), Sonchus oleraceus (108) and Leucaena leucocephala (103) on top. As to the life-history spectra, islands harbour more naturalized woody species (34.4%) thanmainland regions (29.5%), and fewer annual herbs (18.7% compared to 22.3%). Ranking families by their absolute numbers of naturalized species reveals that Compositae (1343 species), Poaceae (1267) and Leguminosae (1189) contribute most to the global naturalized alien flora. Some families are disproportionally represented by naturalized aliens on islands (Arecaceae, Araceae, Acanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Malvaceae), and much fewer so on mainland (e.g. Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae). Relating the numbers of naturalized species in a family to its total global richness shows that some of the large species-rich families are over-represented among naturalized aliens (e.g. Poaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Pinaceae), some under-represented (e.g. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae), whereas the one richest in naturalized species, Compositae, reaches a value expected from its global species richness. Significant phylogenetic signal indicates that families with an increased potential of their species to naturalize are not distributed randomly on the evolutionary tree. Solanum (112 species), Euphorbia (108) and Carex (106) are the genera richest in terms of naturalized species; over-represented on islands are Cotoneaster, Juncus, Eucalyptus, Salix, Hypericum, Geranium and Persicaria, while those relatively richer in naturalized species on the mainland are Atriplex, Opuntia, Oenothera, Artemisia, Vicia, Galium and Rosa. The data presented in this paper also point to where information is lacking and set priorities for future data collection. The GloNAF database has potential for designing concerted action to fill such data gaps, and provide a basis for allocating resources most efficiently towards better understanding and management of plant invasions worldwide. published

The exceptional botanical wealth of southern Africa has been known internationally since the early 17th century. However, it is only during the past 25 years that a succession of regional floristic checklists has been published, culminating in one for southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, and South Africa) (Germishuizen & Meyer, 2003) and another enhanced with primary biological information such as growth form, plant height, and altitudinal range occurrence for South Africa (Germishuizen et al., 2006). These printed products (Germishuizen & Meyer, 2003; Germishuizen et al., 2006) delivered floristic checklists for southern and South Africa, respectively, on time for achieving Target 1 of the 2010 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). These works reflected the cumulative work of several generations of taxonomists, collectors, recorders, and databasers and were based on extensive regional herbarium collections. Two additional goals are now required for the first 2020 GSPC...

At the 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), which was held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010, an updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) was adopted as part of the plan of work of the CBD. Target 1 of the GSPC aims to produce an online Flora for all the plants of the world by 2020. Governments that have ratified the CBD will have to report over the next several years on progress towards achieving this challenging target. Floras are still widely regarded as a means of providing descriptive information and identification tools for the plants that occur in a specified region. Historically, Floras have included identification keys; scientific names with authorship for all taxa known to occur in the area; synonymy; descriptions; distributions within the region in question; specimen citations; habitat; literature references; and illustrations. Of these, nomenclature, descriptions, identification tools, illustrations and distributions are critical components. The approach being taken by South Africa, a biodiversity-rich country, in working towards achieving Target 1 of the GSPC by 2020 is presented and discussed, outlining a methodology that may be of practical use to other countries. We hope this will urge other countries to consider how they might meet this challenging conservation target.

The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation is thanked for financial support for the Global Plants Initiative, and its forerunners, the African Plants Initiative and the Latin American Plants Initiative.

Summary: The widely distributed agave snout weevil, Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal, is for the first time recorded from Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck subsp. salmiana in South Africa. In its native habitat in Mexico, this new host plant species is one of the most important sources of pulque, a fermented alcoholic beverage. With efforts underway at Bothaville in the Free State Province, South Africa, to establish an agave nectar industry, commercial farmers should be made aware of the destruction that the agave weevil can cause, especially in concentrated populations and plantations of Agave L. species.

widely distributed in southern Africa, Aloe maculata All. is well defined by a suite of characters that includes maculate (spotted) leaves, flattopped inflorescences and uniformly coloured flowers. Being a predominantly mild-climate species, it rarely ventures into the more severe southern African interior escarpment, where one of its variants, var. ficksburgensis Reynolds − to date only validly published in combination with the name Aloe saponaria (Aiton) Haw. − occur. We here make the new combination at subspecific level, A. maculata subsp. ficksburgensis (Reynolds) Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo, and record its occurrence near Winburg in central South Africa, about 80 km west of previously known records.

