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Since agriculture is an important sector of the Russian economy, the problem of lack of capital in this sector is still relevant. The article shows that in the era of digital technologies, new sources of fundraising are emerging in the agro-industrial complex. Crowdfunding is one of such modern sources of financing in the world practice which is able to significantly expand the basis of the investment pyramid of the agricultural sector. In the course of the study, a review of domestic and foreign literature on this method of raising funds was conducted. General scientific methods were used: observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning, and specific scientific method of static analysis. A critical review of domestic and foreign practice has shown the main advantages and disadvantages of attracting financing through crowdfunding platforms. Also, as a result of the conducted research, it was found that this way of attracting investments not only solves problems of financing the agricultural sector, but is also a successful method for agricultural enterprises to enter foreign markets. In the era of innovative finance, this article contributes to the growing literature and initiatives to introduce and develop crowdfunding in the agri-food industry.

This article reviews advertising tools and analyzes their importance. The advantages of advertising media have been researched and their characteristics have been provided. Attention is also paid to modern advertising campaign tools that companies use to promote their products and services in foreign markets. With an emphasis on the dynamics of globalization and digitalization, the latest trends and innovations in the field of marketing and advertising are analyzed, allowing to effectively reach target audiences in different parts of the world. Particular attention is paid to how companies adapt their advertising strategies to changing consumer requirements and preferences in international markets and, further, how technological innovations affect the choice of tools for advertising campaigns. Various tools are described, including digital media, social media networks, influencer marketing, contextual advertising, SEO optimization, and other digital channels that currently are at the forefront of advertising activity. There is a strong focus on the interactive and personalized aspects of digital marketing, which provide businesses with the opportunity to build deeper and more emotional connections with their customers. Previously unexplored parts of the general problem are highlighted, in particular, the difficulties of measuring the effectiveness of various advertising tools in international markets and the adaptation of marketing strategies to the cultural characteristics of different countries. The aim of the article is to determine the most efficient modern tools of the advertising campaign for the international market and to develop recommendations for companies seeking to expand their presence abroad; outlining the methodological and practical aspects of the process of managing marketing tools at enterprises. The efficiency of each tool was evaluated on the basis of information obtained from scientific sources, using observational and abstract methods, as well as comparative analysis. Different levels of strategies are considered, along with the main tools for each level. The major performance indicators of the marketing campaign are analyzed in order to determine further directions for improving the campaign. When implementing any marketing campaign in the digital space, digital tools create many opportunities and threats for companies that need to be considered in order to minimize possible setbacks at launch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cotton crop is considered one of the economics crops that contribute to financing the state’s development plans. Despite the importance of the cotton crop, it suffered from distorted price policies, which resulted in a decrease in its area by about 49.06% during the period (2005-2022). Consequently, total production decreased by about 149.4%, so the research aimed to study the impact of agricultural policy in general and price policy in particular on cotton crop production. It also aimed to identify the most important problems facing crop farmers. The research reached many results, including: a higher growth rate in production costs, which was estimated at about 13.1% than the growth rate in farm prices, which amounted to about 12.4%. Which led to a decrease in the growth rate in the net return compared to the total costs, reaching 11%, especially with the fluctuation of acreage productivity around its arithmetic average during the study period. The average quantity of cotton exports during the period (2005-2022) reached about 74.55 thousand tons, with an estimated value of about 160.32 million dollars. The results also showed that cotton farmers suffer from many problems, including the lack of a guarantee price that protects the product from the impact of price distortions. The results of the statistical analysis of the policy analysis matrix showed a decrease in support directed to production requirements, which amounted to 7%. Farmers also bear implicit taxes and subsidies to the consumer estimated at about 55.8% of the revenue based on international prices. The study of Egyptian cotton markets also showed that there is no competitive advantage for the price of Egyptian cotton within these markets. Based on these results, the research reached several recommendations, including: the necessity of announcing a guarantee price. rewarding for the farmer, Guidance greater support for production requirements, working to study foreign markets and their export requirements to develop marketing and export plans to avoid transforming those markets into other markets competing with Egyptian cotton [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the importance of the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets, describes relevant risks associated with the conflict in Ukraine and proposes ways to address the challenges of exporting Russian products to international markets in order to prevent famine and social problems in the world. The study includes an overview of Russian and foreign specialised literature, which allowed to systematize the ways to achieve the goal set that had already been proposed and develop new ones. Logical, economic and statistical methods as well as the methods of synthesis, system and SWOT analysis served as a basis for the study. Using the methods of theoretical analysis, the authors identified specific features of the Russian and global markets’ advancement. Economic and statistical methods provided an opportunity to describe trends and factors that determine the direction of the grain market’s development. Fundamental food security problems as well risks associated with the dependency of various states on the imports of feed and fertilizers from Ukraine and the Russian Federation were examined. A conclusion according to which the ambiguous geopolitical situation can hinder food exporting to many countries was made. The importance of restructuring the logistics system of grain supplies at the current stage was proved, and measures aimed at countering critical challenges of and threats to exporting agricultural products from the Russian Federation were proposed.

