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The purpose of this study is to identify the social representations of justice, circulating among young Neapolitan students, and to verify if they are different from each other, starting from the different social environment of production. We have chosen a qualiquantitative approach using a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of two sections: the first one aimed at identifying the representational structures of justice and the second one useful to reconstruct the content of these representations. Two groups of high school students, belonging to opposite local contexts, both from structural and socio-economical point of view, took part in the study. The results, discussed from their theoretical, methodological and applicative implications, confirm the presence of interesting differences between the two SRs

[English]:This book belongs to a new Series promoted by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Federico II University of Naples, in order to facilitate dialogue among scholars from different disciplines and to encourage interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral approaches on topics, both contemporary and historical. The studies collected in this volume offer a graceful synthesis of past and present, as is typical of the humanities, that study human culture in all its form. / [Italiano]: Gli studi raccolti in questo volume costituiscono il primo ‘Quaderno’ della nuova Collana di pubblicazioni della Scuola di Scienze Umane e Sociali dell’Ateneo fridericiano, promossa con l’intendimento di facilitare il confronto e il dialogo tra studiosi di varia provenienza, di sollecitare indagini trasversali e interdisciplinari sia su argomenti lontani nel tempo sia su temi di grande attualità che sono parte del nostro vissuto quotidiano. Il volume rappresenta una felice sintesi tra passato e presente, come è prerogativa delle ricerche appartenenti alla cultura umanistica, che ha a oggetto lo studio dell’esperienza umana considerata nella sua globalità.

When we are interested in the image of a social object, we are interested in what individuals have perceived about that object, the ways in which they have interpreted those perceptions, and what they think about that object. Fully agreeing with the idea that the use of iconographic stimuli can enhance the traditional methods and techniques that are used to study any social representation, in this article, two techniques will be presented. The first, the prototypical stimuli technique, was proposed in the second half of the 1980s by Galli and Nigro. The second technique, iconographic stimuli, creatively integrate images and words in a single tool, was designed more recently to study the social representation of culture by Galli, Fasanelli, and Schember. Researches here reviewed clearly shows that the image has the great power to attract to itself the very objects depicted, a power that the word often does not possess. It is images that make people reflect, help them to think about issues concerning the fundamental aspects of everyday life. The work here presented, carried out in first person by the writer, as well as by all the other authors who are concentrating their efforts in this direction, only represents a starting point of reflection. New and more articulated studies will be able to support with heuristic evidence what so far seems to be configured as a suggestive hypothesis, which in any case will require a wider and shared interdisciplinary effort.

In social psychology, reputation has been studied with reference to different objects (individuals, brands, cities, etc.) and methodologically, measured discerning between its subdimensions. In this article, city reputation is operationally defined, by using the validated City Reputation Indicators scale. This empirical tool is useful to evaluate the separate dimensions of city reputation independently. Data, obtained from a survey administered in the city of Naples, were analysed using the Classification-tree, a non-parametric procedure, widely used in supervised classification. We also used the Spearman rank correlation, in order to assess the degree of association between overall citizen satisfaction and overall city reputation. The classification tree has made possible the identification of the key path which better identifies people considering Naples a city with a good reputation. Furthermore, results also show the main constituents of city reputation.

In recent years, a remarkable number of studies have investigated sensory characteristics, such as flavor and texture, of edible insect and insect-based foods, their contribution to consumers’ attitudes toward edible insects are important in consumer appeal and their willingness to try eating insects in the future. This paper addresses the problem of describing the sensory characteristics aof edible insect and insect-based foods in terms of preferences. To this end, we conducted a study to explore the representations of sensory experiences related to an insect-based dish involving a voluntary sample of 154 consumers. The quasi-experiment, which we have called projective sensory experience (PSE), follows a two-step procedure. In the first step, we asked the participants to imagine tasting an insect-based dish and then to rate, from 1 (imperceptible) up to 10 (very perceptible), the following taste-olfactory sensations: Sapidity, Bitter tendency, Acidity, Sweet, Spiciness, Aroma, Greasiness-Unctuosity, Succulence, Sweet, Fatness, Persistence. In the second step, we asked our interviewees to indicate, through a specific check-list, which was the most disturbing and least disturbing taste-olfactory sensation imagined. We collected data from May to July 2020 by using an anonymous on-line questionnaire. Results could help understand the sensory characteristics of “insects as food” that should be used or avoided, for example, in communication aimed at promoting familiarity with edible insects and improving the acceptability of insects as a novel food.

