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The aim of this work was to investigate the major mechanisms involved in antagonism of BO7, a novel strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from orchard soil, against the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). BO7 markedly reduced the incidence of Fol vascular wilt on tomato plants and displayed strong in vitro inhibitory activity against Fol. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the ability of BO7 cells to adhere to fungal hyphae and to efficiently colonize tomato roots. The low molecular weight fraction of BO7 culture filtrate displayed high antifungal activity against Fol, resulting in growth inhibition and dramatic alterations of hyphal morphology. Three structurally related surfactin lipopeptides, identified as the major components of the bioactive fraction, were assayed for their inhibitory activity against Fol. One of these compounds exerted a strong and uncommon antifungal activity for lipopeptides of the surfactin family, accounting for most of the inhibitory activity of the BO7 culture filtrate. Among a collection of Fol knockout isolates tested, mutants altered in cell wall structure showed increased sensitivity to the bacterial compounds. These results suggest that the fungal cell wall might have a key role in the sensitivity of Fol towards bacterial surfactins from B. amyloliquefaciens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the outcome of extensive literature search on studies related to the chemistry and toxicity of glycoalkaloids and quinolizidine alkaloids in food and feed. The systematic literature search captures available scientific information published since 1950. 3,147 references were identified as potentially related to the chemistry and toxicity of glycoalkaloids in food and feed and 8,287 as potentially related to the chemistry and toxicity of quinolizidine alkaloids in food and feed. Upon screening of titles and abstracts of the candidates concerning glycoalkaloids, 1,645 were regarded as relevant, the number of included potentially relevant studies concerning quinolizidine alkaloids was 1,783. All included studies were characterised according to 10 different areas of interest of EFSA for further investigation. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Journal article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5860/full This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1717/full [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]