Adapting to the needs of their international partners represents a key challenge for international business relationship management. Jordan companies face the challenge of serving a wide range of interests of their foreign business partners. To meet this challenge, international managers need to go beyond their local business model and find new ways of collaborating in the global arena. The capability to cooperate with international business partners of Jordan companies lies in sharing resources and coordinating international strategy and business relationship management. This article investigates relevant topics related to internationalization strategies of Jordan companies, from managerial lens: interest for international expansion, experience in international business, development of capabilities to approach foreign markets, readiness for international expansion, governmental support for international business and expectations related to international expansion.

Given the trends of 2020-2021, namely changes in the lifestyle of the world's population due to quarantine restrictions, it should be noted that the market of smokehouses, grills, barbecues and accessories to them was changed significantly. The study considers the segmentation of producers of smokehouses, grills and barbecues by type of product (gas, electric, coal) and consumer use (commercial and domestic). The dynamics of development of the world market of smokehouses, grills, barbecues and accessories to them in 2015-2025 is characterized (according to forecasts). The analysis of the regional structure of production and sales is carried out. The key players in the world market of smokehouses, barbecues, grills, barbecues and accessories to them were identified. Innovative solutions of manufacturers in recent years in this market were presented. It is concluded that the global and Ukrainian market of barbecues and grills is showing a positive trend in recent years, i.e. it has opportunities for growth as the number of restaurants and hotels increases and more and more people choose barbecue food. Priority steps are proposed for the entry of Ukrainian producers of smokehouses, grills, barbecues and accessories to them, which are not world market leaders in foreign markets. It is noted that it is difficult for Ukrainian producers to compete for the expansion of foreign markets. However, an effective tool in this case is the development of an effective marketing strategy, as well as the transfer of some tasks from the marketing of foreign markets to outsourcing. Accordingly, the identification of trends and prospects for the world market of smokehouses, grills, barbecues and accessories allows Ukrainian producers to develop and implement an export strategy to increase competitiveness and introduce the latest innovative technologies.

While the conditions of the world markets functioning factors change, it is required the development of a new effective strategy for food security in the Russian Federation. The global economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in the structure and volume of world trade, and political crises in a number of EAEU member states also force us to pay special attention to food security. The relevance of this research is due to: 1) the processes of globalisation and integration of national markets, which is why new foreign economic and foreign trade relations are increasingly being formed; 2) the crisis of the coronavirus pandemic, which is why many foreign trade processes in Russia and a number of other countries are disrupted; 3) the commodity groups under consideration, the uncontrolled volume of exports of which can cause a food threat to the country. The purpose of the study is to analyse the problems of assessing food security within the country in the implementation of foreign economic activity and the supply of agro-industrial complex goods to foreign markets. The objectives of the study are to identify ways to assess food security. Measurement tools are proposed that help to assess food security at the national level, assess household access to food and its purchase, and also allow measuring food consumption and use. To date, the solution of this problem is one of the main tasks, both within individual regions and the country as a whole.

Due to the economy digitalization and the e-commerce systems development, it is impossible to enter the foreign market without ensuring company’s presence in the global digital commercial space. Ukrainian exporters, which are trying to enter foreign markets should use multi-channel product promotion strategies including online channels. The article purpose is to study the advantages and disadvantages of using online channels for promoting products and services in foreign markets for small and medium enterprises. As a result of the study, the distinctive characteristics and features of using different online channels to promote products in foreign markets (different types of e-commerce sites, social networks and marketplaces) have been identified, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their using for Ukrainian companies’ export activities. Also, as a result of the study, the questions for diagnostics of the company's readiness to use a multi-channel strategy for online promotion of goods in foreign markets have been formulated. It has been determined that companies that choose a multi-channel strategy and global coverage of e-commerce markets should choose international marketplaces, as they allow them to start selling globally quickly and easily. It is established that Ukrainian companies should take into account and adapt to an important trend of recent years - the intensification of M-commerce (mobile commerce). The study highlights the main most popular marketplaces in the world, which an exporter should focus on to promote products, and factors that should be considered for choosing a marketplace. This will allow exporters to make decisions for developing a marketing strategy for promoting products and services in foreign markets.