Gender violence is generally conceived as a phenomenon concerning only adults. Nonetheless, it is also perpetrated within teenagers&rsquo, relationships, as many empirical studies have shown. We therefore have focused our attention on a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 400 adolescents living in Naples (Italy), to study the association between sexism and the justification of violent attitudes. Generally, sexism is recognised as a discriminatory attitude towards people, based on their biological sex. However, it is conventional to talk about sexism as a prejudice against women. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) for adolescents was used to evaluate the two dimensions of ambivalent sexism, i.e., hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS). Moreover, the questionnaire regarding attitudes towards diversity and violence (CADV) was administered to assess participants&rsquo, attitudes towards violence. A Partial Least Square&ndash, Second Order Path Model reveals that girls&rsquo, ambivalent sexism is affected more by benevolent sexism than hostile sexism. On the contrary, among boys, hostile sexism has a higher impact. Finally, benevolent sexist girls justify domestic violence more than boys do.

The aim of this investigation is to examine the structure and the content of different social groups’ representations of the human microbiome. We employed a non-probabilistic sample comprising two groups of participants. The first group ( n = 244) included university students. The second group included lay people ( n = 355). We chose a mixed-method approach. The data obtained were processed using IRaMuTeQ software. The results allow us to identify the anchoring and objectification processes activated by the two different groups of interviewees. The results could be useful to those in charge of implementing campaigns aimed at promoting health literacy.

Social representations theory offers a useful framework to analyse the construction of lay explanations of social risks. The current study used this theoretical framework to investigate lay explanations of the COVID-19 outbreak. Risk psychology generally focuses on individual perceptions and cognitive errors or the notion of the fallibility of human information processing. According to Moscovici, society is not a source of information, but of meanings. People, on topics of interest, construct questions and look for answers, rather than merely perceiving and processing obtained information. Social psychologists, therefore, cannot be interested in risk responses as erroneous or correct, nor as false, deficient, or biased. Instead, they must be concerned with how social awareness of risk is built, in other words, how and why people need to co-construct social representations of such a risk. To identify the structure and content of COVID-19 SRs, we used a non-probabilistic sample composed by social sciences and humanities and life sciences students (N = 124). To access the structure of COVID-19 SRs, we employed the method of hierarchical evocation. The free association task was completed by participants’ justification of their association choices to avoid the lexical ambiguity that could come from this kind of data. To access the content of COVID-19 SRs, we utilized both open and closed questions made up starting from the following dimensions: informative sources and participants’ networks of interaction; anchoring and objectivation processes; expectations and emotions related to the object.

This paper presents macro-level safety performance functions and aims to provide empirical tools for planners and engineers to conduct proactive analyses, promote more sustainable development patterns, and reduce road crashes. In the past decade, several studies have been conducted for crash modeling at a macro-level, yet in Italy, macro-level safety performance functions have neither been calibrated nor used, until now. Therefore, for Italy to be able to fully benefit from applying these models, it is necessary to calibrate the models to local conditions. Generalized linear modelling techniques were used to fit the models, and a negative binomial distribution error structure was assumed. The study used a sample of 15,254 crashes which occurred in the period of 2009&ndash, 2011 in Naples, Italy. Four traffic analysis zones (TAZ) levels were used, as one of the aims of this paper is to check the extent to which these zoning levels help in addressing the issue. The models were developed by the stepwise forward procedure using explanatory Socio-Demographic (S-D), Transportation Demand Management (TDM), and Exposure variables. The most significant variables were: children and young people placed in re-education projects, population, population aged 65 and above, population aged 25 to 44, male population, total vehicle kilometers traveled, average congestion level, average speed, number of trips originating in the TAZ, number of trips ending in the TAZ, number of total trips and, number of bus stops served per hour. An important result of the study is that children and young people placed in re-education projects negatively affects the frequency of crashes, i.e., it has a positive safety effect. This demonstrates the effectiveness of education projects, especially on children from disadvantaged neighbourhoods.

El presente trabajo se propuso comprender estructura y contenido de las Representaciones Sociales de la Salud y Enfermedad en niños, niñas y equipo de atención en salud, comparándolos entre los contextos rural y urbano del departamento de Cundinamarca. La investigación se inscribió epistemológicamente en el paradigma socio constructivista y teóricamente en el enfoque estructural de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales; utiliza multimetodología para la recolección, análisis e interpretación de la información, orientándose hacia la construcción socialmente compartida de las representaciones sociales estudiadas. Los resultados aportan al conocimiento científico a partir de la construcción de la realidad compartida socialmente y promueven un abordaje integral de la salud infantil acorde con las necesidades y realidades de la población Abstract: This work was proposed to understand the structure and content of the Social Representation of health and illness in children and health care team, comparing between the rural and urban context of Cundinamarca, Colombia. This research was inscribed epistemologically in the socio-constructivist paradigm and theoretically in the structural approach to the Theory of Social Representations, uses multimethodology to obtain and to analyze the information, oriented towards the construction of social knowledge about social representations studied. The results contribute to scientific knowledge from the construction of socially shared reality and promote an integral approach to child health, according to needs and realities of this population. Doctorado