Summary: Opuntia tomentosa Salm-Dyck is recorded as having become naturalised in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A description and illustrations of the species in South Africa are provided, along with a discussion of the characters that distinguish it from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., the only other tree-like opuntia that has become naturalised in the country.

ulate Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae), A. braamvanwykii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo is described from near Wolmaransstad in the NorthWest Province of South Africa. The species is related to five other summer-flowering maculate aloes in the A. zebrina-complex: A. ammophila Reynolds, A. komatiensis Reynolds, A. lettyae Reynolds, A. transvaalensis Kuntze (probably its nearest relative) and A. vandermerwei Reynolds, but differs from these five species in several aspects. Aloe ammophila, A. komatiensis, A. transvaalensis and A. vandermerwei have previously been included in the synonymy of A. zebrina Baker, and are here reinstated. Aloe braamvanwykii is adapted to the climatic extremes of the country’s central north-western grasslands where it is subject to very low winter and high summer temperatures.

The taxonomic history and application of the long-confused name Aloe commutata Tod. is reviewed and clarified. The name had previously been variously included in the synonymy of Aloe macrocarpa Tod., A. maculata All. and A. grandidentata Salm-Dyck. We agree with Reynolds (1950) that it shows characters that are intermediate between the latter two species and is likely a hybrid between them. Given the distinct horticultural value of this hybrid, the name is here resurrected as Aloe ×commutata Tod. We also show that Engler never published a later homonym, Aloe commutata Engl.; his misapplied use of the name in a specific sense [A. commutata sensu auct. Engler (1892)], however, became entrenched in the literature.Zusammenfassung: Die taxonomische Geschichte und Anwendung des lange fehlinterpretierten Namens Aloe commutata Tod. wird analysiert und geklart. Der Name wurde fruher unteschiedlich als Synonym von Aloe macrocarpa Tod., A. maculata All. und A. grandidentata Salm-Dyck betrachtet. Wir stimmen mit Reynolds (1950) uberein, dass das Taxon Merkmale zeigt, die zwischen den zwei letztgenannten Arten stehen, und dass es sich wahrscheinlich um die entsprechende Hybride handelt. Unter Berucksichtigung des klaren gartnerischen Potentials dieser Hybride wird der Name hier als Aloe ×commutata Tod. wieder aufgenommen. Wir zeigen zudem, dass Engler nie ein spateres Homonym Aloe commutata Engl. publizierte, aber seine falschliche Anwendung des Namens [A. commutata sensu auct. Engler (1892)] auf Artebene hat sich tief in die Literatur eingegraben.

Summary: Taxonomic concepts in the morphologically variable Aloe arborescens Mill. are discussed. Previous approaches to the taxonomy of this species varied from describing aberrant material as new entities, using formal taxonomic categories, to selecting forms with horticulturally desirable characters and naming these as cultivare. We propose that in the case of this species, the preferred approach to recognise variation among entities in horticulture should be at the level of cultivars, rather than formal taxonomic entities at infraspecific ranks. It is only after extensive fieldwork throughout the complete distribution range of this species and intensive research, including all possible forms of data (morphological, anatomical, chemical, molecular, etc.), that any formal distinctions at infraspecific level can be made.

The history of Opuntia Mill. in South Africa is well documented with invasive species of this genus having been controlled for many years. Despite these costly efforts some 12 species (13 taxa) of Opuntia are evidently persisting in a naturalised state and some are emerging as alien invasives. One such species is Opuntia microdasys (Lehm.) Pfeiff., which is already known from the Gauteng, and Western and Eastern Cape provinces. A description of the species in South Africa is provided, along with notes on its areas of occurrence and likely means of spread. A summary of the nomenclature of the genus Opuntia in South Africa is also provided, dating from 1976 to the present.

Summary An overview of the 22 taxa recorded in the genus Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston (Vitaceae) in Angola is presented. An identification key to all taxa recorded is provided, together with a referenced list of taxa with synonymy, geographical distribution range, endemic status and the citation of type specimens that originated from the country. Distribution maps are also presented. A list of herbarium collections consulted is given in an appendix.Zusammenfassung: Es wird eine Ubersicht uber die 22 aus Angola bekannten Taxa der Gattung Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston (Vitaceae) gegeben. Der Beitrag besteht aus einem Schlussel zu allen Taxa, sowie einer referenzierten Taxonliste mit Synonymen, geographischer Verbreitung (inkl. Verbreitungskarten), Angaben zum Endemiestatus und Zitaten der Typusbelege, soweit sie aus dem Land stammen. Ein Anhang listet die untersuchten Herbarbelege auf.