The article focuses on the fact that the general struggle for investment resources, both at the state level and at the regional level, forces us to study the essence, content of the investment process, the forms of interaction between its participants in more depth and in detail, assess the investment potential of individual sectors of the economy and look for ways to improve its efficiency. When studying the investment attractiveness of economic sectors, such a methodology was used, which includes three stages: 1) assessment of the socio-economic situation of the region and determination of its rating in Russia; 2) analysis of the dynamics and structure of investments in fixed assets; 3) identification of benefits that provide investment incentives for external investors in the regional system and deter conditions for the development of investment activity. It has been revealed that there is a significant gap between regions in terms of investment activity in the Russian economy, which contradicts the principle of a single economic space of the country. The Kirov region is analysed in relation to other regions of the country in terms of the indicators under consideration. The most attractive sectors of the region’s economy for investors have been identified. The article shows how important it is to assess the investment attractiveness of individual sectors of the economy of the Kirov region in order to offer the most profitable investment projects in the future.

This study aims to help managers develop a proper strategy and policy for their company's future. After the global COVID-19 pandemic, developed countries decided to change their production and relocate and re-industrialize. The U.S.'s big electronics and automobile companies are not an exception to this rule. The lithium batteries are the main instrument of mobile phone and electric vehicles. The leading lithium battery supplier for the U.S mobile phone companies is China. Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile (in South America) have some of the largest lithium mines in the world; these countries are known as the lithium triangle. Among the 86 million tonnes of lithium resources worldwide, 49.9 million tonnes exist in this area. The researchers in this study surveyed the best country for constructing a battery for companies in the U.S. Because of the growth of electric vehicles and their use of the lithium battery, the world is facing astronomical prices for lithium. To emphasize this issue and help managers create good policy, this study combined multiple methods. The improved suitability-feasibility-acceptability (SFA) strategy is integrated with the Bayesian best-worst method (BBWM) and measurement of alternatives and rankings according to compromise solution (MARCOS) multicriteria methods to determine the best destination. For comparison, based on the SFA strategy, seven criteria are introduced: commercially viable reserves, national minimum wage, corporate income tax, accessibility to mining companies, accessibility to the waterway, population, and political stability index. The Bayesian BWM analysis reveals that the foremost factor is corporate income tax, whereas MARCOS's findings indicate that Chile is the best country to construct the lithium battery industry. To verify the proposed approach, a comparison analysis also is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the formation of agri-food chains in foreign markets and the calculation of value added losses in export-import operations of agri-food. It is established that the share of the agricultural sector in the GDP of Ukraine is 10.2% at the lowest value added per employee 4801.4 dollars. USA. It is estimated that in 2010–2019, in the structure of Ukraine's exports, agricultural products provided 19% of foreign exchange earnings in 2011 and 40% in 2019, which is evidence of the strengthening of export positions of the studied sector of the economy in foreign markets. It was revealed that in 2019 the share of agri-food products was 44.3%, or 22.2 billion dollars. US, or increased by 19% compared to 2018, while total exports from the country during this period increased by only 6%. It is determined that in the structure of exports of agri-food products the share of plant products is 58%, and in the commodity structure of exports the largest share falls on cereals - 74%, as well as oilseeds - 20%. It is concluded that the export of agricultural food in 2010–2019 is formed by raw materials, while the value added of processed products - sunflower oil, poultry meat - is higher than that of grain. Threats to the functioning of agri-food supply chains to foreign markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and government actions of the world and Ukraine to ensure food security are systematized. It is substantiated that the structure of Ukraine's foreign trade is rational, as raw materials predominate in supplies to foreign markets, and technically complex products dominate in the structure of imports. It is estimated that the foreign trade balance of goods and services in 2019 is negative in the amount of 3.7 billion dollars, but improved by 2.5 billion dollars. relative to the 2018 figure. It is substantiated that in order to achieve a positive value of the foreign trade balance of Ukraine it is necessary to stimulate the development of food industries, ie products with high added value. It is analyzed that the increase in exports of agricultural raw materials leads to a shortfall in value added, and, consequently, the state budget loses significant revenues in the form of value added tax (processed agricultural products are subject to VAT on its exports), tax on profit, export duty (rate 18%, for the export of live farm animals). It was found that the value structure of agricultural imports is dominated by the group of "finished food products" (45%); the second position of agri-food imports is occupied by products of plant origin, the share of which is 31%; third - products of animal origin, whose share in the structure of imports is about 18%. It is suggested that state support instruments, such as VAT refunds, should only be used to stimulate high value-added industries.

