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Adjusting to architectonic and urbanistic constraints in dense cities frequently require plan irregularities in structures. One recurrent case in many cities is the combination of a frame in the façade, to allow parking access, with structural walls in other perimeter axes, for drift control. In long structures, this solution creates large eccentricities between the mass and stiffness centres. This paper investigates one solution that significantly increases the stiffness of the façade frame, without affecting its functionality. The concept consists on creating vertical elements in the inner spans of the intermittent stories, producing a Vierendeel-effect in the frame. The stiffer frame closes the distance between the centres of stiffness and mass. The behaviour and possible variation of the failure mode are discussed in the paper, and recommendations for the capacity design of the façade frame are given. It is found that the additional vertical element does not contribute in the gravity load system; hence, it should not be considered as an intermittent column irregularity. This concept is applied to a 10-story plan-irregular building, with hypothetical location in Lima (Perú), and its seismic performance is assessed. Compared to the original solution, the maximum floor displacement was reduced up to 30%. The dominant period of vibration was reduced up to 15%. The recommended capacity-design condition allowed ductile behaviour without local collapse for demands larger than the MCE. The authors acknowledge support of the Spanish State Research Agency and the European Funds for Regional Development, through the research project RTI2018-097314-BC21.

This article analyses the comparison between several of Candilis-Josic-Woods’ representative projects between 1947 and 1955 and Le Corbusier’s Villas and Unité works. Through this analysis it establishes the interaction between their approaches while simultaneously defining and exemplifying their general and specific contribution to the understanding of the façade as a space and not as a surrounding. Analysis of the thickness of the façade and of its relation with the interior and exterior space is an important design criterion when contemplating a more urban architecture, and an architecture that is more liveable and more integrated with the environment. This is a quality that is ever more relevant and pertinent as an answer to the densification and horizontalization of cities.