Summary: Aloe graciliflora Groenew., which has previously been included in the synonymy of A. greatheadii Schonland var. davyana (Schonland) Glen & D.S.Hardy, is here reinstated. This species is adapted to the climatic extremes of South Africa's eastern Highveld where it occurs southward from near Dullstroom to Waterval-Boven and Badplaas, and westward to Carolina. Morphologically it differs from A. greatheadii var. davyana by having larger flowers that generally lack the greyish longitudinal stripes, the flower colour being more intensely red, and by being a more robust plant in all respects.

Aloe mendesii Reynolds (Asphodelaceae) is a distinctive cliff-dwelling species from southern Angola. It is one of the few species of Aloe L. that Dr G.W. Reynolds described using immature flowering material. Although the name has an unambiguously designated holotype, up to now uncertainty existed as to the origin of the material on which it was based. It is shown conclusively that Dr Eduardo Mendes sent material that he obtained from Mr J. Brito Teixeira to Reynolds in Swaziland. Reynolds described the new species in 1964 from this material, naming it for Mendes. However, the type was collected by Sr R. [Romeu Mendes dos] Santos and Sr C. [Carlos Alves] Henriques, under the number Santos & Henriques 1131, at Tundavala on 4 July 1963, a year before Reynolds published this new name.

A catalogue of the flowering plants of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea) is presented. Flowering plant diversity figures are updated to: 135 families (20 introduced), 624 genera (172 introduced), 1 104 species (301 introduced) plus 15 additional infraspecific taxa. At present 119 taxa (107 species and 12 infraspecific taxa) are known to be endemic to the two islands. The catalogue includes accepted names, synonyms used in recent literature, common names, voucher specimens and information on habit and habitat and on plant uses, particularly medicinally.

The African Plants Initiative (API) was conceived as a web-based, electronic venture that would provide rapid access to images of type specimens of African plant names. This soon grew to also encompass images of living plants, associated taxonomic literature, artwork, and related texts. In many respects, Africa, which is host to a flora of over 50,000 species, for which about six times that number of alternative and incorrect names are available, has historically lagged behind the world in terms of both taxonomic capacity and access to the global electronic ether. Through the API, a consortium of 73 institutions from the North and South, 291,289 specimen images alone are now available for accessing through the Internet. In this regard, the API has been a pioneer in and has become a catalyst for facilitating the generation and dissemination of fundamental taxonomic information on African plants, a role it is increasingly fulfilling through the JSTOR Plant Science portals.

We discuss the development of, and trends in, vascular plant taxonomy in Portugal during the 20th century, with emphasis on the institutions and taxonomists that were instrumental in advancing and facilitating this branch of scientific botanical endeavour. We show that the bulk of the nomenclatural novelties published by Portuguese botanists for elements of the vascular flora of the country, and beyond, were produced by a small group of 69 taxonomists who were mostly based at institutions in one of three Portuguese cities: Coimbra, Lisboa (Lisbon) and Porto. In all three instances the individuals were associated with local herbaria that were managed by universities, while in Lisboa other government-sponsored projects and institutions additionally played a pivotal role in the production of complete or partial Floras for Portugal and its former colonies. These individuals are comprehensively tabulated and biographical information is provided for all of them. With 440 names published, Rosette Mercedes Saraiva Batarda Fernandes (1916–2005), who worked at the University of Coimbra, was the most prolific taxonomist in terms of publishing new names. She was the sole author of more than half of these names. Biographies are provided for the ten most prolific Portuguese authors of vascular plant names.Citation: Figueiredo E., Silva V., Coutinho A. & Smith G. F. 2018: Twentieth century vascular plant taxonomy in Portugal. – Willdenowia 48: 303–330. doi: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.48.48209Version of record first published online on 24 August 2018 ahead of inclusion in August 2018 issue.