The paper discusses the directions of a global expansion of the Polish food industry companies and examines their strategic goals, motivations and methods of entering the foreign markets. The discussion is based on the quantitative research, conducted in 2018, among 250 Polish food companies selected from three food industry groups (10.7, 10.1,10.3) according to the list of codes of Polish Classification of Activities. The Polish food companies perceive foreign markets as an opportunity for growth by increasing profits, acquiring new customers, increasing sales and strengthening the position as well as the potential of the company. The EU is a preferable direction of expansion. The companies find the EU members' markets locally convenient, stable and with business-friendly conditions. The paper complements the studies on internationalisation of the food sector companies, in particular in a static approach which constitutes the degree of company independence in implementing the market entry strategies and illustrates the intensity of the internationalisation process of the business.

This paper contributes to the existing literature on geographical indications and, in particular, on the economic analysis of vegetables bearing a Protected Geographical Indication label. This study deals with the niche topic of methodologies that may be used to select ideal foreign markets for the Radicchio Rosso di Treviso. The aim is to suggest an adequate investigative methodology for identifying the foreign countries that are most suitable targets for promotional strategies. The specific analysis considers many variables, chosen with a view to selecting eligible markets, and ultimately draws up a consistent ranking of the five best nations. To determine the most promising country, the Overall Market Opportunity Index (OMOI) method has been used. This focuses on the most relevant indicators for each of the seven categories used to assess their appeal. The findings show that Denmark can be the best market for focusing the segmentation strategies of the Treviso Radicchio. After this, policy and business implications are addressed and opportunities for future research into emerging related issues are suggested. Strengthening the ranking analysis methodologies used for selecting target markets for the companies that produce Made in Italy luxury foods can also help improve such companies’ competitive profile on international markets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the specific role of joint ventures and other strategic alliances in Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) carried out by Chinese Multinationals Corporations in Central Africa. After exploring the extent to which the use of Sino‑Western joint ventures has helped Chinese firms to improve their technical and managerial skills both in domestic and foreign markets, the focus shifts to Central African countries members of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). The result is that joint ventures have become a major vehicle for Chinese multinationals firms to channel FDI, thus supporting the hypothesis that in the region under study this strategy allows them to guarantee the supply of raw materials (oil and mining products: copper, cobalt, gold, diamond,..), as part of a “package deals” linking FDI, Chinese Aid and Trade, also known as “Angolan model”; to conquer foreign markets (for technology and manufactured goods “Made in China”) and; to a lesser extent, to acquire strategic assets (brands, technological innovation, managerial skills).The commitment of Chinese stateowned MNCs through the “package deals” appears to be the keystone of stability and sustainability of Chinese FDI in Central Africa and in the continent In conclusion, the expectation is that the flow of Chinese FDI to Central Africa, should contribute to the process of sustainable development in recipient countries, provided that adequate political and economic governance is guaranteed. A pre‑requisite is to achieve institutional change, from a rent‑seeking to a developmental behavior at the state level, the result being an enhanced capacity to promote engineering potential, through the strengthening of human capital, and to negotiate transfer of technology and know‑how, with emerging countries partners, especially BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to form a positive balance of foreign trade activity of the Republic of Belarus. The main task is to achieve the excess of exports over imports by type of economic activity in the context of goods and services, regions and strategic partners. It is necessary to reduce the negative balance of foreign trade in goods over the years and increase the share of goods and services with a positive balance. Given the favorable geographical location of the Republic of Belarus and the fact that it is a transit state through which a large number of material flows are imported and exported, the formation of logistics supply chains of goods takes place, there is a great need to increase transport and logistics services. The object of research is foreign trade and the logistics market of the Republic of Belarus, the economic policy of the state, which determines their role and relationships. The aim of the study is a comprehensive, systematic analysis of the main trends in the development of foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus, emerging problems of export and logistics efficiency, the formation of the role of logistics in increasing the export potential of the state and the development of ways to increase it. The scientific novelty of the study: on the basis of official statistical information, an assessment is made of the economic efficiency of exports, the possibilities of logistics in increasing the export of goods and services of the Republic of Belarus are shown, problems are identified and directions for increasing it are developed. In the author’s opinion, the insufficient effectiveness of the participation of logistics in increasing the export of goods and services is due to the lack of regional centers for the formation and management of logistics chains for the supply of goods and services to foreign sales markets.