Resumen La crisis económica actual ha sido un fenómeno nuevo e inesperado; es parte del sistema capitalista, bancario y económico que ha sido conocido hasta el año 2008. La crisis ha llevado a los bancos, los Estados, las instituciones internacionales, así como a las personas del común, a ver profundos cambios en sus representaciones sobre la economía. En este escenario, se plantea la pregunta: ¿cómo los hombres y las mujeres de estratos sociales diferentes afrontan el fenómeno complejo y desconocido de la crisis económica? ¿El género y el estatus social justifican diferentes significados atribuidos a la crisis, sus causas y consecuencias? En el presente artículo se elige la teoría de las representaciones sociales para estudiar el papel del género y el nivel educativo en la producción de las representaciones de la crisis. Se presentan resultados de encuestas realizadas en el sur de Italia (N = 120), los cuales revelan que tanto el género como el nivel educativo de las personas marcan diferencias en la forma de definir y afrontar la crisis. Por un lado, los participantes de alto nivel definen la crisis en términos más abstractos que los participantes de bajo nivel. Por otra parte, los hombres de alto nivel mantienen un estado de coping más proactivo con la crisis que los otros participantes, especialmente mujeres. La discusión se enfoca en el papel de la teoría de la representación social entendiendo la relación entre género, estatus y comportamiento económico, aportando ideas sobre cómo la igualdad de género puede ser mejorada. Abstract The current economic crisis has been a new and unexpected phenomenon; it is part of the capitalist banking and economic system that has been known until 2008. The crisis has led to banks, states, international institutions, as well as common people, changing profoundly their representations about the economy. In this scenario, some questions arise: how do men and women of different social status face the complex and unknown phenomenon of the economic crisis? Do gender and social status justify the different meanings attributed to the crisis, to its causes and its consequences? When confronted with an external threat like the economic crisis, people draw on social representations to provide meaning to that unfamiliar situation. Through media and interpersonal communication, social groups produce naive theories that improve familiarity with an unexpected and distressing phenomenon. In order to analyze these lay theories elaborated though daily economic thinking and acting, this research has been conducted using Social Representation Theory and its methodological approaches. This theory, in fact, contributes to our understanding of the societal process of sense making when an unexperienced external shock affects society. It offers a way to understand economic phenomena’s impact on social groups. Social representations (SRs) serve the purpose of making the unfamiliar become familiar, and the unusual become usual, as well as to provide orientation in times of change. In this sense, in this article, social representations theory is used to examine the role of gender and educational status in the production of representations of the crisis. Presented findings came from a survey carried out in Southern Italy (N = 120) revealing status and gender differences in the ways people define the crisis and cope with it. Participants were asked to order the first most important five statements and the first least important statements, among a list of 15 (according to the rule of a multiple of 3) to code every item with a score of 1 (less characteristic), 3 (more characteristic), or 2 (not chosen). Every Questionnaire of Characterization was created starting from social descriptions and explanations of the crisis, identified in a previous study. They covered every sub-dimension of the content (complementary to the structure) of the social representation of the crisis, such as: cognitive-evaluative aspects about the representation’s structure (central and peripheral elements); descriptive-defining aspects of the representation; informative sources and interaction networks; level of involvement/implication with the object; relationship between representation and social practices; perceptions, attributions and categorizations (causes, responsibilities, duration/evolution, solutions, positive implications, the EU’s role). In this paper, we will only consider the answers related to the following dimensions: crisis definitions, strategies to tackle the crisis and social practices related to the crisis. The analysis of the data was carried out primarily using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). In this analysis, in order to uncover the objectification and anchoring processes, we considered the interaction of status and gender as an illustrative variable. These findings were further substantiated with the use of Discriminant analysis. The social anchoring of social representations of the economic crisis is influenced by gender and social status. Nevertheless, the difference in status modifies the stereotypical dimensions, also coherently with predictions derived from gender role theory about the reduction of the impact of gender stereotypes when men and women occupy similar social positions. On the one hand, high-status participants defined the crisis in more abstract terms than low-status participants. On the other hand, high-status men hold a more proactive style of coping with the crisis than other participants, especially women. The discussion focuses on the role of social representations theory in understanding the relationships between gender, status and economic behavior, providing insights into how gender equality might be improved.

