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This article will critically analyse the sources and the role of knowledge diversity in informing causation logics in family firms. Family firms rely on knowledge resources from both intra-family and extra-family sources, which may require different approaches to effectively manage. We argue that as family firms acquire greater knowledge diversity, family-centred effectuation processes become limited and they will increasingly rely on formal causation logics to coordinate these resources. However, we expect this relationship to differ when knowledge diversity is sourced from either family or non-family sources. Empirical analyses of 242 small- and medium-sized family firms indicate that knowledge diversity positively affects a firm's reliance on causation logics, regardless of the source of that diversity. This suggests that the affinity of family firms to leverage effectuation logics may not be characteristic of family firms in general, but instead may be an artefact of firm reliance on knowledge capital concentrated in family owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lude and Prügl explored "family business bias," a cognitive tendency where the family nature of a firm can often reduce investors' perceived risk in investments. As a result, investors would display lower risk-avoidance in the gain domain and reinforced risk-seeking in the loss domain. We expanded the authors' work by introducing four cognitive factors (anchoring, representativeness, stereotype heuristic, and information availability) that can explain the underlying mechanisms behind the prevalence of "family business bias" and other cognitive misperceptions surrounding family businesses when it comes to investment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women entrepreneurs around the world have increasingly contributed to innovation, employment, and wealth creation (Brush & Cooper, 2012; Brush, de Bruin, & Welter, 2009). Studies suggest that foreign direct investment can be an important determinant of entrepreneurship in general. However, the link between foreign ventures and women entrepreneurs remains under-researched. Therefore, we suggest that the presence of foreign ventures affects women's entrepreneurship. We develop and test our model on cross-sectional data encompassing 36 countries in 2006. The results show that foreign direct investment and women's entrepreneurship have an inverted u-shaped relationship. Implications for further research and public policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]