This study aims to help managers develop a proper strategy and policy for their company’s future. After the global COVID-19 pandemic, developed countries decided to change their production and relocate and re-industrialize. The U.S.’s big electronics and automobile companies are not an exception to this rule. The lithium batteries are the main instrument of mobile phone and electric vehicles. The leading lithium battery supplier for the U.S mobile phone companies is China. Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile (in South America) have some of the largest lithium mines in the world; these countries are known as the lithium triangle. Among the 86 million tonnes of lithium resources worldwide, 49.9 million tonnes exist in this area. The researchers in this study surveyed the best country for constructing a battery for companies in the U.S. Because of the growth of electric vehicles and their use of the lithium battery, the world is facing astronomical prices for lithium. To emphasize this issue and help managers create good policy, this study combined multiple methods. The improved suitability-feasibility-acceptability (SFA) strategy is integrated with the Bayesian best-worst method (BBWM) and measurement of alternatives and rankings according to compromise solution (MARCOS) multicriteria methods to determine the best destination. For comparison, based on the SFA strategy, seven criteria are introduced: commercially viable reserves, national minimum wage, corporate income tax, accessibility to mining companies, accessibility to the waterway, population, and political stability index. The Bayesian BWM analysis reveals that the foremost factor is corporate income tax, whereas MARCOS’s findings indicate that Chile is the best country to construct the lithium battery industry. To verify the proposed approach, a comparison analysis also is performed.

The main purpose of the article is substantiating the expediency of use of crowdmarketing and developing a mechanism for its use to enhance the export activity of enterprise. The marketing aspects of enterprise promotion in the global market are studied. The essence and main tasks of crowdmarketing are defined, its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed and generalized. The application of crowdmarketing has a number of limitations related to its specificity, which led to the development of a mechanism for the implementation of crowdmarketing for its efficient use by exporting enterprises. For realization of tasks of crowdmarketing, the article systematizes various systems and services, allowing to form network communities, where enterprises have possibility of communication with the target audience. The main services of crowdmarketing include: thematic forums, feedback sites, question-answer sites, social networks, trading platforms, blogs and articles in the media. The conclusions on expediency of use of crowdmarketing by enterprises-exporters at entering foreign markets are generalized.

The article is aimed at researching the possibilities for strengthening the competitive positions of Ukrainian dairy producers in the international markets. The cause-and-effect relations of modern tendencies in development of dairy industry branch of Ukraine are analyzed. The status and tendencies of export of national dairy products to foreign markets are determined. A number of external factors have been identified, preventing Ukrainian producers to more actively supply dairy products to the international market. Measures to strengthen the positions of Ukrainian dairy producers in foreign markets in the context of ensuring the adaptiveness of the enterprises of the branch are suggested.

The paper discusses the directions of a global expansion of the Polish food industry companies and examines their strategic goals, motivations and methods of entering the foreign markets. The discussion is based on the quantitative research, conducted in 2018, among 250 Polish food companies selected from three food industry groups (10.7, 10.1,10.3) according to the list of codes of Polish Classification of Activities. The Polish food companies perceive foreign markets as an opportunity for growth by increasing profits, acquiring new customers, increasing sales and strengthening the position as well as the potential of the company. The EU is a preferable direction of expansion. The companies find the EU members' markets locally convenient, stable and with business-friendly conditions. The paper complements the studies on internationalisation of the food sector companies, in particular in a static approach which constitutes the degree of company independence in implementing the market entry strategies and illustrates the intensity of the internationalisation process of the business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to analysis of interdependence and correlation between competition and competitiveness, and competition’s consequences. The author analysed some authors’ visions on competitiveness, and common features between theories of competition and competitiveness. Using the synthetic indicator elaborated by author has been evaluated the competitiveness of domestic goods on the internal and external market. At the end of this article, the author has developed proposals to increase competitiveness.