Sustainability and energy efficiency is increasingly a worldwide necessity due to a rise in the rate at which natural resources are being depleted through their use in cities and their buildings, especially energy in both its primary and secondary (electrical) forms. As the largest energy consumers in modern societies, buildings are also the best way through which environmental protection and conservation can be achieved; facades are the primary contributors to the building’s comfort parameters as well as its energy budget. Due to their large scale, high-rise building facades are more exposed and thus susceptible to the impact of the external environment. As such, their sustainability and energy efficiency through ecologically-sensitive design is more paramount relative to that of regular buildings. Erbil city has experienced fast none-legitimately controlled urban development and growth in the past few decades. The majority of the newly-developed high-rise buildings adopt the concept of a highly glazed façade. Until recently, the construction industry in Erbil city was the creator of non-energy efficient record-breaking high-rise towers. The current study aimed to prepare and identify design strategies for achieving energy efficient glazed façade systems in Erbil city’s high-rise office buildings, and accordingly evaluate the current high-rise office building glazed façades to discover the main problems and optimize existing building performance. The current research is designed as a qualitative and quantitative study. In order to accomplish the research objective, major methods used were a literature survey, personal observation, and computer simulation. For data collection, a literature survey conducted in order to outline the related documents concerning energy efficient glazed façade systems in literature. Secondly, a number of high-rise buildings in Erbil city were surveyed and analyzed through personal observation. For data analysis, The data analysis of observations was descriptive qualitative, while the computer simulations were quantitative, observational data was analyzed by identifying the observed high-rise office buildings and eventually, in order to precisely uncover the necessary data and gain a better understanding of the problems, one building was analyzed through a computer simulation (Autodesk Ecotect 2011, WINDOW 7.5) by running Erbil Weather file. The study prepared numerous design strategies for achieving energy efficient glazed facades in high-rise office buildings in Erbil city and the existing glazed facades in high rise office buildings were evaluated within the context of energy efficiency by comparing the existing buildings with the recommended energy efficient design strategies; it was evident that the current glazed façade systems in high-rise office buildings are not energy efficient and they need optimization. implementation the recommended energy efficient design strategies in the case of existing glazed facades has a great impact on energy conservation and positively affects the (thermal, visual) comfort of interior spaces. ÖZ: Şeheırlerde ve bınalarda özellıkle enerjının bırıncıl ve ıkıncıl (elektrık) şeklı olmadızere dösal kaynaklarn tüketım oranının artmayl nedenıyle, Sürdürülebilirlik Enerji verimliliği dûnya genelinde giderek artam bir gereklilik haline gelmektedir. Toplumumuzdaki en büyük enerji kullanıcısı olan binalar, enerji tasarrufu ve çevrenin korunması için doğru değerlendirildiğinde en büyük fırsatımızdır. Binalarda cephe, enerji bütçesine ve binanın konfor parametrelerine en önemli katkıda bulunan unsurlardan biridir. Bina cepheleri, dış çevre koşullarının tam etkisine karşı diğer yapı türlerine göre daha fazla maruz kalma oranına sahiptir; bu nedenle, ozellikle yüksek binaların ekolojik tasarımı ve sürdürülebilirliği, olağan binalarınkilerden daha önemlidir. Erbil şehrinde, geçtiğimiz son on yılda hiçbir şekilde yasal olarak kontrol edilemeyen kentsel gelişim ve büyümeyi hız kazandı. Yeni gelsin yüksek binaların çoğunda yüksek cam cephe kavramı benimsendi. Son zamanlarda, Erbil şehrindeki inşaat endüstrisi Enerji verimliliği açisindan dünya rekoru kıran yüksek katlı kulelerin yaratıcısı konumuna geldi. Bu çalışmada, Erbil şehrindeki yüksek katlı ofis binalarındaki sürdürülebilir cam cephe sistemlerine ulaşmaya yönelik tasarım stratejileri hazırlanıp belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve bu tasarım stratejilerine göre mevcut yüksek katlı ofis binalarınin cam kaplanmiş cepheleri değerlendirilerek ana problemlerin bulunması amaçlanmış ve mevcut binanın performans optimizasyonu hedeflenmiştir. Mevcut araştırma nitel ve nicel yöntemler kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada amacı gerçekleştirmeye yönelik kullanılan temel yöntemler literatür araştırması, kişisel gözlem ve bilgisayar simülasyonudur. Gözlemlerin veri analizi kısmı nitel özellikteyken bilgisayar simülasyonları kısmı nicel özelliktedir. İlk olarak veri toplama amacıyla enerji verimli cam cephe sistemleriyle ilgili belge ve bilgilere ulaşmak için literatür araştırması yapıldı. İkinci olarak, Erbil kentinde kişisel gözlem yoluyla bir dizi yüksek katlı bina araştırıldı ve analiz edildi. Veri analizi için, gözlemsel veriler gözlemlenen yüksek katlı ofis binalarını tanımlayarak analiz edildi ve sonuçta verileri tam olarak bulmak ve sorunları daha iyi anlamak için bir bina bilgisayar simülasyonunda (Autodesk Ecotect 2011, WINDOW 7.5) Erbil Hava dosyası çalıştırılarak analiz edildi. Çalışmada, Erbildeki yüksek katlı ofis binalarında enerji verimli cam cephe kaplamalari elde etmek için çok sayıda tasarım stratejisi hazırlandı ve mevcut binaları önerilen sürdürülebilir tasarım stratejileri ile karşılaştırarak Enerji verimliliği bağlamında mevcut cepheler değerlendirildi; Yüksek katlı ofis binalarındaki mevcut cam cephe sistemlerinin enerji verimli olmadığı, optimizasyona ihtiyaç duyduğu açıktı. Sonuç olarak önerilen enerji verimli tasarım stratejilerinin mevcut cepheler üzerine uygulanması, enerji tasarrufu ve iç mekan (termal, görsel) konforu açisindan olumlu yönde sonuc veren büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. Master of Science in Architecture. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, 2017. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Ercan Hoşkara.

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, Architecture, İzmir, 2007, Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 107-110), Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English, xi, 110 leaves, Cladding of buildings is an important and commonly applied activity area of building sector. As it is known major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor environment from the outdoors in such a way that indoor environment conditions can be maintained at level suitable for the buildings intended use. Therefore from the functional point of view it can be defined as, the part of the building that is non load bearing exterior wall that must defend the interior spaces against invasion by water, wind, sun, light, heat and cold, and all the other forces of nature. Besides this it must also fulfill the aesthetic, economic and security consideration. The design of the building façade has become much more complicated with development of new methods of construction, the requirements for a highly controlled interior environments, stress on energy efficiency, advent of materials and new production methods. But it seems that available technologies on ordinary building sector relay on the analog production methods. Analog production process depends on technical drawings and the interpretation of drawings. The human interpretation is the basics of the systems. On the other hand, new design tools that introduced by computer aided design programs proposes new conceptions of space that beyond the limits of Cartesian understanding of form and construction. It is known that computer aided design and production methods are applied pervasively in numerous different sectors. Articulation of computer aided design and manufacturing processes with digitally driven assemblage methods is an important task that is expected to be solved by the building sector. Building envelope systems as being one of the most important building component from the points of both identity and utility of buildings, is has to be reconsidered as a part of the adaptation of whole construction sector. It is also a measure of responsibility on the part of architects. Besides material design, production processes, and connection details of the components with the other parts of the building are the other important dimensions of the envelope systems.