This paper aims to analyze the concept of child health. This has been a permanent and transversal question for Western society in its effort to specify both the meaning and its scope in the daily experience, as well as in formulating public policies that allow a more accurate action of the actors involved in its consolidation. Being the disease its counterpart, it appears as one of the main concerns that needs to be understood and explained to generate proposals to solve presented problems. The different approaches reiterate the need for children's participation, recognizing their points of view, opinions, imaginaries, representations, emerging categories and constructed theories, which in turn are related to everyday practices and behaviors. Therefore, transformation axis of reflection of the exercise of public health translates into the construction of citizenship by childhood.

Moscovici defined Social representations as systems of values, ideas and practices that serve to establish social order and facilitate communication. They arise in an effort to make the unfamiliar, familiar. Starting from the Structural Approach, and from a reflection on the role that imagery can provide to overcome the bottlenecks of an exclusive "verbal", we will show that the same word “image” means a wide variety of phenomena. The distinction between picture and image, in fact, will be the starting point of our reflection. In particular, we’ll focus on the role of the picture as an iconographic representation and a particular form of image. Moreover we will try to underline that a picture is a concrete object offered to our perception, which exists as such, regardless of our perceptual identity. On the basis of these considerations, the presentation will be focused on the construction of a new tool called “Iconographical Stimuli”, a useful technique of data collecting in the field of the social representation Theory. The aim of this technique is to explore a social representation object, using situated images in a process of communication.

The increase of immigrants compels local communities to find appropriate responses to encourage successful intercultural adjustment. The migrant public perception of native population may strongly influence the effectiveness with which migration is managed. Nonetheless, the social understanding of immigrants is not homogeneous among native community members. Functioning within the theory of social representations, this research aimed to capture the differences between the representations of migrants experienced by distinctive groups of native residents, and their relation to the experience of community (Sense of Community - SoC) and ethnic prejudice. Following a quali-quantitative approach, 494 inhabitants of Nardò (51% female), a town in Southern Italy, were asked to fill in a questionnaire including a words association task and measures of SoC, modern prejudice and the perception of impact of immigration on SoC. The dataset was submitted to the analysis of similarity through SIMI2005 software. The results indicated that the social construction of the targeted migrants was consistent across diverse community groups. However, the structural analysis highlighted a quota of inter-individual differences among community members; the peripheral contents of the representations were diverse among groups of residents with either positive or negative attitudes towards community and immigrants.

The aim of this study is to investigate how culture and expertise of a complex phenomenon, the economic crisis, influence the construction of different social representations. In order to analyse the ???naïf theories??? elaborated by the common sense with regard to the economic thinking and acting, this research has been conducted inside the theoretical framework of SRT (Social Representation Theory). By interviewing Italian and Greek subjects belonging to different social groups, we examined how ???expert??? and ???lay??? people face this unfamiliar phenomenon. Inspired by the Structural Approach, which considers SRs (social representations) as constituted of two parts, a structure and a content, data were collected through a multi-method strategy (hierarchized evocations method, characterization and multiple choice questionnaires). Four groups of participants (n = 120 for each country; n = 30 for each group; gender balanced) were employed: university students (the second/third year; faculty of economics), mid-level bank clerks, shopkeepers, and laypeople. Obtained data were treated with rang/frequency and similarity analysis, as well as mono and multivariate statistical analysis. Discussion focuses on the relationships between culture, group membership and social representations of crisis and economic behaviors. The main findings demonstrate culture and group appurtenance differences in the ways participants define and foresee strategies to face the crisis. In particular, in both Italian and Greek samples, differences were founded among expert and lay groups. Methodological implications associated with combining qualitative and quantitative methods, in SRT???s Structural Approach, are systematically presented and discussed.

According to Abric’s (1983) structural approach, social representations (Moscovici, 1961) are made of a central nucleus surrounded by peripheral elements. This theoretical approach, based on a hierarchical structure, deals with the idea of a specific internal configuration of every representation. Abric (1994) and Flament (1994), moreover argued that social practices, related to specific social context, were a major factor in the co-construction of a representation. Starting from this theoretical framework, the purpose of this study is to identify the social representations of culture, circulating among young Neapolitan students. The aim is also to verify if these representations are different from each other, starting from the different social environments of production. Two groups of pupils (161 participants, in the age between 8 and 10 years old), belonging to opposite local contexts, both from structural and socio-economical point of view, took part in the study. We choose a quali-quantitative approach using a free associations questionnaire. In particular, we asked the children to freely indicate five words when they think about culture; then we asked them to motivate the words they choose and in the end to organize those words in order of importance. Collected data were analysed by the Hierarchical Evocations Technique (Verges, 1992). The results, discussed from their theoretical, methodological and applicative implications, confirm the presence of stimulating differences between the two SRs. Keywords: Culture, Social Psychology, Social Representations, Development Age, Qualitative-quantitative research, Hierarchical Evocations Technique