In the article the problem of advancing the international competitiveness of industry has been highlighted in the context of the impact on getting out the crises in the country and forming preconditions for economic growth. The study is based on an empirical basis of metallurgical industries of Ukraine, which has traditionally focused largely on international markets. The advancing international competitiveness of these enterprises is particularly topical and important for getting over the crisis and forming a trajectory of economic development of the country. The system of the factors has been represented and analysed, the priorities for advancing the international competitiveness of metallurgical industryJSC "Zaporizhstar.Recommendations to improve the competitiveness of the analysed enterprise have been formulated and common priorities for improving the international competitiveness of steel companies determining the possibility of positive impact on getting over the crisis and economic development at the level of companies, as well as at the level of Ukraine’s economy have been identified.

Italian agro-food is the third industry in Europe, after Germany and France. The connection between culture and territory has made the Mediterranean dieta a value for the whole humanity. The relevance of agrofood industry for Italian economy leads us to investigate geographical strategies to promote the ‘Made in Italy’ in the world. We present results of some cases studies of agro-food firms. Our article offers an innovative perspective for promoting Italian agro-food industry in the world. It reinforces the idea that both technological and non-technological innovations have to be realized to support geographical diversification of firms.

The current research has two aims. Firstly, starting from the premises of the Resource-Based View (RBV) to know how specific internal factors (resources and export commitment) can influence an exporting firm’s level of entrepreneurship in foreign markets. Secondly, to find out what the effect of export entrepreneurship is on business results. The relationships proposed are clearly reflected in a conceptual model which will be verified from a multisectorial sample of 212 Spanish exporting firms. The results reveal that: a) export entrepreneurship positively depends on export commitment and the resources associated with experience and structure; b) there is a positive effect of the level of export entrepreneurship on business results. It is recommended that export firms develop accelerated internationalization processes, be present in numerous countries simultaneously and have a high export intensity.

Entering foreign markets can be an opportunity for some brands. Expansion contributes to developing competitiveness, building a brand and increasing profits, which will be reflected in overall business performance in a market environment. In this article, we elaborate on the identification data of the Starbucks brand. We identify the international environment and the current marketing strategy of the brand. We also focus on defining its marketing performance with regard to the application of the current strategy in the international environment when entering the target foreign market. Based on the analyzed data on the brand and performance, we approach the probabilistic analysis in order to identify the right foreign market. The performed analysis consists of two basic stages. The first step is a rough selection analysis and a fine selection analysis. In the discussion part, we define the advantages and limitations of the brand’s entry into a new foreign market. We support the individual statements with the results of a coarse and fine selection analysis. We also describe the use and limitations of the brand’s cooperation strategy in the future. In the final part of the article, we identify the identified statements with the current marketing strategy and suggest the direction of its development when entering a new foreign market.

This paper applies a sentiment index to check the influence of regional developed countries like Japan and Germany on the sentiments in regional developing countries like Pakistan and Turkey, respectively. The index has been created using a principal component approach with modified proxies. The results indicate that there is a significant influence of developed markets on developing markets also the sentiment index created in this study is good indicator regarding the return pattern of the stock exchange. This study has followed the footsteps of previous studies for methodology and the time period which is used ranged from 29 December 2004 to 31 December 2014. The weekly data has been collected with Wednesday prices so to avoid the white noise, start-of-the week and end-of-the week effect.

Italian agro-food is the third industry in Europe, after Germany and France. The connection between culture and territory has made the Mediterranean dieta a value for the whole humanity. The relevance of agro-food industry for Italian economy leads us to investigate geographical strategies to promote the 'Made in Italy' in the world. We present results of some cases studies of agro-food firms. Our article offers an innovative perspective for promoting Italian agro-food industry in the world. It reinforces the idea that both technological and non-technological innovations have to be realized to support geographical diversification of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research has two aims. Firstly, starting from the premises of the Resource-Based View-(RBV) to know how specific internal factors (resources and export commitment) can influence an exporting firm's level of entrepreneurship in foreign markets. Secondly, to find out what the effect of export entrepreneurship is on business results. The relationships proposed are clearly reflected in a conceptual model which will be verified from a multisectorial sample of 212 Spanish exporting firms. The results reveal that: a) export entrepreneurship positively depends on export commitment and the resources associated with experience and structure; b) there is a positive effect of the level of export entrepreneurship on business results. It is recommended that export firms develop accelerated internationalization processes, be present in numerous countries simultaneously and have a high export intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having an increased complexity, the internationalization process of small and medium- sized enterprises (SMEs) becomes, in the context of globalization and of the freedom of circulation of goods, services, and capital, a decisive factor of both the evolution of the company and the economic force distribution report on the market. The evolution of the world economic system opened a wide action field for small and medium sized companies, who had to adapt to new rules. The internationalization of SMEs is no longer an option, but it becomes a condition of their existence. A high importance in this process belongs to the way decisions are made, both regarding the target market and the entry option, the way entry barriers are overcome and the promotional techniques in this extended business environment. A synthetic analysis of the decisional factors and process is needed in order to fully and correctly understand the internationalization strategies adopted by SMEs. This paper is built around three major objectives, with the scope of determining the SMEs’ internationalization decisions, as well s the impediments met in the process. The paper contributes to the literature in the field of the internationalization of SMEs through the analysis and interpretation of the results acquired during the study regarding their behavior towards the activity expansion on international markets.