This paper briefly reports on the developments surrounding the Acacia name conservation controversy since the Nomenclature Section meeting at the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress at Vienna in 2005. Actions taken at Vienna led to the listing of Acacia Mill. with a conserved type in Appendix III (p. 286) of the current printed version of the International code of botanical nomenclature. While decisions taken at Nomenclature Sections generally tend to resolve nomenclatural disputes, the actions taken in Vienna with regard to Acacia—i.e., treating the proposal to conserve the name Acacia with a conserved type as approved even though the majority of the votes cast were opposed to the proposal—has only resulted in increased controversy. Today, the Acacia listing in the Code continues to be met with considerable resistance from the global plant taxonomic community and beyond. We believe the "minority rule" approach used in Vienna was contrary to the procedural rules established in Vienna. As a result, an objection to the acceptance of the Vienna Code as currently printed with the Acacia listing will be raised at the Nomenclature Section meeting during the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in 2011. A procedure is outlined for handling this objection that we hope will allow the botanical community to finally resolve this matter.

The tropical, subtropical and some temperate regions of the world are home to large components of the known global flora. However, the herbaria in these countries, often classified as so-called emerging economies, hold a fraction of the votes that influence and decide proposals to amend the International code of botanical nomenclature. We argue that the allocation of votes to herbaria should more closely reflect the richness of the plant diversity of the country in which the herbarium is situated, as well as the size of the population using the names associated with the flora. Globally, in every single sphere of life and human endeavour, minority rule is not only frowned upon, it is rejected, often with contempt. There is no reason why, in the second decade of the 21st century, decision-making in plant nomenclature should be affected by a minority of institutions from countries with some of the world's most depauperate floras. The way in which some nomenclature committees, and the Nomenclature Section itself, have advocated a particular point of view on the typification of the genus name Acacia Mill. at the International Botanical Congress held in Vienna in 2005 has indicated just how far developing nations and continents have been left behind in the plant nomenclature debate. The IAPT could now proactively initiate a debate and process that will ultimately ensure a better representation for neglected herbaria, and therefore the countries in which they are situated, that lack a voice in plant nomenclatural matters.

The taxa belonging to the genus Aloe published in Synopsis methodica stirpium horti regii taurinensis (Allioni 1760) and in Auctarium ad synopsim meihodicam stirpium horti regii taurinensis (Allioni 1773) were examined. The protologues of Aloe maculata All. and A. verrucosospinosa All. are analysed and lectotypes designated. The homonymy of A. succotrina All. w ith A. succotrina Weston (1770) is recognized, and the lectotype o f this last name designated. Epitypes are selected to fix the application of all three names. Short differential diagnoses o f the three species are given and their distribution ranges discussed; distribution maps based on specimens held in the South African National Herbarium (PRE), KwaZulu-Natal Herbarium (NH). Compton Herbarium (NBG) and the South African Museum Collection (SAM) held in NBG are provided.

Botanical exploration of Angola was virtually impossible during the almost three-decade-long civil war. With more areas becoming accessible, there is, however, a revived interest in the flora of this country. A total of 27 members of the genus Aloe L. have been recorded for Angola. It is not unlikely that new taxa will be discovered, and that the distribution ranges of others will be expanded now that botanical exploration in Angola has resumed. This manuscript provides a complete taxonomic treatment of the known Aloe taxa in Angola. It includes, amongst other information, identification keys, descriptions and distribution maps.

Eight new records of pteridophytes are listed for the flora of Annobón (Equatorial Guinea). Specimen information is provided for 12 literature-based records in the Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial. An account of pteridophyte collecting on the island is provided. Pteridophyte diversity in Annobón is updated to 49 species.

The background to Friedrich Welwitsch’s seven year expedition to Angola and the subsequent fate of his herbarium of 10,000 collections are reviewed. In typifying the approximately 1,000 species names based on his collections, it is important to know where the specimens were at the time of publication of the names. In most cases there are no holotypes, and lectotypifications have to be made. It has not been generally realised that Welwitsch lumped together under one number all the collections which he considered to be conspecific, which means that designation of isotypes is open to serious misinterpretation. Data added retroactively to labels by copying from Hiern’s Catalogue may be erroneous. The collection has now been distributed to at least 24 different herbaria.

Summary: In alpha-taxonomic terms the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, which includes the entire Albany Centre of Endemism, is one of the richest succulent plant regions in the world. The mild climate of the region is also suitable for the cultivation of a number of exotic succulents, several of which have escaped into the natural flora, subsequently becoming naturalised. The five species of Agave L. recorded for the Eastern Cape are here described and illustrated as part of compiling a Flora for the region. The species are Agave angustifolia Haw. var. angustifolia, A. americana L. var. americana, A. sisalana Perrine, A. vivipara L. var. vivipara and A. wercklei F.A.C.Weber ex Werckle. A key is provided to assist with the identification of the five species.