El fenómeno de la globalización insta a las empresas adesarrollar estrategias con el propósito de internacionalizarse,no obstante es una tarea compleja. En algunos casos, loque busca la internacionalización es la apertura de nuevosmercados, en otros es que los costos de producción sean másbajos y que haya una estructura eficiente de producción ydistribución. Dado lo anterior, el proceso de internacionalizaciónempresarial debe responder las siguientes preguntas:¿por qué se internacionaliza la empresa?, ¿cuál es el procesopara llevarlo a cabo?, ¿cómo se internacionaliza? y ¿dóndepuede localizar sus actividades en el exterior? (Galán, Galende,González, 2000). A partir de estos cuestionamientosla presente investigación bibliográfica tiene como objetivoprincipal mostrar el proceso que deben seguir las empresascon el fin de internacionalizarse. ABSTRACT The globalization phenomenon pressures companies intothe complex undertaking of the development of strategies fortheir internationalization. Sometimes internationalizationseeks opening new markets, in other cases its goals are loweringproduction and distribution costs. As a result, any companyseeking to participate in an internationalization process mustanswer the following questions: Why do we want to go global?What’s the process that must be followed?How do you do it? Where are we going to operate? (Galan,Galende, Gonzalez, 2000). From these questions the currentliterature research shows the procedure to be followed bycompanies wishing to operate worldwide.

Several studies on firms' marketing strategy in foreign markets revealed inconsistent resultsregarding the relationship between entry mode strategies and the adoption of marketing policies. Thisinconsistency was due to the diversity of assumptions used for the conceptualization of the influence of entrymodes on marketing strategies. The purpose of this paper is to offer a conceptual model that can support theanalysis of how the firm’s choice of entry mode may influence the adoption of marketing tools in the selectedmarket.

The importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the national economies of EU countries has been always growing. For these reasons, the increasing attention is paid to small and medium-sized enterprises also in the Czech economy. The paper is focused on the globalization of small and medium enterprises, in particular, identifying the key success factors of small and medium-sized businesses that operate in the engineering industry. For the purpose of fulfilling the objective of the article, the level of success of SMEs in foreign markets is established with the aggregate indicator of success. Subsequently the results of the primary research among the Czech engineering companies are presented, based on this research the factors affecting the success of these entities of engineering industry in foreign markets are defined.

The importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in national economies has been growing. For these reasons, SME’s are paid more attention. The paper deals with the success of Czech SME’s activities in the foreign markets. These enterprises exploited the opportunity of extensive European Union market without internal borders and extended its activities to foreign markets. The objective of this paper is to determine characteristics related to activities carried on by small and medium-sized Czech companies in the foreign markets and then to describe those that fundamentally affect the success of these entities in the foreign markets. The characteristics are divided into five groups (a group of characteristics relating to the company, product, management, international experience and a group of characteristics relating to the target market). The enterprises’ success in foreign markets is assessed by aggregate indicator of success. This indicator is monitored by multi-dimensional indicators of corporate success and evaluation of both objective and subjective. At the last part of the article due to analysis of relationship used, there are identified characteristics affecting the success of Czech small and medium-sized enterprises in foreign markets.

Being the propulsion of industries, automotive industry is of great importance all over the world. This paper is written to elaborate on the decline of car export trend in Iran in recent years. The current research has been done in Iran Khodro Industrial Group which is one of the leading car manufacturers in Iran. It aims at examining the competitiveness of the products of this industrial group in international markets, prioritizing factors and offering solutions to remove the present obstacles. The results of the current research indicates that the obstacles of exporting the products of Iran Khodro Industrial Group based on their priorities are as followed: government, chances, research and development (R&D), related and supporting industries, demand conditions, absorbing, firm strategy, structure and rivalry, factor conditions of Iran Khodro Industrial Group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies in mainstream product commercialization research have focused on the three main aspects; order of entry, relative product advantages, and firm competitiveness. However, the emphasis of the extant research base has not completely found it's way to investigating the concerns of speed of new product rollouts from a global launch perspective. Specifically, little attention has been given to study the details of the nature of sequential launch and simultaneous launch strategies. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the concepts of sequential and simultaneous international product rollouts through a review of the literature and theorybuilding endeavours. Although there is evidence of interest pertaining to the launch concepts and their consequences on product success, little research has employed a strong theoretical foundation that integrates both launch strategies in a single framework. Consequently, academics and practitioners are left with limited guidelines for determining the appropriate launch approach when introducing a new product to the global marketplace. To fill the knowledge gap, the authors develop a contextualized model that compares and contrasts the effectiveness of the respective launch strategies along varying degrees of environmental hostility, dynamism, and complexity. The authors highlight conceptual and methodological issues that are imperative for future empirical investigation. We draw on contingency theory and adopt a strategic alignment perspective to develop our conceptual model. Contingency theory has been established as a tool to identify a viable match between organizational strategies and environmental conditions to exploit opportunities and threats. " There are a number of empirical studies that have used contingency theory and shown that environmental-strategy fit relates positively to performance. Firms, therefore, need to implement different launch strategies according to specific environmental setting (e.g., global customer preference, general competitive reactions, foreign regulation standards, economic conditions) when launching new products beyond national borders. Research propositions are introduced to describe potential contingency effects on the launch strategy- performance link. It is crucial, however, that the decision for employing a specific approach should not be determined solely on the basis of direct advantages (or disadvantages) of launch strategies. This study views that neither sequential nor simultaneous launch strategy, in isolation, is sufficient in explaining the overall outcome of launch strategies. Export managers should therefore take into account the contingency perspective for optimizing launch performance. The selection of a particular launch strategy will be a key determinant of the success of a new product's introduction into the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Support and promotion of export are key elements of sustainable development, export representing at the moment growth domestic main engine. The objectives of the paper were to analyze the activities of foreign trade and economic cooperation, and the support for the domestic economic development and harmonious integration of Romania into the complex system of international relations. The methods used in this paper were: comparative analysis, bibliographic study and processing of the statistical data from the National Statistics Institute in order to generate some proposals for developing a future strategy for promoting Romanian food products on foreign markets. The main results refer to the situation of agriculture in recent years, the situation of export and import of agricultural products. The main conclusion is that the rising of prices represents an opportunity for countries with strong agricultural sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose -- The need for retailers to internationalize is a growing reality in developed markets. Research examining problems in this process argues that the barriers to internationalization should be studied based on the situation in each country, and that public organizations which implement policies to support internationalization do not always adapt to company needs. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the limited existing research on the subject of Spanish retail internationalization, analysing the problems faced by SMEs and the role of public support organizations in helping them. Design/methodology/approach -- By means of in-depth interviews with experts, the authors first, analysed the barriers faced by Spanish retailers in their internationalization processes, and found a predominance of endogenous as opposed to exogenous barriers. Second, the authors studied the appropriateness of support policies for retail needs and identified a significant mismatch. Findings -- Results show that the current international economic climate and restricted access to financing, combined with the small size of retailers, their lack of experience in internationalization processes, and the potential that still remains in the local market, are an inducement not to venture into other markets. Additionally, there is a lack of awareness on the part of public organizations about the reality and needs of the retail sector. In addition, the study of retail internationalization as a discipline seems to be in constant flux. Research limitations/implications -- It would be pertinent to consider the findings in the light of a number of limitations of the study. The sample did not consist of retailers but its representatives. The reliance upon a single nation sample could also be viewed as a limitation. Practical implications -- The authors provide Spanish retailers with ideas about the problems they are facing which they will find useful as a starting point for strategic thinking about their internationalization prospects. Social implications -- As for Spanish promotion organizations, they should consider the results of this research and further study the needs of retailers in their internationalization processes while also identifying which companies have the greatest potential for operating in foreign markets. Originality/value -- It is the first time a research for Spain is conducted that highlights the needs of developing a plan to support the internationalization of the retail sector and provide specific lines of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]